chapter 4, fire hazards
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4 |
FIR
E H
AZ
AR
DS
4.1
|
OV
ER
VIE
W
Ch
ara
cteri
stic
s Fi
re i
s a
uniq
ue h
azar
d in
tha
t it
can
resu
lt bo
th f
rom
nat
ural
proc
esse
s and
from
the
inte
ntio
nal o
r acc
iden
tal a
ctio
ns o
f peo
ple.
The
re a
re th
ree
main
ty
pes
of fi
re h
azar
ds: w
ildfir
es, w
hich
aff
ect o
pen
spac
e an
d de
velo
pmen
t on
the
urba
n fr
inge
; stru
ctur
al fir
es, w
hich
occ
ur in
bui
ldin
gs; a
nd in
dust
rial f
ires,
whi
ch r
esul
t fro
m
the
igni
tion
of h
azar
dous
mat
erial
s. W
hile
fires
are
not
ent
irely
prev
enta
ble,
it is
poss
ible
to c
reat
e co
nditi
ons
that
redu
ce th
e ch
ance
s of
fire
and
that
facil
itate
effi
cient
resp
onse
in
cas
e fir
e br
eaks
out
. W
hen
a fir
e do
es ig
nite
, qui
ck re
spon
se fr
om fi
refig
hter
s an
d an
ad
equa
te su
pply
of w
ater
are
ess
entia
l in
min
imiz
ing
dam
age.
Key vu
lnera
bil
ity fa
ctors
Gen
eral
fact
ors
that
aff
ect
an a
rea’s
risk
fro
m f
ire
haza
rds i
nclu
de it
s loc
atio
n, la
nd u
ses,
dist
ance
from
fire
stat
ions
, eas
e of
acc
essib
ility
by
fire-
fight
ing
equi
pmen
t, an
d ad
equa
cy o
f w
ater
sup
ply.
Mor
e sp
ecifi
cally
, the
ext
ent,
seve
rity
and
dam
age
of fi
res a
re d
eter
min
ed b
y se
vera
l key
fact
ors a
ffec
ting
vuln
erab
ility
. Fo
r the
thre
e ty
pes o
f fire
exa
min
ed in
the
safe
ty e
lemen
t, th
ese
vuln
erab
ilitie
s inc
lude
: ●
Wild
fires
: ste
ep a
nd ru
gged
topo
grap
hy, d
ense
and
unm
anag
ed v
eget
atio
n (e
spec
ially
woo
ds a
nd b
rush
), ac
cess
ibili
ty t
o hu
man
act
iviti
es,
expo
sure
to
win
d an
d su
n,
PR
OTEC
T O
AK
LA
ND
Fire Hazards | 54
drou
ght
cond
ition
s, an
d th
e pr
esen
ce o
f ab
ove-
grou
nd u
tility
lin
es.
The
wild
-lan
d/ur
ban
inte
rfac
e is
an e
spec
ially
haza
rdou
s ar
ea b
ecau
se it
com
bine
s a
resid
ent
popu
latio
n w
ith l
arge
are
as o
f co
mbu
stib
le m
ater
ial (
inclu
ding
stru
ctur
es),
and
is of
ten
char
acte
rized
by
sub-
stan
dard
wat
er s
uppl
ies a
nd a
dist
ant
loca
tion
from
fire
st
atio
ns.
The
time
of th
e ye
ar o
f hig
h w
ildfir
e da
nger
is fr
om M
ay to
Oct
ober
, whe
n te
mpe
ratu
res
are
high
er a
nd h
umid
ity is
low
er.
The
close
r to
the
end
of
this
“fire
se
ason
,” th
e m
ore
criti
cal t
he d
ange
r is,
as v
eget
atio
n be
com
es in
crea
singl
y dr
y. ●
Stru
ctur
al fir
es (e
xclu
ding
indu
stria
l bui
ldin
gs, w
hich
are
disc
usse
d be
low
): Es
pecia
lly
vuln
erab
le bu
ildin
g an
d lan
d-us
e ty
pes
inclu
de h
igh-
rise
build
ings
, m
ulti-
fam
ily
dwell
ings
, and
hig
h-de
nsity
resid
entia
l neig
hbor
hood
s; pl
aces
of m
ass
asse
mbl
y, su
ch
as s
choo
ls, s
tadi
ums,
audi
toriu
ms
and
shop
ping
cen
ters
; st
ruct
ures
con
stru
cted
be
fore
cur
rent
fire
and
bui
ldin
g co
des;
inst
itutio
ns s
uch
as h
ospi
tals
and
jails
that
ho
use
peop
le of
lim
ited
mob
ility
; and
dow
ntow
ns a
nd o
ther
hig
h-de
nsity
com
mer
cial
dist
ricts
. ●
Indu
stria
l fir
es:
Esp
ecial
ly vu
lner
able
facil
ities
inc
lude
lar
ge i
ndus
trial
com
plex
es,
inclu
ding
sea
ports
and
airp
orts
, an
d bu
sines
ses
and
othe
r “t
arge
t ha
zard
s” w
ith
subs
tant
ial c
once
ntra
tions
of
high
ly co
mbu
stib
le an
d to
xic
mat
erial
s. B
ecau
se o
f th
eir n
atur
e, in
dust
rial f
ires
are
cove
red
in th
e “H
azar
dous
Mat
erial
s” c
hapt
er r
athe
r th
an in
this
chap
ter.
Rela
tion
ship
to e
art
hq
uakes
W
hile
fires
usu
ally
happ
en a
s sta
nd-a
lone
eve
nts,
the
thre
at o
f ex
tens
ive
fire
dam
age
is gr
eate
st f
ollo
win
g a
majo
r ea
rthqu
ake.
Stro
ng
earth
quak
es c
an ru
ptur
e ga
s lin
es a
nd d
own
elect
ric li
nes,
whi
ch c
an, i
n tu
rn, s
park
fire
s.
The
seve
rity
of fi
res
occu
rrin
g un
der
thos
e cir
cum
stan
ces
wou
ld li
kely
be c
ompo
unde
d by
the
acc
ompa
nyin
g fa
ilure
of
wat
er m
ains
(whi
ch w
ould
ham
per
fire-
supp
ress
ion
effo
rts)
and
dam
age
to r
oads
and
ove
rpas
ses
(whi
ch w
ould
res
trict
the
eva
cuat
ion
of
peop
le an
d ac
cess
by
emer
genc
y ve
hicle
s).
In t
he p
ast,
stro
ng e
arth
quak
es in
the
Bay
Are
a ha
ve b
een
follo
wed
by
fires
req
uirin
g th
e ex
tens
ive
invo
lvem
ent
of p
rofe
ssio
nal
firef
ight
ers,
a rela
tions
hip
that
is li
kely
to c
ontin
ue.
Th
e 1
99
1 O
akla
nd
/B
erk
ele
y H
ills
Fir
e
A s
ubst
antia
l fire
occ
urre
d in
the
Nor
th
Oak
land
hills
in 1
970
that
con
sum
ed 2
00 a
cres
and
des
troye
d 37
hom
es.
Rega
rdin
g th
is fir
e, th
e cit
y’s o
rigin
al sa
fety
elem
ent
prop
hetic
ally
stat
ed t
hat
“for
tuna
tely
[a]
disa
ster
ha
s no
t occ
urre
d bu
t the
pot
entia
l for
suc
h a
disa
ster
is s
till r
eal.”
In
the
mor
ning
of
Sund
ay, O
ctob
er 2
0, 1
991,
flam
es b
roke
out
in a
resid
entia
l can
yon
wes
t of G
rizzl
y Pe
ak
Boul
evar
d an
d th
e Ca
ldec
ott T
unne
l. T
he fl
ames
—fu
eled
by re
cord
-hig
h te
mpe
ratu
res,
five
year
s of
dro
ught
con
ditio
ns, f
reez
e-da
mag
ed g
rove
s of
tre
es, a
nd s
trong
, hot
, dry
CIT
Y O
F O
AKLA
ND
GEN
ERAL
PLAN
|
SA
FETY
ELEM
EN
T
55 | Fire Hazards
win
ds—
leapt
qui
ckly
and
easil
y ac
ross
par
cels.
In
littl
e m
ore
than
15
min
utes
, the
fire
ha
d go
ne o
ut o
f co
ntro
l. I
t is
said
that
dur
ing
its f
irst t
hree
hou
rs, t
he f
ire c
onsu
med
on
e ho
use
ever
y 11
sec
onds
. It
too
k m
ore
than
1,8
00 f
ire p
erso
nnel
usin
g ov
er 4
00
piec
es o
f eq
uipm
ent,
inclu
ding
20
helic
opte
rs a
nd a
irplan
es, t
o su
bdue
the
fire
. Th
e co
nflag
ratio
n—w
hich
bec
ame
know
n as
the
Oak
land/
Berk
eley
Hill
s fir
esto
rm, o
r th
e Tu
nnel
fire—
was
not
off
iciall
y de
clare
d un
der
cont
rol
until
8 a
m o
n W
edne
sday
, O
ctob
er 2
3; b
y th
en, i
t ha
d be
com
e th
e co
stlie
st w
ildfir
e in
U.S
. hist
ory,
caus
ing
25
deat
hs, 1
50 in
jurie
s, th
e de
stru
ctio
n of
mor
e th
an 3
,000
hom
es, a
nd a
ppro
xim
ately
$1.
