chapter 22 sec. 1. era of confrontation & competition between the soviet & us from 1946 to...
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The Cold WarCommunism vs Capitalism
USSR vs USUs vs Them
Chapter 22 Sec. 1
The Cold War Chapter 22 Sec. 1
Era of confrontation & competition between the Soviet & US from 1946 to 1990.
The roots of the Cold War can be found in the period just before the end of WWII.
TWO Differing Goals: 1. The United State’s Goals- Democracy, free
enterprise & economic growth would lead to peaceful future in post war world.
2. The Soviet Union’s Goals: keep Germany weak economically & militarily, communism was superior to capitalism= spread communism.
Map of Europe AFTER World War II
YALTA CONFERENCE, 1945: FDR, CHURCHILL AND STALIN MET TO DISCUSS THE FUTURE
OF EUROPE AFTER THE WAR.
*The Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
FDR (BEFORE HE DIED), STALIN, & CHURCHILL PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CAUSING THE COLD WAR Soviets were setting up communist governments in Europe
as they moved through.1. Poland- two rival governments claimed the right to govern
Poland- one communist the other –non-communist. Agreement- FDR & Churchill agreed to recognize communist
government set up by the Soviets; Stalin agreed to allow free elections later (never happened)
2. Declaration of Liberated Europe- Big three agreed that people in Europe had the right to form governments & democracy.
3. Germany- the Big Three agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones controlled by : Britain, France, US, & Soviets.
Berlin also divided into 4 zones Stalin insisted that Germany pay heavy war reparations FDR got Stalin to accept German goods instead of cash
Division of Germany after World War II
POTSDAM CONFERENCE, JULY 1945
CHURCHILL, TRUMAN, AND STALIN
DECIDE HOW TO DEAL WITH GERMANY AND JAPAN
* The Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
FDR died; 1st meeting between President Truman, Stalin, Churchill
War was still raging against Japan at this point
Stalin wants to keep Germany weak; Truman distrustful of Stalin-won’t appease him.
Agreement- 1. Stalin agreed to accept small amount of
industrial equipment from US, British, & French zones instead of cash.
2. Soviets had to pay for part of it with food shipments from the Soviet zone to Western Germany.
3. Truman agreed to accept new German-Polish border
* Truman hinted that the US had developed a new powerful weapon (atomic bomb).
Behind the ‘Iron Curtain” Soviets established communist government
in Romania & did not allow non-communist to serve in government in Poland.
*“Satellite nations”- communist countries of Eastern Europe controlled by USSR.
1946- Winston Churchill gave a speech in Fulton, Missouri– “an iron curtain has fallen across Eastern Europe”.
*“Iron Curtain”- area separating free Europe from communist area of Eastern Europe & Soviet Union.
Churchill giving his “iron curtain”
speech in March of 1946 at Fulton
Missouri
Churchill’s main points were that there should be a US/UK agreement within the framework of the U.N. to resist and deter any disturbances to world peace and that Stalin wants "not war but the fruits of war”, and if
the allies stay strong and united they can counter any Soviet threat
"A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victories. . . . From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the continent.”
UNITED NATIONS MEETS FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1945
The Long Telegram *George Kennan
› American Ambassador to USSR *Long Telegram: 5,540 word
explanation of what he believed were Soviet goals
Proposed long term *CONTAINMENT of Communism
*Containment – keeping Communism within its present territory
*Containment will be US policy during the Cold War for 40 years!!
Chapter 22 Sec. 2
IRAN WAS THE SITE OF THE FIRST
DISPUTE OF THE COLD WAR IN 1945-
46
Iran Crisis After WWII- US & USSR jointly occupied
Iran US withdrew– USSR refused to withdraw &
supported a communist government in North Iran (wanted access to oil).
Truman’s Actions:1. Sent strong message to Soviets to
withdraw2. Sent USS Missouri to eastern
MediterraneanResult- Soviet’s withdrew with promise of a
Iranian-Soviet oil company.
BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY FACED COMMUNIST REVOLTS IN 1947 AND
ASKED THE U.S. FOR AID TO DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM
COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS
FIGHTING AGAINST COMMUNISTS IN GREECE
What plan said the US would be the only influence in the Western Hemisphere?
1. The Roosevelt Corollary
2. The Quadruple Alliance
3. The Monroe Doctrine
4. The Platt Amendment
The Truman Doctrine Truman’s policy on fighting
Soviet aggression around the world
Asked Congress for $400 million to fight communists in Turkey & Greece.
Truman pledged to help people fighting against communism with money & supplies.
“To aid free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.”
The Marshall Plan 1947 George Marshall
– Secretary of State European recovery
plan American aid to
rebuild Europe after WWII- US sent billions of dollars to help western Europe recover.
Necessary to fight Communism
GERMAN CITY OF HAMBURG IN 1947
BEFORE THE MARSHALL PLAN
HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE MARSHALL PLAN
EFFECTS OF THE MARSHALL
PLAN
The Berlin Crisis• 1948- US, Britain, France
announce that they will merge their 3 zones & allow Germany to set up a government.
• Make West Berlin part of new Germany
• June 1948- USSR cut all rail, road traffic to West Berlin
The Berlin Airlift
Truman ordered an airlift of supplies to West Berliners
11 months (2 million tons of supplies)
Also sent bombers with atomic weapons to Britain just in case
IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS ENDED THE BERLIN BLOCKADE
Alliances are Made
**NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Mutual defense alliance
*Warsaw Pact Soviet Union’s
response to West Germany joining NATO
An organized military alliance in Eastern Europe
EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE USSR AFTER WW II YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST,
REMAINED INDEPENDENT
IN OCTOBER 1947 THE UN AUTHORIZED THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL
WITH BOTH THE US AND USSR VOTING IN FAVOR.
ON MAY 14TH 1948 ISRAEL DECLARED ITS INDEPENDENCE AND FIVE ARAB STATES
IMMEDIATELY INVADED WITH THE GOAL OF DESTROYING THE NEWLY CREATED JEWISH STATE. THEY WERE DEFEATED BY ISRAEL
The Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al Husseini stated, “I declare a holy war, my Moslem brothers! Murder
the Jews! Murder them all!"
MUFTI AND HITLER
DURING THE WW II
EgyptSaudi Arabia
Iraq
Jordan
Syria
Turkey
LebanonIsrael
BECAUSE OF THE 1948 ARAB ISRAELI WAR SOME 500,000 ARABS FLED ISRAEL AND MANY REMAIN REFUGEES TODAY HOPING TO RETURN TO
THEIR FORMER HOMES. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 800,000 JEWS WERE FORCED TO LEAVE ARAB COUNTRIES DURING THE 1940’S AND 50’S.
MOST OF THESE REFUGEES WERE ABSORBED INTO ISRAEL.
THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ARABS AND ISRAELIS IS
AN ONGOING THEME IN THE
FOREIGN RELATIONS OF
THE US DURING THE COLD WAR AND BEYOND.
Cold War in East Asia
Chinese Revolution› 1949
Communists› Mao Zedong
US sent aid to Nationalist government who were defeated & fled to Taiwan
Shocked America
1949 – Soviets test their first Atomic Bomb
Sino-Soviet Pact› 1950› China & USSR
Changed US policy towards Japan› Encouraged
more rapid recovery
President Truman approves the development of the hydrogen bomb. This new type of nuclear weapon is at least 100 times more powerful than the
atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945.
THE FIRST US HYDROGEN BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN NOVEMBER OF 1952. THE USSR EXPLODED ONE
IN 1953.
The Korean War 1950-1953
38th parallel Communist in the
North Democracy in the
South June 25, 1950--North
Korea invaded South Korea
Test of Containment US got UN to send
multinational force led by US
North Koreans
pushed the South Korean
and U.N. armies all the way to Pusan in the south
Pusan Perimeter
GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR WAS PUT IN OVERALL COMMAND
OF UNITED NATIONS FORCES
Macarthur made a brilliant Invasion at Inchon which pushed
the North Koreans back over the border
China then invaded & pushed the UN army back to the 38th parallel
THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I TRENCH WARFARE.
