chapter 27 bioenergetics; how the body converts food to energy · adp, dihydrogen phosphate ion,...

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Chapter 27 Bioenergetics; How the Body Converts Food to Energy

MetabolismMetabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism.• Pathway: A series of biochemical reactions.• Catabolism: The process of breaking down large

nutrient molecules into smaller molecules with the concurrent production of energy.

• Anabolism: The process of synthesizing larger molecules from smaller ones.

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MetabolismMetabolism is the sum of catabolism and anabolism.

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MetabolismFigure 27-1 Simplified schematic diagram of the common metabolic pathway, an imaginary funnel representing what happens in the cell.

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Cells and MitochondriaAnimal cells have many components, each with specific functions; some components along with one or more of their functions are:• Nucleus: Where replication of DNA takes place.• Lysosomes: Remove damaged cellular components and some

unwanted foreign materials.• Golgi bodies: Package and process proteins for secretion and

delivery to other cellular components.• Mitochondria: Organelles in which the common catabolic pathway

takes place in higher organisms; the purpose of this catabolic pathway is to convert the energy stored in food molecules into energy stored in molecules of ATP.

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A Rat Liver CellFigure 27-2 Diagram of a rat liver cell, a typical higher animal cell.

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A Mitochondrion• Figure 27-3 Schematic of a mitochondrion cut to reveal

the internal organization.

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The Common Metabolic Pathway• The two parts to the common catabolic pathway:

• The citric acid cycle, also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Krebs cycle.

• Electron transport chain and phosphorylation, together called oxidative phosphorylation.

• Four principal compounds participating in the common catabolic pathway are:• AMP, ADP, and ATP: agents for the storage and transfer of

phosphate groups.• NAD+/NADH: agents for the transfer of electrons in

biological oxidation-reduction reactions.• FAD/FADH2: agents for the transfer of electrons in biological

oxidation-reduction reactions. • Coenzyme A; abbreviated CoA or CoA-SH: An agent for the

transfer of acetyl groups.

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)ATP is the most important compound involved in the transfer of phosphate groups.• ATP contains two phosphoric anhydride bonds and

one phosphoric ester bond.

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)• Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate (anhydride) of ATP gives

ADP, dihydrogen phosphate ion, and energy.

• Hydrolysis of a phosphoric anhydride liberates more energy than the hydrolysis of a phosphoric ester.

• We say that ATP and ADP each contain high-energy phosphoric anhydride bonds.

• ATP is a universal carrier of phosphate groups.• ATP is also a common currency for the storage and transfer of

energy.

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NAD+/NADH• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a biological

oxidizing agent.

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NAD+/NADH• NAD+ is a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced

to NADH.• NADH is a two-electron reducing agent, and is oxidized

to NAD+. The structures shown here are the nicotinamide portions of NAD+ and NADH.

• NADH is an electron and hydrogen ion transporting molecule.

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FAD/FADH2

• Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is also a biological oxidizing agent.

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FAD/FADH2

• FAD is a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced to FADH2.

• FADH2 is a two-electron reducing agent, and is oxidized to FAD.

• Only the flavin moiety is shown in the structures below.

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Coenzyme A• Coenzyme A (CoA) is an acetyl group carrier.

• Like NAD+ and FAD, coenzyme A contains a unit of ADP.

• CoA is often written CoA-SH to emphasize the fact that it contains a sulfhydryl group.

• The vitamin part of coenzyme A is pantothenic acid.• The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is bound as a high-

energy thioester.

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Coenzyme A• Figure 27-7 The structure of coenzyme A The business

end is the -SH (sulfhydryl) group at the left end.

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• End quiz III, end Exam III• Material after Exam III starts after this slide

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