5 bi
llion
in p
rope
rty d
amag
e. Th
is di
sast
er le
d to
num
erou
s new
regu
latio
ns a
t the
stat
e an
d lo
cal l
evels
. A
s a re
sult
of
the
fire,
real-
esta
te
selle
rs
stat
ewid
e, fo
r ex
ampl
e, ar
e no
w
requ
ired
to
info
rm
pros
pect
ive
buye
rs if
a r
esid
entia
l pro
perty
lies
with
in a
zon
e of
ver
y hi
gh f
ire-h
azar
d se
verit
y. T
he f
ire a
lso p
rom
pted
the
sta
te t
o cr
eate
the
Sta
ndar
dize
d E
mer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t Sy
stem
(SE
MS;
see
cha
pter
2, “
Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent”
), a
fram
ewor
k fo
r st
anda
rdiz
ing
emer
genc
y-re
spon
se p
roce
dure
s th
roug
hout
Cali
forn
ia an
d fa
cilita
ting
the
flow
of i
nfor
mat
ion
and
reso
urce
s am
ong
agen
cies.
At t
he lo
cal l
evel,
Oak
land
and
man
y ne
ighb
orin
g ju
risdi
ctio
ns s
treng
then
ed th
eir b
uild
ing
and
fire-
prev
entio
n co
des
by
plac
ing
new
or a
dditi
onal
regu
latio
ns o
n th
e se
para
tion
of b
uild
ings
, ven
tilat
ion
crite
ria,
roof
mat
erial
s, lan
dsca
ping
, bu
ildin
g ac
cess
, an
d th
e in
stall
atio
n of
aut
omat
ic fir
e-ex
tingu
ishin
g sy
stem
s in
publ
ic bu
ildin
gs.
4.2
|
IN
STIT
UTIO
NA
L F
RA
MEW
OR
K
Oakla
nd
Fir
e D
ep
art
men
t (O
FD
)
OFD
is th
e ag
ency
with
prim
ary
resp
onsib
ility
fo
r pr
even
ting
and
supp
ress
ing
fires
in O
aklan
d.
Besid
es f
ight
ing
accid
enta
l fire
s an
d ar
son,
O
FD
cond
ucts
fir
e-sa
fety
in
spec
tions
an
d pl
an
chec
ks
of
build
ings
an
d bu
sines
ses;
prov
ides
fire
-dan
ger p
atro
ls an
d iss
ues
publ
ic w
arni
ngs
durin
g tim
es o
f hig
h fir
e da
nger
; co
nduc
ts v
eget
atio
n-m
anag
emen
t in
spec
tions
; re
spon
ds t
o ha
zard
ous-
mat
erial
s sp
ills;
over
sees
the
Oak
land
Offi
ce o
f E
mer
genc
y Se
rvice
s; iss
ues
perm
its fo
r fa
irs, c
arni
vals,
pyr
otec
hnic
disp
lays a
nd o
ther
spec
ial e
vent
s; of
fers
clas
ses
to th
e pu
blic
on f
irst
aid a
nd c
ardi
o-pu
lmon
ary
resu
scita
tion;
pro
vide
s on
-site
tra
inin
g to
loc
al
PR
OTEC
T O
AK
LA
ND
Fire Hazards | 56
busin
esse
s on
bas
ic em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
; and
teac
hes
basic
per
sona
l fire
-saf
ety
and
fire-
prev
entio
n pr
actic
es to
scho
ol c
hild
ren.
O
FD is
ofte
n th
e fir
st a
genc
y ca
lled
in t
he e
vent
of
med
ical a
nd o
ther
em
erge
ncies
. Th
roug
h its
em
erge
ncy
med
ical
serv
ices
(EM
S) d
ivisi
on,
OFD
has
bee
n pr
ovid
ing
roun
d-th
e-clo
ck p
aram
edic
serv
ice to
Oak
land
resid
ents
sinc
e 20
00.
(Am
bulan
ce se
rvice
is
prov
ided
by
priv
ate
com
pani
es u
nder
con
tract
with
Alam
eda
Coun
ty).
Eve
ry f
ire-
stat
ion
engi
ne i
n O
aklan
d ha
s at
lea
st o
ne p
aram
edic
on s
taff
to p
rovi
de a
dvan
ced
med
ical c
are;
in a
dditi
on, a
ll fir
efig
hter
s are
cer
tified
em
erge
ncy
med
ical t
echn
ician
s, ab
le to
pro
vide
bas
ic ca
re.
The
EM
S di
visio
n als
o di
strib
utes
equ
ipm
ent
and
supp
lies
for
life-
supp
ort
serv
ices,
and
prov
ides
tra
inin
g an
d co
ntin
uing
edu
catio
n to
ens
ure
that
ce
rtific
atio
n an
d lic
ensin
g re
quire
men
ts a
re c
urre
nt f
or a
ll O
FD p
erso
nnel.
Fi
nally
, O
FD s
pons
ors
Calif
orni
a Ta
sk F
orce
4 (
CATF
-4),
a te
am o
f fir
efig
hter
s, do
ctor
s, pa
ram
edics
, se
arch
-dog
han
dler
s, st
ruct
ural
engi
neer
s an
d ot
her
spec
ialist
s tra
ined
in
“urb
an se
arch
and
resc
ue”
(US&
R).
The
task
forc
e po
sses
ses a
hig
h lev
el of
exp
ertis
e in
m
edica
l, re
scue
and
tec
hnica
l sk
ills,
and
the
spec
ializ
ed e
quip
men
t ne
eded
to
resc
ue
vict
ims
trapp
ed in
bui
ldin
g co
llaps
es, i
ndus
trial
accid
ents
, tra
nspo
rtatio
n di
sast
ers
and
othe
r co
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
. CA
TF-4
is o
ne o
f eig
ht U
S&R
team
s in
Cali
forn
ia an
d 28
na
tionw
ide
that
may
be
mob
ilize
d w
ithin
hou
rs to
resp
ond
to e
mer
genc
ies a
nyw
here
in
the
coun
try.
Loca
l re
gu
lati
on
s
Oak
land’
s fire
-pro
tect
ion
stan
dard
s for
con
stru
ctio
n ar
e ba
sed
on
Title
24
of th
e Ca
lifor
nia
Code
of R
egul
atio
ns (s
ee a
bove
), sp
ecifi
cally
on
the
Calif
orni
a Bu
ildin
g Co
de (
CBC)
and
the
Cali
forn
ia Fi
re C
ode
(CFC
). O
aklan
d, li
ke m
any
othe
r lo
calit
ies i
n Ca
lifor
nia,
has
amen
ded
thes
e co
des
to r
eflec
t lo
cal
cond
ition
s. A
no
tew
orth
y lo
cal
fire-
relat
ed a
men
dmen
t to
the
CBC
is
the
addi
tion
of a
cha
pter
pr
ovid
ing
for s
pecia
l con
stru
ctio
n re
quire
men
ts in
fire
-haz
ard
area
s, in
the
area
dam
aged
by
the
199
1 O
aklan
d hi
lls f
ire, a
nd in
are
as c
over
ed b
y th
e N
orth
Oak
land
Hill
Are
a Sp
ecifi
c Pl
an.
This
amen
dmen
t disc
usse
s fire
-res
istiv
e w
alls a
nd ro
ofs,
the
sepa
ratio
n of
bu
ildin
gs to
min
imiz
e po
tent
ial fi
re sp
read
, and
aut
omat
ic fir
e-ex
tingu
ishin
g sy
stem
s. A
dditi
onall
y, th
e cit
y ha
s ena
cted
a n
umbe
r of p
rovi
sions
per
tain
ing
to la
nd su
bdiv
ision
s an
d se
cond
ary
units
that
relat
e to
fire
saf
ety
and
ingr
ess/
egre
ss, i
nclu
ding
the
wid
th a
nd
grad
e of
stre
ets,
min
imum
stre
et-c
urva
ture
rad
ii, in
stall
atio
n of
fire
hyd
rant
s an
d st
reet
de
sign
in h
illsid
e su
bdiv
ision
s. A
lso, t
he c
ity’s
mun
icipa
l cod
e ha
s ch
apte
rs r
egul
atin
g th
e lo
catio
n, d
esig
n an
d as
signm
ent o
f bui
ldin
g nu
mbe
rs, a
nd a
lso th
e us
e an
d de
sign
of
bedr
oom
s th
at h
ave
win
dow
s or
doo
rs w
ith s
ecur
ity b
ars.
Fin
ally,
vario
us s
ectio
ns o
f
Reg
ula
tions
per
tain
ing t
o lan
d
subdiv
isio
ns
rela
ted t
o fire
safe
ty a
nd
ingre
ss/e
gre
ss a
re found in c
hap
ters
or
sect
ions
16.1
6, 16.2
0.0
30, 16.2
4.0
40,
16.2
8.0
40 a
nd 1
6.3
2 o
f th
e O
akla
nd
Munic
ipal
Code;
reg
ula
tions
per
tain
ing t
o
seco
ndar
y units
are
found in s
ections
17.1
02.3
60;
regula
tions
conce
rnin
g
build
ing n
um
ber
s ar
e fo
und in c
hap
ter
15.4
0;
regula
tions
regar
din
g b
edro
om
se
curity
bar
s ar
e fo
und in c
hap
ter
15.6
4;
and t
he
Oak
land H
ousi
ng C
ode
is found
in c
hap
ter
15.0
8.
Loca
l am
endm
ents
to t
he
Cal
iforn
ia (
or U
nifor
m)
Fire
Code
are
found in c
hap
ter
15.1
2 o
f th
e O
akla
nd M
unic
ipal
Cod
e. The
amen
dm
ent
to t
he
Cal
iforn
ia B
uild
ing C
ode
regar
din
g s
pec
ial fire
-re
late
d c
onst
ruct
ion r
equirem
ents
is
found in
sect
ion 1
5.0
4.7
85 o
f th
e m
unic
ipal
cod
e.
