chapter 4: carbon - waterford mott...

Chapter 4: CarbonAP Biology 2011

Backbone of Molecules✦ All living organisms are made up of chemicals

based mostly on carbon✦ Compounds based on carbon are called organic

compounds✦ Can range from simple molecules like methane

(CH4) to complex proteins with masses in excess of 100,000 daltons

✦ Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon

Synthesis of Organic Compounds✦ Stanley Miller

demonstrated abiotic synthesis of organic compounds

✦ Once thought that organic compounds could only be made by living things

✦ Proven now that under the right conditions, organic compounds can synthesize spontaneously

EXPERIMENT “Atmosphere”

Electrode

Condenser

CH4

H 2 NH3

Water vapor

Cooled “rain” containing organic molecules

Cold water

Sample for chemical analysis

H2O “sea”

Fig. 4.2

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2

3

Bonding✦ Electron configuration is key to an atom’s characteristics

(determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms)

✦ Carbon has 2 electrons in its first shell and 4 in its outer shell

✦ Because of this it can form 4 bonds (tetravalence)✦ Bond angles 109.5°

Hydrogen (valence = 1)

Oxygen (valence = 2)

Nitrogen (valence = 3)

Carbon (valence = 4)

Fig. 4.4

Carbon Bonding VersatilityName and Comment

Molecular Formula

(a) Methane

(b) Ethane

CH4

Ball-and- Stick Model

Space-Filling Model

(c) Ethene (ethylene)

C2H6

C2H4

Structural Formula

Variations in Carbon Chains(a) Length

Ethane 1-Butene

(c) Double bond position

2-Butene Propane

(b) Branching (d) Presence of rings

Butane 2-Methylpropane (isobutane)

Cyclohexane Benzene

Fig. 4.5

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5

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Variations in Carbon Chains

✦ Hydrocarbons - organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen✦ Major component

of petroleum ✦ Major components

of fats

Nucleus

Fat droplets

(b) A fat molecule (a) Part of a human adipose cell

10 µm

Fig. 4.6

Isomers

✦ Isomers - compounds that have the same numbers of atoms but different structures and different properties

(a) Structural isomers

(b) Cis-trans isomers

(c) Enantiomers

cis isomer: The two Xs are on the same side.

trans isomer: The two Xs are on opposite sides.

CO2H CO2H

CH3

H NH2

L isomer

NH2

CH3

H

D isomer Fig. 4.7

Enantiomers

Fig. 4.8

Drug

Ibuprofen

Albuterol

Condition Effective Enantiomer

Ineffective Enantiomer

Pain; inflammation

Asthma

S-Ibuprofen R-Ibuprofen

R-Albuterol S-Albuterol

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Functional Groups✦ Functional groups are

most important in chemistry of life

✦ Each functional group behaves the same regardless of which molecule it is on

✦ Give each molecule unique properties

CH3 OH

HO

O

CH3

CH3 OH

Estradiol

Testosterone

Female lion

Male lion Fig. 4.9

Six Key Functional Groups

✦ Hydroxyl✦ Carbonyl✦ Carboxyl✦ Amino✦ Sulfhydryl✦ Phosphate✦ Methyl

ATP✦ Source of energy in cellular processes✦ Adenosine triphosphate✦ Consists of:

✦ Adenosine (organic molecule)✦ Three phosphates

✦ Energy released by stripping a phosphate to become ADP

Adenosine Adenosine

Reacts with H2O

Inorganic phosphate

ATP ADP

Energy

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