chapter 12 the age of religious wars chapter 12 the age of religious wars copyright © 2010 pearson...

Chapter 12The Age of Religious Wars

Counter-Reformation

Reform movement in the Catholic Church in response to the Reformation of the Protestant ChurchCatholics devoted to one head and one law – such as an absolute monarchyEnjoyed the baroque art style, which presented life in grandiose three-dimensional displays

Politiques

Intellectuals of the 1500’s criticized the religious strife between Catholics and ProtestantsRulers who urged tolerance and moderation and became indifferent to religion became known as politiquesElizabeth I of England the most successful politique

Protestant Repression in FranceFrench Protestants were known as HuguenotsEmperor Charles V started the first wave of Protestant persecution in 15251534 – Protestants arrested and leader John Calvin sent into exile1540 – Edict of Fontainebleau makes Protestants subject to the Inquisition1551 – Edict of Chateaubriand establishes more measures against the ProtestantsLater the Bourbon and Montmorency-Chatillon families become sympathetic to the Hugenots

Appeal of Calvinism

John Calvin attracts powerful aristocrats Prince of Conde,

Powerful political and religious (the Huguenots) dissidents made Calvinism a rival religion in Catholic France

The Medicis and the GuisesCatherine de Medicis

Unsuccessful in attempts to reconcile the differences between the Protestants and the Catholic Guises

The duke of Guise massacres Protestant worshippers in Champagne, causing the French wars of religionMedicis and her young king son go under the control of the Guises

She seeks Huguenot aid to secure her son’s crown

The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

Conflict ends Huguenot victorywith the deaths of the duke of Guise Protestant military leader Conde

Peace treaty acknowledges the Protestant nobilitygrant Huguenots religious freedom, and the right to fortify their cities

Catherine Changes her supports to Guises, • Paranoid fears of Huguenots causing War w/ Spain, protestant

Catherine convinces King Charles IX to attack Huguenots

The French Civil War

There were two sides: Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance

Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase then changes again

The Saint Bartholomew’s Day MassacreAugust 24, 1572

Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots are massacred in Paris; within 3 days, 20,000 more French Protestants killed Henry of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Henry of Navarre Henry III, King of France, politique

Henry of Navarre Protestant Leader defeats Henry III at the Day of the Barricades

The Guises attempt to take the crownThe two Henrys are forced into an alliance Henry III assassinated right before battleHenry of Navarre defeats Catholic Leage/Guises & becomes Henry IV, King of France

The French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.

Henry IV, politiqueconverts to Catholicism, horrifying the Huguenots but

uniting France

Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

CatholicLeague

ProtestantUnion

CIVILWAR

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Ended Spanish interference in France

Converted to Catholicism : “Paris is worth a mass.”

Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598: Granted religious rights to

Huguenots Did not grant religious freedom

for all

Henry IV of France

The Edict of Nantes

A formal religious settlement

that gave Protestants religious freedoms within their own towns and territories

The violence stops, but hostilities remain

A Catholic fanatic assassinates Henry IV in 1610

Revolt in the Netherlands 1568-1648

(a.k.a. The Eighty Years’ War)

Four Pillars of Spanish Power

1. New World Riches1. Incredible wealth from gold and silver mines BUT

Spain never entirely free of debt2. Increased Population

1. Gap between rich and poor grew immensely; Spanish peasantry most heavily taxed in all of Europe

3. Efficient Bureaucracy & Military1. Lesser nobility = efficient, loyal bureaucratic

machine4. Supremacy in the Mediterranean

1. Battle of Lepanto, 1571: 1/3 of Turkish fleet sunk or captured

2. 1580 Philip inherits Portugal & Spanish army dominates resistance

el Escorial

Spanish Habsburg History• Charles V (1515-1556) Born in Ghent, Belgium

in 1500

– inherits Low Countries 1515 now part of Spain

• Philip II (1556) SPANISH! and CATHOLIC! – Calvinism strong in Netherlands– Philip

• “Remove Calvinism by force” policy• Spanish Inquisition• Spanish troops (military rule)

Dutch Revolt

• Philip apponints – sister Margaret, regent – Cardinal Granvelle, head councilor – Angers Calvinists