CIT
Y O
F O
AKLA
ND
GEN
ERAL
PLAN
|
SA
FETY
ELEM
EN
T
57 | Fire Hazards
the
hous
ing
code
call
for
the
use
of
fire-
resis
tant
con
stru
ctio
n an
d th
e pr
ovisi
on o
f sm
oke
dete
ctor
s an
d ad
equa
te f
ire-e
xtin
guish
ing
syst
ems
or e
quip
men
t. T
he B
uild
ing
Serv
ices
Div
ision
of
the
city’s
Com
mun
ity a
nd E
cono
mic
Dev
elopm
ent
Age
ncy
(CE
DA
) is
resp
onsib
le fo
r en
forc
ing
the
city’s
va
rious
co
des
whe
n re
view
ing
cons
truct
ion
proj
ects
subm
itted
for o
fficia
l app
rova
l. In
ter-
ag
en
cy c
oo
pera
tion
I
n ad
ditio
n to
gen
eral
mut
ual-a
id a
gree
men
ts (s
ee t
he
“Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent”
ch
apte
r),
Oak
land
has
ente
red
into
ag
reem
ents
w
ith
adjo
inin
g ju
risdi
ctio
ns f
or c
oope
rativ
e re
spon
se t
o fir
es.
T
hese
agr
eem
ents
help
pr
otec
t O
aklan
d re
siden
ts a
nd b
usin
ess
situa
ted
near
er t
he f
ire s
tatio
ns o
f ad
join
ing
juris
dict
ions
and
also
fro
m f
ires
orig
inat
ing
outs
ide
city
boun
darie
s. O
aklan
d ha
s m
utua
l-res
pons
e ag
reem
ents
for
fire
pro
tect
ion
with
Alam
eda
and
Cont
ra C
osta
co
untie
s, th
e E
ast
Bay
Regi
onal
Park
Dist
rict
(EBR
PD)
and
the
cities
of
Alam
eda,
Berk
eley,
Em
eryv
ille,
Pied
mon
t and
San
Lea
ndro
. (E
BRPD
has
its o
wn
fire
depa
rtmen
t, w
ith s
taff
and
equ
ipm
ent
dist
ribut
ed a
mon
g fiv
e pa
rk u
nits
, of
whi
ch T
ilden
is
the
close
st to
Oak
land.
) In
add
ition
, the
OFD
is a
mem
ber o
f the
Hill
s E
mer
genc
y Fo
rum
(H
EF)
and
Diab
lo F
ireSa
fe C
ounc
il (D
FC).
HE
F is
a co
alitio
n of
gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies
and
spec
ial d
istric
ts th
at c
oord
inat
e th
e co
llect
ion
and
asse
ssm
ent o
f inf
orm
atio
n re
lated
to
fire
haz
ards
in
the
Eas
t Ba
y hi
lls,
and
deve
lops
fire
-saf
ety
stan
dard
s an
d co
des,
incid
ent-r
espo
nse
and
man
agem
ent
prot
ocol
s, an
d fu
el-re
duct
ion
stra
tegi
es.
DFC
is a
pa
rtner
ship
am
ong
gove
rnm
ent a
nd p
rivat
e-se
ctor
org
aniz
atio
ns w
orki
ng to
pre
vent
ion
wild
fires
in A
lamed
a an
d Co
ntra
Cos
ta c
ount
ies.
Cali
forn
ia D
ep
art
men
t o
f Fore
stry
an
d F
ire P
rote
ctio
n (
CD
F)
Th
e CD
F ha
s pr
imar
y re
spon
sibili
ty f
or p
reve
ntin
g an
d su
ppre
ssin
g fir
es o
n m
ore
than
31
mill
ion
acre
s of
non
-fede
ral
wild
lands
in
Calif
orni
a. T
he d
epar
tmen
t als
o re
spon
ds t
o th
ousa
nds
of n
on-w
ildfir
e em
erge
ncies
ann
ually
, in
cludi
ng c
ar c
rash
es,
haza
rdou
s-m
ater
ials
spill
s an
d m
edica
l call
s. A
mon
g CD
F’s
seve
ral d
ivisi
ons
is th
e O
ffice
of
the
Stat
e Fi
re M
arsh
al (O
SFM
), th
e du
ties o
f whi
ch in
clude
regu
latin
g fla
mm
able
subs
tanc
es
and
cons
umer
pro
duct
s; pr
ovid
ing
stat
ewid
e gu
idan
ce o
n fir
e pr
even
tion
in w
ildlan
d ar
eas;
prov
idin
g pl
an r
eview
and
con
stru
ctio
n in
spec
tions
for a
ll st
ate-
owne
d an
d st
ate-
occu
pied
fac
ilitie
s in
Cali
forn
ia; a
nd r
egul
atin
g in
trast
ate
haza
rdou
s-liq
uid
pipe
lines
. CD
F, in
cludi
ng S
FM, e
nfor
ces m
ost o
f the
stat
e’s fi
re-r
elate
d law
s (se
e be
low
).
PR
OTEC
T O
AK
LA
ND
Fire Hazards | 58
Sta
te l
aw
s an
d r
eg
ula
tion
s
The
Stat
e of
Cali
forn
ia ha
s pa
ssed
num
erou
s law
s to
ad
dres
s bot
h w
ildlan
d an
d st
ruct
ural
fires
. W
ildfir
e-pr
even
tion
laws r
egul
ate
activ
ities
in
area
s dee
med
by
the
stat
e to
be
“haz
ardo
us fi
re a
reas
;” th
e m
ainte
nanc
e of
bui
ldin
gs a
nd
othe
r stru
ctur
es in
are
as c
over
ed b
y fo
rest
, bru
sh o
r oth
er fl
amm
able
mat
erial
s; an
d th
e se
tting
and
bur
ning
of f
ires o
n op
en la
nd.
Spec
ific
issue
s add
ress
ed in
clude
the
build
ing
of c
ampf
ires,
smok
ing,
the
use
of fi
rew
orks
, the
pro
visio
n of
fire
brea
ks, t
he d
esig
n an
d m
ainte
nanc
e of
roof
s and
chi
mne
y ou
tlets
, per
mits
for b
urni
ng a
nd b
lastin
g, a
nd th
e us
e of
spa
rk-e
mitt
ing
devi
ces.
Law
s aim
ed a
t pre
vent
ing
stru
ctur
al fir
es e
stab
lish
fire-
safe
ty
stan
dard
s fo
r hi
gh-ri
se s
truct
ures
, pu
blic-
asse
mbl
y bu
ildin
gs,
hote
ls an
d m
otels
, an
d in
stitu
tiona
l fa
ciliti
es s
uch
as h
ospi
tals,
con
vales
cent
hom
es,
child
day
-car
e ce
nter
s, fo
ster
hom
es, g
roup
hom
es, t
empo
rary
shel
ters
, and
pris
ons a
nd ja
ils.
Law
s also
add
ress
th
e pr
ovisi
on o
f sm
oke
dete
ctor
s, po
rtabl
e fir
e ex
tingu
isher
s, an
d fir
e sp
rinkl
ers
and
othe
r au
tom
atic
fire-
extin
guish
ing
syst
ems.
In
addi
tion,
ow
ners
mus
t di
sclo
se t
o pr
ospe
ctiv
e bu
yers
of
real-
esta
te p
rope
rty t
he e
xist
ence
of
any
haza
rds,
inclu
ding
lo
catio
n in
a fi
re-h
azar
d se
verit
y zo
ne.
Cali
forn
ia C
od
e o
f R
eg
ula
tion
s (C
CR
) Tit
le 2
4
Titl
e 24
of t
he C
CR (“
Calif
orni
a Bu
ildin
g St
anda
rds
Code
”) s
ets
forth
the
fire
, lif
e-sa
fety
and
oth
er b
uild
ing-
relat
ed
regu
latio
ns a
pplic
able
to a
ny s
truct
ure
fit f
or o
ccup
ancy
sta
tew
ide
for
whi
ch a
bui
ldin
g pe
rmit
is so
ught
. Th
e 20
01 t
rienn
ial e
ditio
n of
Titl
e 24
con
tain
s 11
par
ts, i
nclu
ding
(w
ith b
rief d
escr
iptio
ns):
● Pa
rt 2,
Cali
forn
ia Bu
ildin
g Co
de: g
ener
al st
anda
rds f
or th
e de
sign
and
cons
truct
ion
of
build
ings
, inc
ludi
ng p
rovi
sions
relat
ed to
fire
, life
safe
ty a
nd st
ruct
ural
safe
ty.
● Pa
rt 3,
Cali
forn
ia E
lectri
cal C
ode:
elect
rical
build
ing
stan
dard
s. ●
Part
4, C
alifo
rnia
Mec
hani
cal
Code
: m
echa
nica
l st
anda
rds
relat
ed t
o th
e de
sign,
co
nstru
ctio
n, i
nsta
llatio
n, a
nd m
ainte
nanc
e of
hea
ting,
ven
tilat
ing,
coo
ling,
and
re
frig
erat
ion
syst
ems a
nd o
f hea
t-pro
ducin
g ap
plian
ces.
● Pa
rt 9,
Cali
forn
ia Fi
re C
ode
(CFC
): bu
ildin
g st
anda
rds
relat
ed to
fire
saf
ety
that
are
re
fere
nced
in o
ther
par
ts o
f Titl
e 24
. To
pics
add
ress
ed in
the
code
inclu
de a
utom
atic
sprin
kler
syst
ems,
fire-
alarm
syst
ems,
acce
ss b
y fir
e-fig
htin
g eq
uipm
ent,
fire
hydr
ants,
ex
plos
ion-
haza
rds
safe
ty,
haza
rdou
s-m
ater
ials
stor
age
and
use,
prot
ectio
n fo
r fir
st
resp
onde
rs, i
ndus
trial
proc
esse
s, an
d m
any
othe
r ge
nera
l and
spe
cializ
ed f
ire-s
afet
y re
quire
men
ts fo
r new
and
exi
stin
g bu
ildin
gs a
nd p
rem
ises.
