chapter 17-civil rights movement part ii
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Civil Rights Movement in the North
Northern blacks fought segregation as wellas those in the South
They generally lived in special, segregatedneighborhoods
They were prohibited from attending some of thebest schools and clubs
They were excluded from jobs in the buildingtrades or as executives in businesses, banks or law
firms
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Civil Rights Movement in the North African-Americans in the North weredisappointed in the lack of effectiveness of
the new civil rights bills
1964- Northern blacks held a stall-in
Purposely held up traffic at the New York WorldsFair
Resulted in riots in Rochester and New York City
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Summer Freedom Project, 1964
Civil rights workers in Mississippi organized toregister blacks to vote
Civil rights workers from the North came toMississippi to aid their fellow citizens in thisproject Three of them were murdered
Southern whites beat and wounded the projectworkers and burned homes and churches ofthose participating in the project
The project was only able to register 1200 newvoters as blacks feared to demand their civilrights in such a violent atmosphere
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MLK, Jr. Leads the Way
1964- MLK, Jr. receives the Nobel Peace Prize 1965- MLK, Jr. announced a drive to register
3 million African-American voters in theSouth
Began in Selma, Alabama where there were 15,000black citizens- most of whom were not registeredto vote
Riots broke out in which protesters were beaten,
shocked, and arrested (all shown on TV across thenation)
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MLK, Jr. Organizes a March
1965- Selma, Alabama was to be the startingplace for the protest march to the capitolbuilding in Montgomery
Freedom marchers were attacked by the policeand turned back
Two days later, the march began again Again, the police blocked their progress
Governor George Wallace did everything he could toblock the march and told LBJ he didnt have the
ability to protect the marchers LBJ sent the Alabama National Guard , federal
marshals, and the FBI to protect the marchers
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LBJ Responds to the Violence
LBJ went before Congress in a televisedspeech
He denounced the denial of constitutional rights tothe black citizens of the South
He demanded a law to provide federal registrars atthe polls to aid blacks in registering to vote
He compared the events in Selma to the Battles ofLexington and Concord (Revolutionary War) and
repeated the slogan of the civil rights movement-We Shall Overcome
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The Selma March Continues
March 21, 1965- the march from Selma toMontgomery, Alabama began with protectionfrom the National Guard, federal marshals,and the FBI
Religious leaders from all over the countryjoined MLK. Jr.s freedom march
March 25, 1965- marchers enteredMontgomery peacefully
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Voting Rights Act, 1965
August 6, 1965- signed into law by LBJ One year later, the number of registered black
voters rose 50%
870,000 to 1.289 million
Resulted in blacks being voted into officethroughout the South
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Watts Riots
Summer 1965- on the heels of the passage ofthe Voting Rights Act, Watts (a black suburbof Los Angeles) broke out in riots
African-Americans still felt like second-class
citizens Over 100 other cities throughout the US exploded
into riots as well
LBJ felt bitter about the riots after all he had
done to establish a Great Society But he realized that African-Americans lives had
only improved slightly
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Radical Civil Rights Movements
Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam Aka- the Black Muslims
Rejected integration
Whites were referred to as devils
Believed that whites and blacks should be separateand that blacks should have a nation of their own
Malcolm X became a leading voice for the Nationof Islam
His speeches of hate labeled African-Americans asvictims of Americas so-called democracy
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Radical Civil Rights Movements Malcolm X and the Black Panthers
Malcolm X broke off from the Nation of Islam
He did not follow the Christian, non-violent exampleof MLK, Jr.
He promoted a program of violence towards white
America accompanied by the slogan by any meansnecessary
His policy of hatred resulted in huge backlash amongwhites and blacks
While giving a speech in New York in 1965 he was
gunned down by members of the Nation of Islam His autobiography was published later that year and
had a huge impact upon the radical civil rightsmovement
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Black Power
Summer 1966- Race riots erupted in northern cities
James Meredith staged a march for equal rightsfrom Memphis, TN to Jackson, MS
He was shot and wounded Stokely Carmichael and Black Power
Promoted vengeance against White America
Advocated equality by any means necessary
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Civil Rights Problems
1966- Civil rights movement was in disarray
White backlash was growing stronger
A civil rights measure failed to pass Congress
1967- The worst rioting in US history
Blacks went on rampages throughout the nation
Destroying neighborhoods and leaving them in burned-out
ruins Detroit, MI rioting resulted in 43 deaths and 5000
homeless
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American Youth, 1960s
Known as the Baby-Boomer generation
36 million Americans aged 15 to 24 by 1970 Largest number in seven decades
Deeply affected by the Cold War
The first TV generation
Hi-fi records, stereo, FM radio, wide-screen movies, wrap-around sound, large cars, super highways andsupermarkets
Lived in continual economic prosperity
Influenced by the works of Rachel Carson and RalphNader
Influenced by images (on TV) of JFKs assassination,cities smoldering in ruin due to race riots, their peersdying on distant battlefields in Vietnam, and millionsof starving people in Africa and Asia
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Hippies
Americas Counterculture (1960s and 70s) Opposed to the traditional American culture
Drug usage, long hair, beads and leather fringejackets, etc.
Attempt to look as different as they possiblycould from normal Americans
Aka- Hippies
From the word hip (referring to being with it)
Reacted to American life by dropping out ofsociety
Slogan- Make love, not war
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The New Left
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC)
Southern black students founded in 1960 tocoordinate student activities such as sit-ins
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Promoted a more radical reform program for
America
Both the SNCC and SDS were born out of
reform movements but became increasinglyanarchist and violent
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SDS Targets Universities
Protested against their rules, theirresearch contracts to help with the war inVietnam, and their support of asupposedly unjust American society
They recruited students and attempted tomake them radical revolutionaries
University and college campuses acrossthe nation were thrown into disarray Picketing, demonstrations, and blocking
classrooms
Slogan- Student Power
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The SNCC and SDS Decline
The SNCC tuned to a racial movementfor Black Power which resulted in lostfunds and members
The SDS collapsed and some of itsmost embittered activists turned tomaking bombs to destroy the societythey despised
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