• attack Antwerp: churches, libraries, statues, altars destroyed

• William of Orange (“the Silent”) & Count of Egmont– organizes Calvinist province leaders against

Spanish– war at sea (Dutch, Danes, Scots & English)

Duke of Alba

• U6.2 #6 – Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duke of

Alba, who was appointed captain-general of the Netherlands

The Duke of Alba presiding over the Council of Troubles

Revolt in the Netherlands

• Cardinal Greenville –– check Protestant gains by church reforms

• William of Orange – political autonomy before religion– led revolt against Greenville and had him removed from office– Orange takes over Calvinist-inclined Northern territories– Alba replaced by Don Luis de Requesens

• The Compromise, – a solemn pledge by Philip II of Spain to Louis of Nassau (Orange’s

brother) to reject the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition

• Regent Margaret- Protestants were called “beggars”• Revolt by the Protestants,

– violently put down by Philip II’s Duke of Alba• executes thousands of suspected heretics

• "Dutch Revolt." Image. Hulton Archive. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 12 Sept. 2010. <http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/>

Spanish Fury - U2.6 #8

• Spanish Fury – Nov. 4, 1576 – Spanish mercenaries massacre 7,000 people

• Pacification of Ghent- Nov. 8, 1576– unites Protestant and Catholic Netherlands after

Fury• Jan. 1577 Union of Brussels = 2 yrs. Unified

Netherlands!• Perpetual Edict

– Removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands

Unity broken • Alex Farnese, Duke

of Parma (Margaret’s

son) breaks unity in 1579– Southern provinces

• form Catholic union, Union of Arras

• accept Spanish control

– 7 northern provinces William of Orange and friends• establish the Union

of Utrecht• deny Spanish

control

Unity broken • Dec. 1580 the Apology

– Philip II undermines chance to re-take the Netherlands

• Dutch Declaration of Independence (1581) – French duke of Alençon (deposed in 1583)

• July 1584, William of Orange assassinated– Son, Maurice, takes over– aided by England and France

English Interference

• Elizabeth I, Queen of England – dilemma: – Either help Protestants antagonizing

Philip– Or not help, but Spain might invade

England if they gain Netherlands – so she helps the Dutch secretly – then

openly and– 1588 she defeats the Spanish Armada in

the English Channel

The Netherlands after the revolt 1609 Union of Utrecht becomes “United Provinces” (aka Dutch Republic)

DOES not gain independence until 1648 through the Treaty of Westphalia

Mary I of England

Bloody Mary

Protestant PersecutionExecutes leaders

hundreds are burnt at the stake

Many flee

Marries Philip II of Spain

militant Catholicism

Phillip II of Spain Married Mary I of England

Elizabeth I of EnglandCreates Anglican Church

Settled religious differences by merging Protestant doctrine with Catholic ritual

Repealed anti-Protestant legislation Thirty-Nine Articles-1563,

moderate Protestantism the official religion Animosity grows between England and Spain over dominance of the seas

Act of Supremacy- 1554

Protestant ExtremistsPuritans – Protestants who wanted to purify the church of any “popery” had two grievances about Elizabeth:

• the retention of Catholic ceremony in the Church of England• the continuation of the Episcopal system of church governance

Presbyterians – Puritans’ creation of an alternative national church of semiautonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteriesMore extreme Puritans, Congregationalists wanted every congregation to be autonomous

Catholic and Protestant ExtremistsRadical Catholics wanted to replace Elizabeth I with Mary Stuart, Queen of ScotsCatholic ruler of Scotland

forced to abdicate the throne and flee to England and cousin Elizabeth IMary under house arrest Elizabeth uncovers two plots against her life• Mary is compliant with the assassination attempts and is

executed

Mary’s death ends Catholic hopes of a bloodless reconciliation with Protestant England Spainish Intervenes

Invasion of the Spanish Armada

Queen Elizabeth

Queen Elizabeth Tilsbury Speech

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Sir Francis Drake shells the Spanish port of Cadiz and raids Portugal, delaying the invasion of the Spanish Armada

A huge Spanish fleet of 130 ships and 25,000 sailors is crushed by the swifter defending British navy (1/3 of the Armada never return to Spain)