The
CFC
is b
ased
on
the
Uni
form
Fire
Cod
e (U
FC),
a “m
odel”
cod
e ad
opte
d th
roug
h na
tiona
l-lev
el co
nsen
sus
and
whi
ch d
oes n
ot c
arry
the
weig
ht o
f law
(unl
ike
the
CFC)
. Th
e CF
C in
corp
orat
es
by re
fere
nce
the
text
of t
he la
test
pub
lishe
d U
FC, a
nd re
flect
s add
ition
s and
dele
tions
m
ade
to th
e U
FC b
y th
e st
ate.
Sta
te r
egula
tions
per
tain
ing t
o w
ildfire
pre
vention
are
found p
rim
arily
in s
ections
4251-4
290, 4291-
4299 a
nd 4
421-4
446 o
f th
e Cal
iforn
ia P
ublic
Res
ourc
es C
ode.
Reg
ula
tions
conce
rnin
g
stru
ctura
l-fire
pre
vention a
re found p
rim
arily
in
the
Cal
ifor
nia
Hea
lth a
nd S
afet
y Code,
most
ly
under
div
isio
n 2
, ch
apte
r 3,
and u
nder
div
isio
n 1
2,
par
t 2.
Part
8 o
f Title
24 is
found o
n t
he
web
site
of th
e Cal
iforn
ia B
uild
ing S
tandar
ds
Com
mis
sion (
BSC).
Pa
rts
2, 3, 4 a
nd 9
are
publis
hed
by
non-
gov
ernm
enta
l org
aniz
atio
ns
with s
ole
public
atio
n
and d
istr
ibution r
ights
, an
d a
re n
ot
yet
avai
lable
on t
he
Inte
rnet
; how
ever
, th
ey m
ay b
e ex
amin
ed
free
of ch
arge
at o
ne
of m
any
“dep
osi
tory
lib
raries
” th
roughout
the
stat
e (l
iste
d o
n t
he
BSC’s
w
ebsi
te).
CIT
Y O
F O
AKLA
ND
GEN
ERAL
PLAN
|
SA
FETY
ELEM
EN
T
59 | Fire Hazards
Cali
forn
ia E
nvir
on
men
tal
Qu
ali
ty A
ct (
CEQ
A)
Th
e st
ate’s
CE
QA
gui
delin
es
prop
ose
a w
ide
rang
e of
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s th
at p
ublic
age
ncies
sho
uld
cons
ider
in
their
eva
luat
ion
of d
evelo
pmen
t pr
opos
als.
Con
sider
atio
ns r
elate
d to
fire
haz
ards
in
clude
the
pote
ntial
for a
pro
ject t
o:
● ex
pose
peo
ple
or s
truct
ures
to
a sig
nific
ant
risk
of lo
ss, i
njur
y or
dea
th in
volv
ing
wild
land
fires
.
4.3
|
AN
ALY
SIS
Fir
e-f
igh
tin
g r
esp
on
se
As
men
tione
d ab
ove,
OFD
is
the
agen
cy w
ith p
rimar
y re
spon
sibili
ty
for
prev
entin
g an
d su
ppre
ssin
g fir
es
in
Oak
land.
OFD
em
ploy
s ap
prox
imat
ely
500
swor
n fu
ll-tim
e eq
uiva
lents
(F
TE’s)
an
d 70
civ
ilian
FT
E’s.
Co
mbi
ned
daily
sta
ffing
at
all t
he c
ity’s
fire
stat
ions
tot
als t
hree
bat
talio
n ch
iefs,
32
offic
ers,
25 f
ire e
ngin
eers
and
75
firef
ight
ers
over
thre
e da
ily s
hifts
. O
FD o
pera
tes
25
fire
stat
ions
thro
ugho
ut th
e cit
y, in
cludi
ng o
ne a
t Oak
land
Inte
rnat
iona
l Airp
ort a
nd a
fir
e st
atio
n in
the
Nor
th H
ills,
dedi
cate
d in
199
9 (s
ee F
igur
e 4.
1).
OFD
’s fle
et o
f eq
uipm
ent
inclu
des
25 t
ype-
1 en
gine
s, fo
ur t
ype-
3 en
gine
s, se
ven
aeria
l lad
ders
, eig
ht
brus
h pa
trols,
a fi
rebo
at, a
hea
vy-r
escu
e ve
hicle
, tw
o fo
am u
nits
, six
airp
ort r
escu
e rig
s, an
d fo
ur h
ose
tend
ers.
The
depa
rtmen
t rec
eives
in th
e ra
nge
of 5
0,00
0-70
,000
em
erge
ncy
and
non-
emer
genc
y ca
lls a
yea
r. O
f th
e em
erge
ncy
calls
, app
roxi
mat
ely t
hree
-four
ths
are
for
emer
genc
y m
edica
l se
rvice
s, w
ith t
he r
est
relat
ed t
o ut
ilitie
s, co
mm
ercia
l ala
rms,
stru
ctur
al fir
es
(mos
tly
resid
entia
l),
vehi
cle
and
“out
side”
fir
es,
gras
s/w
ild-la
nd
fires
an
d ot
her
emer
genc
ies.
In 2
002,
fire
s ca
used
thre
e co
nfirm
ed d
eath
s in
the
city
and
an e
stim
ated
$8
.75
mill
ion
in p
rope
rty d
amag
e. (I
n re
cent
yea
rs, o
n av
erag
e, th
ere
have
bee
n fiv
e fir
e-re
lated
fat
alitie
s an
nuall
y.)
Beca
use
fast
res
pons
e is
criti
cal i
n pr
even
ting
wid
espr
ead
dam
age
from
fire
s an
d ot
her
emer
genc
ies,
OFD
aim
s to
pro
vide
em
erge
ncy
serv
ice
with
in s
even
min
utes
of
notif
icatio
n 90
per
cent
of
the
time.
Gen
erall
y, se
rvice
can
be
prov
ided
in th
at ti
me-
fram
e to
are
as lo
cate
d w
ithin
1.5
mile
s of a
fire
stat
ion.
Fig
ure
4.1
show
s th
e 1.
5-m
ile r
espo
nse
radi
i fo
r O
aklan
d’s
25 f
ire s
tatio
ns;
as s
how
n, t
he v
ast
majo
rity
of th
e cit
y is
cove
red
by th
ese
resp
onse
rad
ii, w
ith th
e m
ain e
xcep
tions
bein
g
PR
OTEC
T O
AK
LA
ND
Fire Hazards | 60
dist
ant c
orne
rs o
f th
e air
port
and
seap
ort,
the
Bay
Brid
ge a
ppro
ach,
and
an
area
in th
e So
uth
Hill
s be
twee
n Sk
yline
Bou
levar
d an
d K
eller
Ave
nue.
(A
sm
all a
rea
arou
nd S
an
Pabl
o A
venu
e an
d 66
th S
treet
is c
over
ed b
y an
Em
eryv
ille
fire
stat
ion—
not s
how
n—at
H
ollis
and
63r
d st
reet
s.)
The
open
ing
of t
he N
orth
Hill
s fir
e st
atio
n in
199
9 ha
s sig
nific
antly
impr
oved
the
depa
rtmen
t’s a
vera
ge re
spon
se ti
me
in a
n ar
ea o
f the
city
that
is
parti
cular
ly su
scep
tible
to w
ildfir
es.
Wate
r su
pp
ly
Oak
land
obta
ins m
ost o
f its
wat
er su
pply
from
the
Eas
t Bay
Mun
icipa
l U
tility
Dist
rict (
EBM
UD
). W
ater
flow
s in
to O
aklan
d pr
imar
ily th
roug
h th
e Cl
arem
ont
tunn
el fr
om th
e O
rinda
wat
er tr
eatm
ent p
lant,
then
thro
ugh
seve
ral a
qued
ucts
and
larg
e tra
nsm
issio
n m
ains
into
sm
aller
dist
ribut
ion
main
s su
pplyi
ng th
e en
tire
city;
at th
e sa
me
time,
wat
er is
stor
ed a
t var
ious
rese
rvoi
rs lo
cate
d th
roug
hout
the
city.
The
adeq
uacy
of w
ater
sup
ply
for f
irefig
htin
g pu
rpos
es is
judg
ed b
y th
e fir
e flo
w, o
r the
ra
te o
f wat
er fl
ow n
eede
d, w
hich
is m
easu
red
in g
allon
s pe
r min
ute
(gpm
). T
he d
esire
d fir
e flo
w in
an
area
dep
ends
on
the
area
’s lan
d us
e, de
gree
of
fire
haza
rd, e
xpos
ure
of
neig
hbor
ing
build
ings
, and
the
size,
cons
truct
ion
and
occu
panc
y of
bui
ldin
gs in
the
area
. W
ater
supp
ly sh
ould
not
be
conf
used
with
wat
er p
ress
ure,
whi
ch m
easu
res t
he st
rength
of
wat
er f
low
, in
poun
ds p
er s
quar
e in
ch (p
si).
To p
rovi
de m
ore
unifo
rm w
ater
pre
ssur
e re
gard
less
of e
levat
ion,
the
dist
ribut
ion
of w
ater
in
Oak
land
is di
vide
d in
to p
ress
ure
zone
s, ea
ch c
over
ing
a 20
0-fo
ot e
levat
ion
rang
e, ap
prox
imat
ely.
Wat
er p
ress
ure
in a
zo
ne ra
nges
from
app
roxi
mat
ely 4
0 po
unds
per
squ
are
inch
(psi)
at t
he to
p of
the
zone
to
130
psi
at th
e bo
ttom
of t
he z
one.
In o
rder
to m
ainta
in m
inim
um re
sidua
l pre
ssur
e in
th
e sy
stem
whi
le w
ater
is
flow
ing,
wat
er m
ains
mus
t be
ade
quat
ely s
ized
and
fire
hy
dran
ts m
ust b
e ad
equa
tely
spac
ed.
