chapter 2: population

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Chapter 2: Population

The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

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BELLWORK: September 19, 2013STUDENTS WILL ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON THE NEXT 5 SLIDES:

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Population Density: What is the spatial distribution of people in South Asia and China compared to global

population rates?

Population density and ClimateWhat is the relationship?

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Critical Issues in Population Geography

• More people are alive today than at any other time in human history

• The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the twentieth century than ever before.

• Virtually all population growth today occurs in less developed countries (LDCs)

Ecumenes: A portion of the earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

• What climates do people avoid?

-cold areas (polar regions)-high areas (Mts, except for

the Andes and some areas of Africa)

- arid areas too dry for farming (deserts)

-wet areas (rainforests, flooded basins)

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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?

• Population concentrations– Two-thirds of the world’s population are in

four regions:• East Asia• South Asia• Europe• Southeast Asia

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Population Distribution

Figure 2-2

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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?

• Population density: # of people occupying land can be computed in several ways– Arithmetic density: total number of people

divided by total land area– Physiological density: total number of

people divided by arable land area– Agricultural density: total number of

farmers divided by arable land area

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Measures of Density

Table 2-1

Bellwork Sept. 20- A Population Density map of South Asia: By which water or physical features do people

cluster? What cultural aspects influence these crowded ecumenes?

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Where Has the World’s Population Increased?

• Natural increase rate– The percentage by which a population grows in a

year

• Crude birth rate (CBR)– The number of births per 1,000 population

• Crude death rate (CDR)– The number of deaths per 1,000 population

• Doubling time– The number of years needed to double a population

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World Population Growth

Figure 2-8

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Where Has the World’s Population Increased?

• Fertility– Total fertility rate (TFR): the average # of

children a woman will have during childbearing years; 2.6 for the world

• Mortality– Infant mortality rate (IMR): # of infant

deaths under 1 year compared with total live births

– Life expectancy: average number of years one can expect to live

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• Notice that places with high TFRs tend to have high IMRs and that places with low TFRs have low IMRs.

Figure 2-13

Figure 2-14

Compare an MDC (Japan) to an LDC (Zimbabwe)The shape of a pyramid is determined by its crude birth rate

Compare the following demographic factors:LDC

• Crude Birth Rate = high• Crude Death Rate = low• Infant Mortality Rate = high• Literacy Rate = low• School Enrollment = low• Total Fertility Rate =high• Total % of pop under 15 =high• Life Expectancy = low• Natural Increase Rate = high• GNI Gross National Income =

low

MDC• Crude Birth Rate = low• Crude Death Rate =low• Infant Mortality Rate = low• Literacy Rate = high• School Enrollment = high• Total Fertility Rate = low• Total % of pop under 15 = low• Life Expectancy = high• Natural Increase Rate = low• GNI Gross National Income =

high

Crude Birth Rate

BELLWORK SEPT. 23-WHY IS WORLD POPULATION IMPORTATNT TO ANALYZE?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc4HxPxNrZ0&feature=player_embedded

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Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates?

• Demographic transition– Four stages

• Stage 1: Low growth– Agricultural revolution

• Stage 2: High growth– Industrial Revolution

• Stage 3: Moderate growth• Stage 4: Low growth

– Zero population growth (ZPG)

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Demographic Transition

Figure 2-15

Do a comparison of demographic factors between countries at www.prb.org

http://www.prb.org/pdf08/08WPDS_Eng.pdf http://www.prb.org/Publications/GraphicsBank.aspx

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ACTIVITY: Students will Draw DMT in their Interactive Notebooks.

World Population Clock Bellwork 9/24- What does Population Growth Measure? http://www.peterrussell.com/Odds/WorldClock.php

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Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates?

• Population pyramids– A bar graph showing a place’s age and sex

composition– Shape of the pyramid is determined mainly by the

CBR– Age distribution

• Dependency ratio: number of people too young or too old to work (0-14, 65+)

– Sex distribution• Sex ratio: number of males per hundred females

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Population Pyramids

Figure 2-19

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POPULATION PYRAMIDS: Power of the Pyramids Activity

Bellwork 9/25: Analysis of fact sheets from www.census.gov

www.census.gov

Factfinder: thematic and reference maps for demographics

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Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates?

• Countries are in different stages of the demographic transition– Three examples:

• Cape Verde = High growth– Stage 2 since the 1950s

• Chile = Moderate growth– Stage 3 since the 1960s

• Denmark = Low growth– Stage 4 since the 1970s

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Cape Verde: Stage 2

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Chile: Stage 3

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Denmark: Stage 4

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Japan’s Population Decline

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Sept. 26: “One Billion and Counting” computer activityHW – finish “One Billion and Counting” at home to turn in on Monday, 9/30

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Sept. 27th: Watch “Population Paradox”-http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=CDJcKvukZRA

Get new NYT due 10/10

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Bellwork: Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates?

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•Most countries = stage 2 or stage 3 of the Demographic Transition•Stages 2 and 3 are characterized by significant population growth•No country is in stage 1 of the demographic transition

Thus, It is easier to cause a drop in the CDR than in the CBR

ISSUES:

Overpopulation: A place does not have the carrying capacity(available resources) for its’

populationPhysiological density: # of people per unit area of arable land

Agricultural density: ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

Carrying capacity changes over time and land degradation.

Pre-industrial South Asia 2002 South Asia

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Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?

• Malthus on overpopulation– An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798): Population

grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically– Criticism of Malthus includes the following:

• Fixed resources rather than expanding (possiblism?)• Esther Boserup, Julian Simon & Simon Kuznets argue:• More brains = more ideas• More ppl = > demand for goods = more jobs• Friedrich Engels: enough food to eliminate world hunger• Workers don’t control distribution nor get paid sufficient

wages to purchase it

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Malthus: Theory & Reality

Figure 2-25

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Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?

• Declining birth rates– Reasons for declining birth rates

• Reliance on economic development• Distribution of contraceptives

– Reducing birth rates with contraception

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Family Planning

Figure 2-30

Population Growth Policies to curb overpopulation

Kenya http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/campaigns.html

China

Government programs in India to curb the fertility rate

• -Sterilization Programs- unpopular due to Gandhi’s program

• -Sex-selection tests: outlawed but still in existence• -Outlawing the Bride Price/Dowry which made it

a burden on a family to have a girl• -Population Growth posters to encourage small

families or to choose girls instead of boys

•

BELLWORK: 10/1

• Students will watch Hans Rosling Video, and answer the following question:1. What are the factors for analyzing MDCs vs.

LDCS?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo

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Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?

• World health threats The epidemiologic transition Epidemiological transition: distinctive

causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiological: branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

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Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?

• World health threats– The epidemiologic

transition• Stage 2: Receding

pandemics– Cholera and

Dr. John Snow

Figure 2-31

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Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?

• World health threats– The epidemiologic transition

• Stage 3: Degenerative diseases– Most significant: Heart disease and cancer

• Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases– Medical advances prolong life

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Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?

• World health threats– The epidemiologic transition

• A possible stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases?

– Three reasons why it might be happening:» Evolution» Poverty» Improved travel

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The Most Lethal Infectious Disease: AIDS

Figure 2-33

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OCTOBER 2, 20131.Students will draw ETM2.Practice FRQ

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The End.

Up next: MigrationFigure 3-1