Balance of Power Shifts

Defeat of the Spanish Armada, July 1588

Elizabeth Regina

Queen Elizabeth Tudor IBorn: September 7, 1533 to King Henry VIII and

Anne Boleyn, his second wife.Coronated: January 15, 1559 at Westminster AbbeyDied: March 24, 1603 at age 69

'Proud and haughty, as although she knows she was born of such a mother, she nevertheless does not consider herself of inferior degree to the Queen, whom she equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe herself less legitimate than her Majesty, alleging in her own favour that her mother would never cohabit with the King unless by way of marriage, with the authority of the Church.... She prides herself on her father and glories in him; everybody saying that she also resembles him more than the Queen does and he therefore always liked her and had her brought up in the same way as the Queen.'

the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557

Pre-Ruling Conflicts

Before she became Queen, Elizabeth, a Protestant, clashed with her sister Mary and other Catholics.

While her brother Edward was King, Elizabeth was unrightfully implicated in a plot to overthrow the young King by his uncle Thomas Seymour.Then, in the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554, Queen Mary accused Elizabeth of being in the plot to overthrow her.

The Captivity of Elizabeth

After the Wyatt Rebellion, Elizabeth was locked up in the Tower of London even though there was no evidence against her.

She was then moved to the gate house at Woodstock Manor in Oxfordshire for one year.

She was let go at the bequest of Mary’s husband, King Phillip of Spain.

Elizabeth’s Refusal to Marry

Most thought that the Queen would marry within her first year or so as Queen.Elizabeth valued the independence she had and did not feel she needed a man to guide her.It would have also been politically difficult for her to choose a suitable husband.The Privy Council, whose job it was to choose a husband for the Queen, was too divided to ever agree on a suitable mate.

This made it much easier for Elizabeth to refuse any marriage suggestions or proposals.

State of Affairs in 1558

'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast friendship abroad.'

An anonymous contemporary observer in 1558

Re-Establishing ProtestantismAfter Elizabeth was named Queen, she re-established the Protestant Church in England.She herself believed in toleration of all religions.

She was often forced to take a harsher stance on punishment of Catholics because of the schism between the two sects.‘There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith… all else is a dispute over trifles.’

The Act of Supremacy

Gave Elizabeth ultimate control of the Church of England. Title of monarch modified to "Supreme Governor of the Church in England". Also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take.

If they did not take it, then they would lose their office.

The Act of Uniformity

Implemented in the summer of 1559Crux of Elizabethan Church, establishing a set form of worship. The Prayer books of Edward VI were fused into one, and were to be used in every church in the land. Church attendance on Sundays and holy days was made compulsory.The wording of the Communion was to be vague so that Protestants and Catholics could both participate, Had trouble getting passed through Parliament.

A large number of the Parliament, extremists on both sides, opposed the bill

PuritansPuritans put power in the local parish, above anything else, which put it in direct conlict with the monarchy.The Church of England was more dedicated to England and the Queen than to God, which troubled ProtestantsElizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement underground.

John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, adopted some reforms, but did not want to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I had created Protestant ones. He was also more interested in establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.

The Northern Rebellion In 1569, The Catholics of Northern England started a rebellion with the hopes of taking away the English crown from Elizabeth and giving it to Mary, Queen of Scots.Led by two members of the Northern nobility:

Charles NevilleThomas Percy

Led to a Papal Bull set forth by Pope Pius V, The Bull of Deposition (Regnans in Excelsis), excommunicating Elizabeth.

The Bull of Deposition was issued after the putting down of the rebellion but it led Elizabeth to stop her policy of religious toleration.

The Catholic powers of Europe were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen as she was a heretic and enemy of the true faith.

Political Skill

Elizabeth’s approach to the monarchy was drastically different from any of her predecessors because of her willingness to listen to those around her.

She would change a policy if it was unpopular. Her approach to politics was serious, conservative, and cautious.

Advisors

Elizabeth was especially gifted at choosing smart people to help her lead.

Sir Francis Walsingham,The Queen’s Spymaster

Sir William CecilSecretary of State

Indecisive or Compromising?

Many were annoyed by the Queen’s refusal to take sides on the issue of religion.

Protestants felt that she should be more harsh in her treatment of Catholics and punish their religious worship as crime.