Mos
t wat
er tr
ansm
issio
n m
ains
in O
aklan
d ar
e at
lea
st 2
0” in
diam
eter
, with
a g
rid o
f sm
aller
dist
ribut
ion
main
s se
rvin
g in
divi
dual
bloc
ks
and
hydr
ants
. Th
ere
are
appr
oxim
ately
6,5
00 f
ire h
ydra
nts
in th
e cit
y, th
e di
strib
utio
n an
d sp
acin
g of
whi
ch a
re g
ener
ally
gove
rned
by
fire-
code
req
uire
men
ts.
With
a f
ew
exce
ptio
ns, f
ire h
ydra
nts i
n O
aklan
d ar
e ow
ned
and
main
tain
ed b
y E
BMU
D.
For t
he 1
991
Oak
land
Hill
s fir
e, fir
efig
hter
s us
ed w
ater
from
man
y re
serv
oirs
in s
ever
al pr
essu
re z
ones
. H
owev
er, t
he w
ater
sup
ply
from
sev
eral
rese
rvoi
rs b
ecam
e ex
haus
ted
afte
r se
vera
l ho
urs,
and
resp
ondi
ng f
ire u
nits
exp
erien
ced
diffi
culty
in
loca
ting
and
main
tain
ing
an a
dequ
ate
supp
ly of
wat
er.
Illu
stra
ting
the
com
poun
ding
effe
ct o
f di
sast
ers,
pow
er fa
ilure
s shu
t dow
n w
ater
-pum
ping
stat
ions
that
sup
plied
rese
rvoi
rs, a
nd
rese
rvoi
rs w
ere
furth
er d
rain
ed a
s w
ater
line
s at
hun
dred
s of
bur
ned-
out
hom
es b
urst
an
d po
ured
wat
er i
nto
the
stre
ets.
On
a se
para
te n
ote,
fire
com
pani
es f
rom
oth
er
CIT
Y O
F O
AKLA
ND
GEN
ERAL
PLAN
|
SA
FETY
ELEM
EN
T
61 | Fire Hazards
juris
dict
ions
exp
erien
ced
diff
iculty
con
nect
ing
to O
aklan
d hy
dran
ts, a
nd o
pera
tions
wer
e de
layed
as
adap
ters
wer
e di
strib
uted
. (A
t th
e tim
e, O
aklan
d hy
dran
ts h
ad t
hree
-inch
ou
tlets
whi
le m
ost
othe
r ju
risdi
ctio
ns u
se t
wo-
and-
a-ha
lf-in
ch c
onne
ctio
ns a
nd h
ose
coup
lings
.) E
BMU
D p
erio
dica
lly c
ondu
cts
hydr
ant-f
low
test
s in
the
city
to d
eter
min
e th
e av
ailab
le w
ater
flo
w a
nd p
ress
ure
in h
ydra
nts
and
wat
er m
ains.
Con
trary
to
misc
once
ptio
ns
arisi
ng f
rom
the
199
1 fir
e, w
ater
pre
ssur
e is
gene
rally
ade
quat
e th
roug
hout
the
city
. H
owev
er,
the
abili
ty t
o fe
ed w
ater
with
in c
erta
in z
ones
and
to
certa
in h
ydra
nts
is re
stric
ted
by o
lder
wat
er m
ains
that
are
not
siz
ed fo
r cur
rent
sta
ndar
ds o
r tha
t hav
e lo
st
capa
city
due
to d
eter
iora
tion.
In
add
ition
, opt
imal
“grid
ding
” of
wat
er m
ains
is no
t po
ssib
le in
the
Oak
land
Hill
s du
e to
the
area
’s to
pogr
aphy
and
stre
et la
yout
. M
oreo
ver,
enlar
ging
wat
er m
ains
to im
prov
e fir
eflo
ws
in lo
w-d
ensit
y ar
eas
(suc
h as
the
hills
) is
not
alway
s de
sirab
le sin
ce it
cou
ld le
ad to
poo
r wat
er tu
rnov
er a
nd a
resu
lting
det
erio
ratio
n in
wat
er q
ualit
y. Si
nce
the
1991
fire
stor
m,
the
city
and
EBM
UD
hav
e un
derta
ken
seve
ral
proj
ects
to
impr
ove
the
perf
orm
ance
of t
he w
ater
-dist
ribut
ion
syst
em fo
r pur
pose
s of f
ight
ing
fires
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, O
aklan
d’s h
ydra
nts h
ave
been
retro
fitte
d w
ith u
nive
rsal
hose
cou
plin
gs (o
r re
plac
ed a
ltoge
ther
), an
d O
FD h
as d
evelo
ped
a po
rtabl
e w
ater
-deli
very
sys
tem
—co
nsist
ing
of la
rge-
diam
eter
hos
e, co
nnec
tions
and
pum
ps f
or d
rafti
ng w
ater
fro
m t
he
bay,
lakes
, cre
eks,
rese
rvoi
rs a
nd e
ven
stor
m-d
rain
sew
ers—
in t
he e
vent
of
failu
re o
f E
BMU
D’s
wat
er s
uppl
y. A
t the
sam
e tim
e, th
e cit
y an
d E
BMU
D h
ave
impr
oved
fire
flo
ws
in t
he R
ockr
idge
neig
hbor
hood
, a p
rojec
t fu
nded
th
roug
h a
spec
ial a
sses
smen
t di
stric
t of a
rea
hom
eow
ners
. S
tru
ctu
ral
fire
s
The
prim
ary
fact
ors
affe
ctin
g th
e ris
k of
stru
ctur
al fir
e ar
e th
e ag
e an
d co
nditi
on o
f th
e bu
ildin
g or
stru
ctur
e, its
pro
xim
ity t
o ot
her
stru
ctur
es, a
nd t
he
met
hods
and
mat
erial
s us
ed in
its
cons
truct
ion.
Gen
erall
y, ol
der b
uild
ings
are
at h
ighe
r ris
k be
caus
e th
ey w
ere
cons
truct
ed p
rior
to th
e ad
optio
n of
cur
rent
bui
ldin
g st
anda
rds;
with
the
few
exc
eptio
ns o
f bu
ildin
gs t
hat
have
bee
n ex
tens
ively
rem
odele
d re
cent
ly,
olde
r bu
ildin
gs d
o no
t m
eet
curr
ent
cons
truct
ion
code
s. H
ighe
r-de
nsity
dev
elopm
ent
pres
ents
an
incr
ease
d fir
e ris
k du
e to
the
grea
ter
inte
nsity
of
use
and
high
er c
hanc
e of
fir
e sp
read
ing
from
one
bui
ldin
g to
ano
ther
. Fi
nally
, par
ticul
arly
susc
eptib
le to
fire
are
w
ood-
fram
ed b
uild
ings
, esp
ecial
ly th
ose
with
woo
d-sh
ingl
e ro
ofs,
met
hods
and
mat
erial
s th
at a
pply
pred
omin
antly
to sm
all, d
etac
hed
singl
e-fa
mily
hom
es.
PR
OTEC
T O
AK
LA
ND
Fire Hazards | 62
The
City
of O
aklan
d is
at h
ighe
r ris
k fo
r stru
ctur
al fir
e th
an m
ost o
ther
juris
dict
ions
in
Calif
orni
a be
caus
e of
its
relat
ively
old
and
den
se d
evelo
pmen
t pat
tern
. Th
e ge
ogra
phic
area
of
gr
eate
st
conc
ern
is do
wnt
own,
du
e to
its
hi
gh
land-
use
dens
ities
an
d co
ncen
tratio
n of
old
er, m
ulti-
stor
y bu
ildin
gs.
(Thi
s is,
of
cour
se, t
he a
rea
from
whi
ch
deve
lopm
ent
radi
ated
as
the
city
grew
.) B
ecau
se o
f its
hig
h de
nsity
, dow
ntow
n is
the
area
at g
reat
est r
isk o
f suf
ferin
g ha
rm fr
om s
truct
ural
fires
, in
term
s of
bot
h hu
man
life
an
d pr
oper
ty d
amag
e. O
n th
e ot
her
hand
, acc
essib
ility
by
fire-
fight
ing
equi
pmen
t is
exce
llent
, and
the
area
has
the
mos
t ext
ensiv
e fir
e-pr
otec
tion
cove
rage
, with
seve
n of
the
city’s
26
fire
stat
ions
loca
ted
with
in 1
.5 m
iles
of th
e co
rner
of 1
4th S
treet
and
Bro
adw
ay
(arg
uabl
y th
e cit
y’s d
evelo
pmen
t cen
ter).
Else
whe
re in
the
city,
ther
e is
gene
rally
eno
ugh
clear
ance
bet
wee
n bu
ildin
gs th
at st
ruct
ural
fires
can
usu
ally
be c
onta
ined
to th
e st
ruct
ure
of o
rigin
. Th
is is
espe
cially
true
in d
istric
ts o
f sin
gle-
fam
ily h
omes
. Tw
o bu
ildin
g-oc
cupa
ncy
type
s pr
esen
t sp
ecial
fire
haz
ards
: pub
lic-a
ssem
bly
build
ings
su
ch a
s sc
hool
s, st
adiu
ms
and
audi
toriu
ms
(bec
ause
of
the
conc
entra
tions
of
peop
le fo
und
at t
imes
in
such
bui
ldin
gs),
and
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs.
Hig
h-ris
e bu
ildin
gs p
ose
parti
cular
acc
ess
and
evac
uatio
n ch
allen
ges:
mov
ing
firef
ight
ers
and
equi
pmen
t up
st
airw
ays
lengt
hens
resp
onse
tim
e, an
d ch
ance
s ar
e hi
gher
that
occ
upan
ts c
ould
bec
ome
trapp
ed.