Korean War
Truman fired Gen. McArthur- MacArthur wanted to attack China (criticized president openly)
*Limited War› Truman remained committed to a limited
objective of containing communism **Important turning point in Cold War
› Created the need for the US to begin a massive military build up
End of the Korean War
1951- peace negotiations began Armistice signed July 1953 (President
Eisenhower)-hinted use of bomb against China
33,600 US soldiers diedChanges: Led to US military buildup
The Red Scare Fear that Communists were secretly working to
subvert the American government Sept. 1945- Soviet Igor Gouzenko defected to
Canada; carried documents that Soviet spies were trying to infiltrate US & Canada
Subversion› The effort to secretly weaken a society &
overthrow its government J. Edgar Hoover
› FBI DirectorLoyalty Review Program (1947-1951) US Government screened all federal employees
for Communist leanings. 6 million US federal employees screened 14,000 investigated by FBI 2,000 quit their jobs 212 were fired for “questionable" loyalty
Chapter 22 Section 3
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Formed in1938 to investigate Communists & Fascists in the US.
The Committee investigated communists & those who “sympathized” with them.
Richard Nixon - member of the committee (1948-1949)1. Hollywood on Trial- HUAC questioned people in the movie
industry about communist activities. “The Hollywood Ten”- used 5th Amendment to refuse to
testify. Blacklists- people who refused to cooperate were denied
jobs.
2. Alger Hiss (former member of FDR’s staff)- accused of being a communist by (Whittaker Chambers).
Hiss denied being a communist Pumpkin Papers- seemed to prove that Hiss had lied Hiss was found guilty of perjury
Subverts Whittaker Chambers
› Admitted he was a Communist & claimed there were other government officials
Alger Hiss› Government official named by
Chambers› Pumpkin Papers› Convicted of perjury
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg 1950- Government
charged them with spying
NY couple-members of Communist Party
Convicted & put to death (1953)
Divided the country
Project Venona
1946-1995 Cryptographers
cracked the Soviet spy code (1946)
Found many spies in the US
American public didn’t know until 1995
Proved Rosenberg's were guilty
Joseph McCarthy Claimed to have the
names of 205 Communists in the government (State Department)
Charged Secretary of State Dean Acheson & Army Chief of Staff George Marshall
*McCarthyism-tactic of damaging reputations using vague unfounded charges
McCarthyism
(1950)McCarran Internal Security Act› Made it illegal to
conspire or perform any act with a person contributing to a totalitarian government
› Required all Communist organizations & party members to register with the Attorney General
1954-Army-McCarthy Hearings› Televised hearings › McCarthy seen
bullying witnesses in the Army
› *Caused his support to fade
Senate voted censure of McCarthy
Living with the Bomb
Duck & Cover› Protection from the
blast Fallout shelters
› Built in backyards to protect from fallout
Fallout› Radiation left over
after a blast Cold War Nightmares
› Movies Enjoyed a time of
prosperity
Fallout Shelters
Dwight D. Eisenhower1953 – 1961
Pledged to end Korean War
Chapter 23Section 4
Election of 1952 Truman will not run again: Foreign Policy
not working, USSR had the bomb, China fallen to communism, US troops in Korea.
Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson Republicans nominated Dwight D.
Eisenhower
*Eisenhower promised to go to Korea to force an end to the war if elected.• Dec. 1953-
armistice signed
‘More Bang for the Buck’ Believed key to
winning Cold war was a strong economy
Conventional war cost too much – using atomic weapons gave the US ‘more bang for the buck’
*Massive Retaliation› The best way to prevent
a conventional war was to threaten with nuclear weapons
Brinkmanship
Critics of Eisenhower’s Massive Retaliation called his willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side down= “brinkmanship”
Secretary of State John Dulles- major player in US policy in 1950’s.
IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH STALIN THE COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET UNION DIED. AFTER THIS THE KOREAN PEACE NEGOIATIONS
TOOK A MORE POSITIVE TURN.
NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV BECAME THE LEADER OF THE SOVIET UNION
AFTER STALIN’S DEATH. HE DENOUNCED THE CRIMES OF
STALIN IN A FAMOUS 1956 SPEECH AND SET OUT TO REFORM THE
USSR. ALTHOUGH HE ADVOCATED “PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE” THERE
WERE SEVERAL SERIOUS ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE TWO SUPER POWERS WHILE HE WAS IN OFFICE. IN 1956 HE ANNOUNCED AT A UN SPEECH THAT “WE (USSR)
WILL BURY YOU (US)”
Nikita Khrushchev becomes leader of
USSR
**The Domino Theory
1947- President Truman started sending money to French forces in Vietnam trying to prevent their colony from take over by Communists.
Eisenhower continued this policy “Domino Theory”- Eisenhower’s belief
that if one Asian nation fell to communism others would fall as well.
Containment – 1950s Taiwan
› China attacks Taiwan› US warns of nuclear
weapons› China backs down› Containment works
Suez Canal Crisis (1956)
Egyptian troops seized Suez Canal—Britain & France sent troops
USSR supported Egypt British & French
withdraw
Central Intelligence Agency Created to use covert
operations to combat & contain Communism
Developing Nations were key› Iran – CIA started a riot &
returned the Shah of Iran to power
› Guatemala- CIA trained opponents of communist president ousted him. United Fruit Company
OCTOBER 4TH 1957 THE SPACE RACE BEGAN WHEN RUSSIA LAUNCHED SPUTNIK, THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE TO ORBIT THE EARTH. AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS WERE THE FIRST INTO
SPACE
Sputnik
*Sputnik--First artificial satellite launched by the Soviets in 1957› Alarmed Americans› Americans falling
behind in missile technology
B-52 Bomber – able to fly across continents
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)› Could deliver bombs
without aircraft
National Aeronautics & Space Administration› NASA› Coordinate research
in rocket science & space exploration
National Defense Education Act (NDEA)› Education in science,
math & foreign languages
In 1957 a new word entered the world’s vocabulary: ICBM, short for intercontinental ballistic missiles. These were nuclear bomb carrying
missiles with ranges of over five thousand miles. No place on earth was safe from nuclear destruction.
FIRST US ATLAS ICBM
USSR WAS THE FIRST TO SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCH
AN ICBM
The U.S. did not get an object into orbit until January of 1958 after
several embarrassing failures. The space race was on.
OCTOBER 23, 1956 THE PEOPLE OF HUNGARY ROSE UP AGAINST THEIR USSR COMMUNIST IMPOSED GOVERNMENT. FOR A SHORT TIME IT
APPEARED THAT THE REVOLT MIGHT SUCCEED BUT ON NOVEMBER 4TH SOVIET TANK ARMIES INVADED AND CRUSHED THE REVOLT. A SIMILAR
1952 REVOLT IN POLAND WAS ALSO DEFEATED BY RUSSIAN TANKS.
ON JANUARY 1, 1959 REVOLUTION IN CUBA SUCCESSFULLY OVERTHREW THE Pro-US GOVERNMENT. ON JANUARY 6TH FIDEL CASTRO BECAME PREMIER AND LATER COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF CUBA. MANY CUBANS
FLEE TO THE U.S.
FIDEL CASTRO
The Paris Summit (1960)
1959- Soviet leader Khrushchev visited the US
Eisenhower & Khrushchev agreed to meet again in Paris 1960.
The Soviets shot down an American spy plane before the summit began
At first, Eisenhower denied US involvement. Khrushchev broke up the summit
A US U-2 RECONNAISSANCE (SPY) PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN OVER THE SOVIET UNION
U-2 Plane was piloted by Garry Powers
MAY 1960: THE U-2 INCIDENT
Military Industrial Complex Eisenhower’s
warning in his farewell speech
Do not let the build up of military industry affect democracy
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