But by not persecuting Catholics, she struck a balance that lasted through much of her reign.

She had to endure much less political struggle than her siblings, who were more extremist towards either side.

Scotland

After Mary was forced out of Scotland and fled to England, Elizabeth locked her up in the Tower of London for 20 years.Although Elizabeth did not want to have her cousin executed, she was forced to send Mary to execution after the plot of Babington was uncovered.

• Many believed that Mary, Queen of Scots, a catholic, was the rightful Queen of England.

• Since Mary too was a female sovereign Queen, Elizabeth was careful about how she recognized Mary’s power because she didn’t want to be in the same situation.

Succession

On her deathbed, Elizabeth passed the crown onto James of Scotland.

He was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, Elizabeth’s cousin

Elizabeth felt comfortable in giving the crown to James because he had been raised by Protestant minister with whom Elizabeth had a correspondence.

How She Left the Country

England was one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world. It had proved itself to be the strongest Naval force in the World.

Conclusion

Overall, Elizabeth was much better at handling the conflicts between feuding portions of the country.

Elizabeth’s skills as a realpolitique helped her manage the balance between the Catholic and Protestant sects.Henry was much more of a traditional monarch and spent more time on his social and romantic life than on leading the country.

The Thirty Years’ War1618-1648

The FIRST continent-wide war in modern history!!!!

Culmination of religious wars from the 16th century!!!!

And it ends with . . . Peace of Westphalia: 1648

Why The Thirty Years War?Fragmented Germany –360 autonomous political entitiesReligious Divisions in the Holy Roman Empire

• Between the equally-numbered Catholics and Protestants• Between liberal and conservative Lutherans• Between Lutherans and Calvinists

majority of 300 German states = LutheranBohemia & Hungary = ProtestantAustria = supposed Catholic, with strong Protestant influence Swiss = Catholic & CalvinistTransylvania = Calvinist

Peace of Augsburg solves Nothing• Calvinist Palatine• Calvinism unrecognized as a legal religion

Why another War?War between emperor and princes

, HRE too divided• “Protestant Union”(1608) Calvinist Palatine

Frederick III is Elector Palatine PU supported by Dutch, English & Henry IV of

France• “Catholic League”(1609)

CL founded in Bavaria & backed by Spain• Austrian Habsburgs want a strong central

government must push out Protestantism!

Spanish Interference!

Twelve Years’ Truce (Netherlands/Spain) to expire 1621

Spanish still strong although Armada KAPUTT!Spain wants• to control Scheldt River • remove Dutch from East Indies BUT Dutch

refuse to leave East Indies & they control Antwerp

• to expand into the Rhineland & some Swiss cantons BUT French are strongly opposed

Support Habsburgs position in Europe after failure in Netherlands

What kind of war?not just a religious war but very political

German civil war of religionGerman civil war of constitutional issuesInternational war• France & Habsburgs (Spain & Austria• Spain & Dutch• kings of Denmark & Sweden and prince of

Transylvanian become involved

majority of battles fought on German soilgenerals were soldiers of fortune with their own designs on land, wealth & power

Habsburg Family Tree – Part II

Maximilian I(1493-1519)Philip___________La Loca

Charles V (Sp/HRE) Ferdinand I(1516-1556) (1556-1564) HRE

Philip II (Sp)(1556-1598) Maximilian II

Charles of Styria Philip III (Sp) (1564-1576)(1598-1621) Rudolf II MatthiasFerdinand II

(1576-1612) (1612-1619)(1619-1637)

RII & M = kings of Hungary, Bohemia/ FII = king of Bohemia

Four Phases of the War

Bohemian (Czechs) (1618-1625) Danish (1625-1630) Swedish (1630-1635) Swedish-French (1635-1648)

Bohemian Period of the Thirty Years’ War

Catholics name Ferdinand II as Holy Roman Emperor,

revokes religious freedom to Bohemian Protestants

Bohemians defiantly name Palatine, Frederick V their king

Spain joins Maximilian, who defeats Frederick’s troops at the Battle of White Mountain, thereby taking over Bohemia and Palatine

Bohemia revoltsDefenestration of Prague:

Mathias’ reps thrown out the window (land on dung)Sentin troops to restore order (DEFEAT)Mathias dies & Ferdinand II should reign