Cur
rent
sta
tew
ide
fire-
safe
ty s
tand
ards
for
hig
h-ris
e st
ruct
ures
and
pub
lic-
asse
mbl
y bu
ildin
gs r
equi
re b
uilt-
in p
rote
ctio
n su
ch a
s au
tom
atic
smok
e-de
tect
ion,
fire
-de
tect
ion
and
fire-
extin
guish
ing
syst
ems;
fire-
resis
tive
met
hods
and
mat
erial
s; an
d in
tern
al-co
mm
unica
tion
syst
ems.
(W
ith c
erta
in e
xcep
tions
, st
anda
rds
for
high
-rise
s ap
ply
to b
uild
ings
con
stru
cted
afte
r Ju
ly 1,
197
4 “h
avin
g flo
ors
used
for
hum
an
occu
panc
y lo
cate
d m
ore
than
75
feet
abo
ve t
he l
owes
t flo
or l
evel
havi
ng b
uild
ing
acce
ss.”
) It
shou
ld b
e no
ted
that
supp
ress
ing
fires
in o
lder
hig
h-ris
e bu
ildin
gs, e
spec
ially
beca
use
they
lack
aut
omat
ic fir
e-pr
otec
tion
syst
ems,
coul
d pr
ove
diff
icult.
H
owev
er,
OFD
has
rece
ntly
expa
nded
its a
rsen
al of
fire
-figh
ting
equi
pmen
t for
hig
h-ris
e bu
ildin
gs
to in
clude
impr
oved
larg
e-di
amet
er-h
ose
nozz
les a
nd u
pdat
ed it
s tra
inin
gs a
nd d
rills.
Th
e cit
y ha
s in
plac
e a
num
ber
of s
trate
gies
to
prev
ent
stru
ctur
al fir
es.
OFD
’s Fi
re
Prev
entio
n Bu
reau
rev
iews
prop
osed
dev
elopm
ent
proj
ects
to
ensu
re t
hat
appr
opria
te
fire-
miti
gatio
n m
easu
res
are
take
n.
Proj
ects
are
rev
iewed
for
suc
h de
sign,
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
iona
l fea
ture
s as
ade
quat
e w
ater
sup
ply
and
acce
ss b
y fir
efig
htin
g eq
uipm
ent,
adeq
uate
em
erge
ncy
exits
, su
ffici
ent
clear
ance
be
twee
n st
ruct
ures
, th
e us
e of
no
ncom
bust
ible
mat
erial
s (e
spec
ially
for
roof
s an
d ex
terio
r w
alls)
, th
e pr
ovisi
on o
f sm
oke
dete
ctor
s an
d fir
e ex
tingu
isher
s, an
d co
mpl
iance
with
oth
er b
uild
ing
code
re
quire
men
ts.
The
Fire
Pre
vent
ion
Bure
au a
lso c
ondu
cts
regu
lar i
nspe
ctio
ns o
f
CIT
Y O
F O
AKLA
ND
GEN
ERAL
PLAN
|
SA
FETY
ELEM
EN
T
63 | Fire Hazards
com
mer
cial a
nd m
ulti-
dwell
ing
build
ings
and
res
iden
tial c
are
facil
ities
to
dete
rmin
e if
corr
ectiv
e m
easu
res
are
nece
ssar
y to
pro
tect
occ
upan
ts fr
om f
ire.
On
a di
ffer
ent n
ote,
OFD
has
in
the
last
seve
ral
year
s gi
ven
away
tho
usan
ds o
f sm
oke
dete
ctor
s an
d re
plac
emen
t bat
terie
s to
the
publ
ic th
roug
h its
“fir
e-sa
fe c
ity”
initi
ativ
e. St
ruct
ural
fires
hav
e alw
ays b
een,
and
will
alw
ays b
e, an
urb
an h
azar
d in
citi
es a
roun
d th
e w
orld
; Oak
land
is no
exc
eptio
n. H
owev
er, s
truct
ural
fires
are
relat
ively
eas
y to
con
tain
, ce
rtain
ly co
mpa
red
to
wild
fires
, an
d es
pecia
lly
give
n th
e cit
y’s
fire-
supp
ress
ing
capa
bilit
ies.
It
is un
usua
l fo
r a
stru
ctur
al fir
e to
spr
ead
to o
ther
tha
n im
med
iately
ad
jacen
t bu
ildin
gs,
and
it is
extre
mely
unl
ikely
tha
t a
stru
ctur
al fir
e co
uld
not
be
cont
ained
with
in th
e cit
y bl
ock
in w
hich
it o
rigin
ated
(exp
ect,
perh
aps,
follo
win
g a
majo
r ea
rthqu
ake)
. W
hile
stru
ctur
al fir
es c
ause
loca
lized
dam
age
in O
aklan
d alm
ost d
aily,
they
ar
e hi
ghly
unlik
ely to
resu
lt in
wid
espr
ead
dam
age—
again
, com
pare
d to
wild
fires
. A
t the
sa
me
time,
stric
ter
cons
truct
ion
code
s an
d ot
her
fire-
prev
entio
n st
rate
gies
hav
e, ov
er
time,
signi
fican
tly re
duce
d th
e ag
greg
ate
stru
ctur
al-fir
e ha
zard
. W
ild
lan
d f
ires
W
ildfir
es a
re th
e m
ost s
ever
e fir
e ha
zard
in O
aklan
d, e
spec
ially
in th
e hi
lls,
abov
e th
e W
arre
n Fr
eew
ay.
Bec
ause
the
Oak
land
hills
are
a f
ire-d
epen
dent
ec
osys
tem
, wild
fires
occ
ur th
ere
ever
y ye
ar, e
spec
ially
in la
te su
mm
er a
nd e
arly
fall
whe
n th
e ar
ea’s
natu
ral v
eget
atio
n is
dry
and
extre
mely
flam
mab
le.
Whi
le sm
all f
ires
occu
r ev
ery
year
, lar
ge f
ires
shou
ld b
e an
ticip
ated
eve
ry 1
0-20
yea
rs.
The
vege
tatio
n of
the
hi
lls ra
nges
from
den
sely
woo
ded
fore
sts
to o
pen
gras
sland
s, m
akin
g vi
rtuall
y th
e en
tire
area
vul
nera
ble
to fi
re; t
he w
oode
d ar
eas
pose
risk
s du
e to
the
supp
ly of
fuel
from
tree
s an
d th
e po
ssib
ility
of c
row
n, o
r tre
e-to
p, fi
res,
whi
le th
e gr
ass-
and
bru
sh-c
over
ed a
reas
ar
e hi
ghly
flam
mab
le. A
ddin
g to
the
fire
risk
are
the
area
’s st
eep
and
rugg
ed te
rrain
, and
th
e ab
unda
nce
of n
on-n
ativ
e ve
geta
tion,
esp
ecial
ly M
onte
rey
pine
and
euc
alypt
us, w
hich
ar
e no
t fire
-res
istan
t. M
ost o
f th
e w
ildfir
es in
the
hills
are
min
or, a
nd O
FD is
usu
ally
able
to c
ontro
l the
m e
asily
. N
ever
thele
ss, a
ggra
vatin
g cir
cum
stan
ces c
an tu
rn e
ven
small
fir
es in
to d
isast
rous
eve
nts
with
bre
atht
akin
g sp
eed.
In
the
cas
e of
the
199
1 fir
e, fo
r ex
ampl
e, th
e co
mbi
natio
n of
abu
ndan
t de
ad v
eget
atio
n, h
ot a
nd d
ry w
eath
er, s
trong
w
inds
and
, in
som
e ar
eas,
poor
acc
essib
ility
and
insu
fficie
nt w
ater
pre
ssur
e cr
eate
d an
un
cont
rolla
ble
fires
torm
in m
uch
less t
han
an h
our.
Mos
t of t
he s
ever
ity o
f Oak
land’
s w
ildfir
e ha
zard
ste
ms f
rom
the
pres
ence
of r
esid
entia
l ne
ighb
orho
ods
amid
st
the
large
ve
geta
ted
area
s—a
cond
ition
kn
own
as
the
“urb
an/w
ildlan
d in
terf
ace.”
Con
tribu
ting
to th
e ha
zard
are
the
man
y w
oode
n st
ruct
ures
in
the
area
and
, in
plac
es, t
he la
ck o
f ad
equa
te e
vacu
atio
n ro
utes
and
acc
ess
rout
es f
or
PR
OTEC
T O
AK
LA
ND
Fire Hazards | 64
emer
genc
y ve
hicle
s. A
lso,
as s
how
n on
Fig
ure
3.1,
the
hill
s ar
e tra
vers
ed b
y th
e H
ayw
ard
faul
t; a
signi
fican
t fau
lt m
ovem
ent c
ould
res
ult i
n th
e br
eaka
ge o
f na
tura
l-gas
pi
pelin
es, s
ettin
g of
f are
a-w
ide
fires
, and
cou
ld a
lso b
lock
road
s an
d da
mag
e w
ater
line
s, de
layin
g O
FD’s
resp
onse
and
com
prom
ising
the
ir fir
e-su
ppre
ssin
g ab
ilitie
s. F
inall
y, im
med
iately
adj
acen
t to
the
city,
to th
e no
rthea
st, a
re la
rge
area
s of c
ombu
stib
le m
ater
ial
in t
he f
orm
of
open
spa
ces
in u
ninc
orpo
rate
d Co
ntra
Cos
ta C
ount
y (O
rinda
Can
yon,
pr
imar
ily)
and
of t
he d
ense
ly ve
geta
ted
park
lands
ow
ned
by E
BRPD
: Ch
arles
Lee
Ti
lden
, Red
woo
d an
d A
ntho
ny C
habo
t reg
iona
l par
ks; C
larem
ont C
anyo
n, R
ober
t Sib
ley
Vol
cani
c, H
uckl
eber
ry V
olca
nic
and
Leon
a H
eight
s O
pen
Spac
e re
gion
al pr
eser
ves;
and
Robe
rts R
egio
nal R
ecre
atio
n A
rea.
