chapter 21: revolutionary changes in the atlantic world, 1750-1850
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Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850
Colonial Wars & Fiscal CrisesThe Cost of War
Cost of maintaining defense of colonies = expensiveWar debts strap European powers
The Enlightenment and the old orderEnlightenment – scientific revolution meets politics & religionIntellectual Challenge to Old Order – hereditary rulers & the church
Intellectual Challenge to Old Order – hereditary rulers & the churchHobbes – Social contract, we surrender certain rights to government in
exchange for orderLocke – Government duty to protect life/liberty/property, otherwise
rebelRousseau – Governments operate with the consent of the governed;
will of the majorityMontesquieu – 3 branches of govt, checks/balancesVoltaire – freedom of speech/religion, critic of “optimism”;“I do not agree with a word you say . . . “ Wollstonecraft – rights of women, “On the Vindication . .”
Monarchs and the Enlightenment – enlightened despots – benevolent dictators
Prelude to Revolution: The 18Prelude to Revolution: The 18thth Century Crisis Century Crisis… continuedThe Community of Belief Systems
Many channels of communication open – pamphlets, salons, correspondenceExpanding middle class – high literacy rate – coffee & tea houses
Enlightenment and the New WorldAmerica = unrestrained by Europe’s corruption would thriveBenjamin Franklin – writer, inventor, representative, ambassador
The Counter Enlightenment – driven by Catholic nations
Reform and Popular CultureTax reforms met with riots and protests – prefer status quoMeet with popular uprisings
The America Revolution, 1775-1800The America Revolution, 1775-1800Frontiers & TaxesBritish Frontier Policy
Westward push seen as future cost of conflictOttawa chief Pontiac fought British over policiesProclamation of 1763 – est. western limits
New Colonial Tax & Commercial Policies – Americans enjoyed foreign tradeColonial Protests
Stamp Act of 1765 – every document was taxedWomen from prominent colonial families
organized boycottsReaction to boycotts threatens libertiesBoston Massacre – fueled popular support for
independenceEast India Co monopoly on tea – met with Tea
Party, and martial law
The America Revolution, 1775-1800The America Revolution, 1775-1800… continuedThe Course of Revolution, 1775-1783Continental Congress
Created a currency, declared independence, and organized an armyGeorge Washington – Virginia planter & veteran of French Indian warJoseph Brant – Mohawk chief on side of BritishBritish defeat at Saratoga – Mohawk go to Canada, French join American sideYorktown courtesy of French supportTreaty of Paris – unconditional independence
“Common Sense” – Thomas Paine – made argument for independenceThe Construction of Republican Political Structures, to 1800Europeans lived vicariously through U.S. – constitutions published in Europe2nd Continental Congress = Articles of Confederation
One House legislatureNo executive branch
Creating a new Government: Constitutional Convention – 3 branchesLimits of Democracy – still slavery and limited women’s rights
The French Revolution, 1789-1815The French Revolution, 1789-1815French Society and Fiscal CrisisEstates General – each has one vote
1st Estate – Church (1 % of pop)2nd Estate – Nobles (1-2 % of pop)3rd Estate – 97-98% of Population1780 onward – series of poor harvests (Potato had NOT
caught on)The Poor – 80+ % of population – increase in price of bread =
The Politics of Debts and Taxes – Louis XVI (& Marie Antoinette) inherit debt but support US; Protest turns to Revolution (1789-1792)
3rd Estate ActsTennis Court Oath – becomes National Assembly33% unemployed and hungry
The Bastille FallsFear leads to Bastille and heads on pikesGreat Fear spreads throughout France – not a good time to be rich
Emigres (mainly nobles who emigrate to other countries)
The French Revolution, 1789-1815The French Revolution, 1789-1815 … continuedDeclaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen – similar to US ConstitutionThe Women of Paris Act – march to Versailles, bring back royalsRevolutionary Changes Begin – Church’s land seized, neighbors worried, religion outlawed
The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794The Jacobins and Girondists (Radicals and moderates)
Jacobins take the lead – Guillotine, Terror, Execution of Louis XVIMaximilien Robespierre – virtual dictator
September Massacres – one way to clean out the prison population
Guillotine – democratic & used on Louis XVI +40,000Women & the Revolution – women’s sacrifices go unrewardedNO ONE is safe from the Guillotine – not even Robespierre
Rise of NapoleonNapoleonic Code: Equality for ALL (in the eyes of the law)
Concordat with Church – churches; Catholic religion restored, churches reopened, ppl can “go to heaven again” – woo hoo!
Lycees – public schools for
Declares himself emperor 1804 – widely popular w/pplNapoleon restores stability and security to France, military powerhouse, great deal of
nationalism - making him widely popular with the ppl – rockstar, pro athlete, hollywood star all in one times 100! “Cult of Personality”
Undefeated in Europe 1796 – 1812 Impact on Napoleon’s perception?
Continental System – unified economic Europe – targeting Britain; attempts to starve them into submission
Iberian war – Napoleon never personally commanded French troops; therefore did NOT understand the threat Wellington would represent
King of Portugal to Brazil (many creoles, including San Martin and Bolivar will fight in Napoleonic Wars)
Russian Scorched Earth policy; Napoleon refuses to quit
Defeated at Leipzig (Battle of Nations) - exiled to Elba
Returns to France – defeated at Waterloo (Wellington); exiled to St. Helena (dies 1821)
The Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804 – while the cat’s away…Accounted for 66% of French tropical imports and 33% of French Foreign trade
The Haitian Revolution - colonial government weakenedRebelling slaves killed & destroyed plantationsToussaint L’Ouverture takes military leadership; defeats British expeditionary force and
next door Spanish
Napoleon sent forces , Toussaint ends up in Prison, eventually Haiti win indepedenceYellow Fever and tenacity of rebels defeat French troops
Napoleon decides to end dream of N. American Empire; sells Louisiana Purchase to US (What if . . . . . . . )
Congress of Vienna & Conservative Retrenchment, 1815-1820Balance of Power, restore monarchy to all of Europe
The Holy Alliance – Austria/Russia/Prussia People have tasted democratic rights, will not give them up w/o a fight
Nationalism, Reform, and Revolution, 1821-1850Greek Independence – from Ottomans – w/help of Brits and French
Revolutionary Fears in France and Britain
The Revolutions of 1848 – Paris/Vienna/Rome/Berlin looking for reform & self determination
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