Catholics name Ferdinand II as Holy Roman Emperor,

revokes religious freedom to Bohemian Protestants

Bohemians elect “Frederick of the Palatinate”

The Outcome (Catholics Win)

So War: Ferdinand and Catholic League vs. Frederick and Protestant UnionFerdinand crowned as HRE and defeats Frederick at Battle of White Mountain 1620

Outcomes of Phase ISpain fortifies Rhineland

prepare to take on French and Dutch

Ferdinand II gets elected king of Bohemia & confiscates 50% of nobles’ estates

some goes to churches, monasteries & orderssome goes to mercenaries = new aristocracy

Jesuits re-Catholicize Bohemiamissions, schools, court proceedings, executions

Protestantism expunged in AustriaProtestant Union dissolved in 1621

Danish Period of the Thirty Years’ War 1625-1630Danish Lutherans vs. Habsburg power!

Denmark’s King Christian V (a.k.a. Duke of Holstein) vs. Ferdinand II

religious as well as political agendasome Dutch, English, French backing

Emperor Maximilian humiliates Protestant forces in Germany under Lutheran king Christian V and forces them to return to Denmark

Emperor Ferdinand allied w/mercenary Protestant Albrecht of Wallenstein

gen. Wallenstein who plunders Germany and Danes (Spanish cousins of HRE help)

Wallenstein actually reaches Baltic & Danish Pen.

Breaks Protestant resistance orders the Edict of Restitution

Reasserting the Peace of Augsburg

Results of Phase II

Germany is completely engulfed by the Counter Reformation

Palatinate, northern Lutheran states, Bohemia & Austria = re-Catholicized 1629 HRE issues “Edict of Restitution”: All Catholic states pre Peace of Augsburg (1555) are restored as Catholic

Terror sweeps Germany, France, Denmark & Sweden

Swedish Period of the Thirty Years’ War 1630-1635

, Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus: great ruler

united Swedenincreased land acquiring areas of Poland & Russiacreates Europe’s most modern army

1630 lands in Germany to take over fight for Protestantism

in the meantime...Richelieu has turned Catholic states against Feredinand II (fear of centralization)

Phase III – Swedish 1630-1635

Glorious Victories (military backing from Saxony)

1631 Breitenfeld1632 Lützen (GA dies in battle)

Oxenstierna (GA’s Chancellor) picks up fight

penetrates Bohemia as far south as the Danube

Internal DiscordWallenstein betrays Spanish/gives up fight;

begins private peace talks with Swedes & SaxonsAssassinated by Ferdinand• proved it was more a war of greed and politics NOT

religion

Internal DiscordSaxons (ind. of Swedes) enter into talks w/ Emperor

Peace of Prague – German Protestant states compromise with Ferdinand

the war continues elsewhere

annuls Edict of Restitution• other German states sign treaty & pull

support of Swedes

Swedes isolated in GermanyFrench/Spanish not ready to give up yet

Fourth and Final Period: The Swedish-French Period

French, Swedish, and Spanish troops for the next thirteen years attack and loot Germany simply for the sake of war itself

Phase IV: French-Swedish /International Phase 1635-1648

Richelieu (FR) not happy with Habsburgs win

he declares war on Spain (Habsburg – Philip IV – helping HRE)!Portugal & Catalonia declare independence from Sp.Netherlands, Savoy also enter on Swedish side!

Spain and France continue to war until 1659, when France emerges victorious

Richelieu, Ferdinand II, Louis XIII, Wallenstein die early 1640’sBattles go both waysGermany grows to resent this foreign invasion

France becomes Europe’s dominant power, while Hapsburg Spain never recovers

The Treaty of WestphaliaTreaty of Westphalia of 1648

Ends the war Rescinded the Edict of Restitution and put back the Peace of AugsburgCalvinists officially recognizedSwiss Confederacy, the Netherlands and Bavaria become independentBrandenburg –Prussia becomes most powerful German state

FINAL RESULTSGermany devastated!

2/3 population deadsinks back into “feudal chaos” – 300 independent states (Staatensystem)

Europe enters “Balance of Power” France & England RiseHoly Roman Empire & Spain decline

Religious Wars END!!! = permanent split in Christendom

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