CD
F ha
s de
velo
ped
a ra
ting
of w
ildlan
d fir
e th
reat
fo
r th
e en
tire
stat
e ba
sed
on t
he c
ombi
natio
n of
pot
entia
l fire
beh
avio
r (d
eriv
ed f
rom
w
eath
er, t
erra
in a
nd v
eget
ativ
e-fu
el da
ta) a
nd e
xpec
ted
fire
freq
uenc
y (d
eriv
ed f
rom
50
year
s of
fire
-hist
ory
data
). U
nder
this
ratin
g sy
stem
, are
as a
re a
ssig
ned
one
of fo
ur fi
re-
thre
at r
atin
gs: m
oder
ate,
high
, ver
y hi
gh a
nd e
xtre
me.
Whi
le m
ost o
f O
aklan
d is
rate
d “m
oder
ate”
for
fire
thr
eat,
scat
tere
d pa
rts o
f th
e O
aklan
d H
ills
and
mos
t of
the
are
a ad
jacen
t to
the
city
to th
e no
rthea
st (m
entio
ned
in th
e pa
ragr
aph
abov
e) h
ave
ratin
gs o
f “h
igh”
or “
very
hig
h” (s
ee F
igur
e 4.
1).
Mor
eove
r, be
caus
e th
e CD
F ra
ting
does
not
take
in
to a
ccou
nt t
he p
rese
nce
of h
ouse
s an
d ot
her
flam
mab
le st
ruct
ures
, it
mos
t lik
ely
unde
rest
imat
es th
e fir
e th
reat
in O
aklan
d (a
nd o
ther
urb
an a
reas
). Fo
llow
ing
the
1991
fire
stor
m, t
he m
ayor
s of O
aklan
d an
d Be
rkele
y co
nven
ed a
serie
s of
mee
tings
of a
task
forc
e on
“em
erge
ncy
prep
ared
ness
and
com
mun
ity re
stor
atio
n.”
The
ta
sk f
orce
pro
duce
d a
list
of n
early
100
rec
omm
ende
d ac
tions
to
miti
gate
wild
fire
haza
rds,
cove
ring
four
bro
ad a
reas
: em
erge
ncy
prep
ared
ness
; com
mun
icatio
ns; f
ores
try
and
vege
tatio
n; a
nd p
lanni
ng, z
onin
g an
d de
sign.
The
city
Man
ager
’s of
fice
prep
ared
a
deta
iled
resp
onse
to
the
task
for
ce’s
repo
rt, d
escr
ibin
g th
e st
atus
or
analy
zing
the
fe
asib
ility
of e
ach
reco
mm
enda
tion.
Also
, the
task
forc
e’s re
port
beca
me
part
of a
plan
su
bmitt
ed b
y th
e cit
y—as
req
uire
d of
recip
ients
of f
eder
al di
sast
er a
id—
to F
EM
A (a
nd
also
to t
he C
alifo
rnia
OE
S) in
199
2.
The
plan
eva
luat
ed t
he n
atur
al ha
zard
s of
the
di
sast
er a
rea,
revi
ewed
pas
t m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s an
d re
com
men
ded
miti
gatio
n ac
tions
fo
r the
futu
re.
The
plan
iden
tified
sev
eral
prio
rity
proj
ects
inclu
ding
impl
emen
tatio
n of
a
vege
tatio
n-m
anag
emen
t pr
ogra
m,
deve
lopm
ent
of a
por
tabl
e w
ater
-sup
ply
syste
m,
impl
emen
tatio
n of
a v
ariet
y of
fire
-saf
ety
impr
ovem
ents
at c
ritica
l city
-ow
ned
facil
ities
. In
res
pons
e to
the
1991
fire
stor
m, t
he c
ity e
nact
ed s
pecia
l dev
elopm
ent
requ
irem
ents
, de
scrib
ed e
arlie
r in
this
chap
ter,
for n
ew c
onst
ruct
ion
in th
e w
ildfir
e-ha
zard
are
as.
Also
, in
199
3, t
he c
ity e
stab
lishe
d a
fire-
prev
entio
n an
d su
ppre
ssio
n as
sess
men
t di
stric
t to
CIT
Y O
F O
AKLA
ND
GEN
ERAL
PLAN
|
SA
FETY
ELEM
EN
T
65 | Fire Hazards
fund
fue
l-red
uctio
n, v
eget
atio
n-m
anag
emen
t, fir
e su
ppre
ssio
n an
d pu
blic
educ
atio
n pr
ogra
ms
in t
he O
aklan
d H
ills.
The
ass
essm
ent
dist
rict
was
ter
min
ated
in
1997
. H
owev
er, m
indf
ul o
f the
con
tinue
d ha
zard
pre
sent
ed b
y w
ildfir
es, t
he c
ity c
ounc
il in
late
20
03 o
rgan
ized
a v
ote
amon
g O
aklan
d H
ills
dwell
ers
for
the
form
atio
n of
a n
ew
wild
fire-
prev
entio
n as
sess
men
t di
stric
t. T
he n
ew a
sses
smen
t di
stric
t w
as r
atifi
ed i
n Ja
nuar
y 20
04 a
fter
a m
ajorit
y of
Hill
s vo
ters
app
rove
d its
form
atio
n (s
ee F
igur
e 4.
1 fo
r th
e bo
unda
ries
of t
he n
ew d
istric
t).
The
new
ass
essm
ent
dist
rict
will
con
tinue
wor
k fu
nded
by
the
prev
ious
dist
rict,
payin
g fo
r fir
e-sa
fety
insp
ectio
ns o
f pr
ivat
e pr
oper
ties,
vege
tatio
n m
anag
emen
t, ro
ving
fire
fight
er p
atro
ls on
hig
h fir
e-ha
zard
day
s, pu
blic
educ
atio
n, g
oat g
razi
ng a
nd o
ther
serv
ices.
O
FD’s
vege
tatio
n-m
anag
emen
t pr
ogra
m r
equi
res
that
ow
ners
of
both
vac
ant
and
deve
lope
d lo
ts
in
the
area
co
mpl
y w
ith
fire-
haza
rd-a
bate
men
t re
quire
men
ts.
Requ
irem
ents
inclu
de th
e re
mov
al of
ove
rgro
wn
gras
s, br
ush
and
wee
ds; t
he re
mov
al of
lo
w-h
angi
ng t
ree
bran
ches
, an
d of
dea
d an
d dy
ing
vege
tatio
n; a
nd s
treet
-add
ress
nu
mbe
rs v
isibl
e fr
om th
e ro
ad.
Mos
t im
porta
ntly,
resid
ents
mus
t main
tain
fire
brea
ks—
a di
scon
tinui
ty o
f fir
e fu
els—
arou
nd b
uild
ings
, st
ruct
ures
, rig
ht-o
f-way
s an
d pr
oper
ty
lines
. (T
he p
urpo
ses
of a
fire
brea
k, o
r “d
efen
sible
spac
e,” a
re to
slo
w th
e ad
vanc
e of
fir
e, gi
ve s
truct
ures
an
oppo
rtuni
ty to
rem
ain u
ndam
aged
, and
pro
vide
a c
lear
path
for
fir
efig
htin
g pe
rson
nel.)
Pro
perti
es fo
und
to b
e ou
t of c
ompl
iance
with
the
requ
irem
ents
m
ay h
ave
a ta
x lie
n pl
aced
aga
inst
the
m.
By
1999
, O
FD h
ad c
ondu
cted
21,
000
vege
tatio
n-m
anag
emen
t ins
pect
ions
. D
espi
te th
e cit
y’s e
ffor
ts, c
ontin
ued
wor
k is
need
ed to
miti
gate
the
haza
rd fr
om w
ildfir
es
in th
e hi
lls.
Spec
ifica
lly, p
rogr
ess
still
nee
ds to
be
mad
e in
main
tain
ing
an e
ffect
ive
fire
brea
k alo
ng t
he u
rban
-wild
land
inte
rfac
e an
d de
fens
ible
spac
e ar
ound
res
iden
tial
stru
ctur
es, r
educ
ing
the
build
-up
of d
ead
vege
tatio
n, r
e-ve
geta
ting
the
area
with
nat
ive
plan
ts r
esist
ant
to f
ire a
nd d
roug
ht, e
duca
ting
area
res
iden
ts a
bout
wild
fire
miti
gatio
n,
and
prov
idin
g ad
equa
te e
vacu
atio
n ro
utes
and
pro
cedu
res
(see
belo
w).
At
the
sam
e tim
e, th
e re
build
ing
of h
omes
des
troye
d by
the
fire
mea
ns t
hat
the
num
ber
of p
eopl
e an
d ho
mes
in h
arm
’s w
ay is
roug
hly
the
sam
e as
it w
as b
efor
e th
e fir
e. R
oad
way st
an
dard
s an
d em
erg
en
cy ro
ute
s
Road
way
sta
ndar
ds—
for
such
cr
iteria
as
wid
th, g
rade
s, ov
erhe
ad c
leara
nce
and
turn
ing
radi
i—ar
e ne
cess
ary
to p
rovi
de
for
adeq
uate
acc
ess
by f
ire a
nd e
mer
genc
y ve
hicle
s an
d ev
acua
tion
of r
esid
ents
. A
s m
entio
ned
earli
er, c
hapt
er 1
6.16
of
the
Oak
land
mun
icipa
l cod
e (“
Des
ign
Stan
dard
s”)
esta
blish
es re
gulat
ions
relat
ed to
the
desig
n of
stre
ets,
inclu
ding
alig
nmen
t, w
idth
, gra
de,
inte
rsec
tion,
visi
bilit
y, cu
rvat
ure
radi
i and
tang
ents
; the
cha
pter
also
inclu
des
regu
latio
ns
PR
OTEC
T O
AK
LA
ND
Fire Hazards | 66
relat
ed t
o th
e de
sign
of b
lock
s, lo
ts,
alley
s an
d pe
dest
rian
way
s; in
add
ition
, se
ctio
n 16
.24.
040
cont
ains
lot-d
esig
n st
anda
rds,
and
chap
ter
16.3
2 co
vers
des
ign
stan
dard
s fo
r pr
ivat
e-ac
cess
eas
emen
ts.
Sect
ion
16.2
8.04
0 re
quire
s th
at in
hill
side
subd
ivisi
ons,
the
dedi
cate
d w
idth
s of
all
stre
ets
(oth
er th
an a
rteria
l and
col
lecto
r st
reet
s) s
hall
be a
t lea
st
40 fe
et; a
nd th
at th
e pa
ved
road
way
wid
ths s
hall
be a
t lea
st 3
0 fe
et if
ther
e is
lot f
ront
age
on b
oth
sides
the
stre
et, o
r 24
feet
if th
ere
is lo
t fro
ntag
e on
one
sid
e of
the
stre
et o
nly.
Fi
nally
, sec
tion
17.1
02.3
60 s
tipul
ates
tha
t se
cond
ary
units
may
be
perm
itted
onl
y if
all
stre
ets
conn
ectin
g th
e lo
t to
the
near
est a
rteria
l stre
et h
ave
a m
inim
um p
avem
ent w
idth
of
at l
east
twen
ty fe
et.
Em
erge
ncy-
acce
ss a
nd e
vacu
atio
n ro
utes
are
a c
once
rn a
ssoc
iated
prim
arily
with
w
ildfir
es, s
ince
the
se t
end
to c
over
muc
h gr
eate
r ar
eas
than
stru
ctur
al fir
es.
Lim
ited
acce
ssib
ility
in th
e hi
lls c
ompl
icate
d em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
and
eva
cuat
ion
durin
g th
e 19
91
fire.
Man
y st
reet
s in
the
are
a ar
e na
rrow
, win
ding
or
indi
rect
. D
urin
g th
e fir
e, m
any
road
s in
the
imm
ediat
e an
d su
rrou
ndin
g ar
eas
beca
me
clogg
ed w
ith r
esid
ents
tryin
g to
ge
t ou
t as
em
erge
ncy
pers
onne
l w
ere
tryin
g to
get
in;
con
gest
ion
was
wor
sene
d by
“r
ubbe
rnec
kers
,” p
arke
d ca
rs,
vehi
cles
aban
done
d by
flee
ing
resid
ents
, fa
llen
pow
er
poles
and
hig
h-vo
ltage
line
s, an
d de
bris
falli
ng fr
om h
ighe
r ele
vatio
ns.
The
long
-rang
e pl
anni
ng e
fforts
fol
low
ing
the
1991
fire
res
ulte
d in
two
main
rec
omm
enda
tions
rela
ted
to e
mer
genc
y ac
cess
and
eva
cuat
ion:
to
set
and
enfo
rce
min
imum
uno
bstru
cted
stre
et
wid
ths (
to b
e im
plem
ente
d by
stre
et w
iden
ings
and
par
king
rest
rictio
ns, a
ccom
pani
ed b
y ne
w o
ff-s
treet
par
king
); an
d to
des
igna
te a
nd s
ign
evac
uatio
n an
d em
erge
ncy-
resp
onse
ro
utes
. N
eithe
r re
com
men
datio
n ha
s be
en i
mpl
emen
ted
to a
ny s
igni
fican
t ex
tent
—ot
her t
han
the
desig
natio
n of
eva
cuat
ion
rout
es—
and
resid
ents
in th
e hi
lls re
main
hig
hly
vuln
erab
le to
fut
ure
disa
ster
s. I
ngre
ss a
nd e
gres
s in
the
Oak
land
Hill
s co
uld
be
com
prom
ised
furth
er, a
nd s
ever
ely, i
f the
fire
is th
e re
sult
of a
stro
ng e
arth
quak
e (fr
om
rupt
ured
gas
main
s or
dow
ned
pow
er l
ines
), sin
ce s
uch
an e
arth
quak
e w
ould
lik
ely
dam
age
road
s, br
idge
s and
ove
rpas
ses.
It sh
ould
be
men
tione
d th
at o
ff-st
reet
walk
way
s pr
ovid
e im
porta
nt a
ltern
ate
rout
es f
or
emer
genc
y ev
acua
tion,
par
ticul
arly
in h
illy
area
s w
here
stre
et a
cces
s m
ay b
e lim
ited
or
indi
rect
. A
ccor
ding
to
the
city’s
ped
estri
an m
aste
r pl
an, t
here
are
app
roxi
mat
ely 2
00
walk
way
s in
the
city.
The
y ar
e m
ost c
omm
on in
old
er n
eighb
orho
ods
with
hill
y te
rrain
an
d lo
ng s
treet
blo
cks;
the
high
est
conc
entra
tions
of
walk
way
s ar
e fo
und
in t
he
neig
hbor
hood
s of U
pper
Roc
krid
ge, M
ontc
lair,
Tres
tle G
len, S
an A
nton
io, F
ruitv
ale a
nd
Eas
tmon
t, an
d alo
ng G
len E
cho
Cree
k. T
he p
edes
trian
mas
ter p
lan a
lso m
entio
ns th
at
ther
e ar
e at
leas
t 20
0 un
deve
lope
d rig
hts-
of-w
ay t
hat
are
pote
ntial
site
s fo
r ad
ditio
nal
CIT
Y O
F O
AKLA
ND
GEN
ERAL
PLAN
|
SA
FETY
ELEM
EN
T
67 | Fire Hazards
walk
way
s. A
mon
g th
e re
com
men
datio
ns e
mer
ging
afte
r th
e 19
91 f
ire w
ere
the
prov
ision
of
addi
tiona
l pa
thw
ays
and
the
prov
ision
and
main
tena
nce
of p
athw
ay
light
ing.
How
ever
, bot
h re
com
men
datio
ns re
main
larg
ely u
nim
plem
ente
d.
4.4
|
PO
LIC
Y S
TA
TEM
EN
TS
PO
LIC
Y F
I-1
M
ainta
in a
nd e
nhan
ce th
e cit
y’s c
apac
ity fo
r em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
, fir
e pr
even
tion
and
fire-
fight
ing.
● A
CTIO
N F
I-1.1
: Pe
riodic
ally
ass
ess
the
nee
d f
or
new
or
relo
cate
d f
ire
stat
ions
and
oth
er f
acili
ties
, ch
anges
in s
taffin
g l
evel
s, a
nd a
dditio
nal
or
update
d s
upplie
s,
equip
men
t, t
echnolo
gie
s an
d in-s
ervi
ce t
rain
ing c
lass
es.
OFD
TEC
HN
ICA
L S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
● A
CTIO
N
FI-1
.2:
Str
ive
to
mee
t a
goal
of
resp
ondin
g
to
fire
s an
d
oth
er
emer
gen
cies
within
sev
en m
inute
s of notifica
tion 9
0 p
erce
nt
of th
e tim
e.
OFD
FIE
LD
OP
ER
AT
ION
S D
IVIS
ION
● A
CTIO
N FI
-1.3
: Continue
to o
ffer
fire-
pre
vention a
nd f
ire-
safe
ty p
rese
nta
tions
and t
rain
ing t
o t
he
public
. O
FD
FIE
LD
OP
ER
AT
ION
S D
IVIS
ION
O
FD
SU
PP
OR
T S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
OFD
OFFIC
E O
F E
ME
RG
EN
CY
SE
RV
ICE
S
● A
CTIO
N F
I-1.4
: Continue
to s
ponso
r th
e fo
rmat
ion a
nd t
rain
ing o
f CO
RE t
eam
s.
OFD
OFFIC
E O
F E
ME
RG
EN
CY
SE
RV
ICE
S
● A
CTIO
N
FI-1
.5:
Continue
to
par
tici
pat
e not
only
in
gen
eral
m
utu
al-a
id
agre
emen
ts b
ut
also
in a
gre
emen
ts w
ith a
djo
inin
g j
uri
sdic
tions
for
cooper
ative
re
sponse
to fir
es.
OFD
FIE
LD
OP
ER
AT
ION
S D
IVIS
ION
● A
CTIO
N F
I-1.6
: Continue
to c
onduct
month
ly t
ests
of
the
aler
ting a
nd w
arnin
g
syst
em’s
outd
oor
sire
ns,
coord
inat
ing t
hem
to t
he
exte
nt
poss
ible
with t
hose
of
nei
ghbori
ng juri
sdic
tions.
CO
RE:
Citiz
ens
of O
akla
nd R
espond t
o Em
ergen
cies
PR
OTEC
T O
AK
LA
ND
Fire Hazards | 68
OFD
OFFIC
E O
F E
ME
RG
EN
CY
SE
RV
ICE
S
● A
CTIO
N FI
-1.7
: Alo
ng w
ith th
e Eas
t Bay
M
unic
ipal
U
tilit
y D
istr
ict,
re
view
th
e ex
tent
to w
hic
h r
ecom
men
dat
ions
from
the
dis
tric
t’s
1994 i
nfr
astr
uct
ure
polic
y st
udy
on
nee
ded
im
pro
vem
ents
to
th
e w
ater
dis
trib
ution
syst
em
wer
e im
ple
men
ted.
OFD
FIE
LD
OP
ER
AT
ION
S D
IVIS
ION
PO
LIC
Y F
I-2
Co
ntin
ue, e
nhan
ce o
r im
plem
ent
prog
ram
s th
at s
eek
to r
educ
e th
e ris
k of
stru
ctur
al fir
es.
● A
CTIO
N F
I-2.1
: Adopt
and a
men
d a
s nee
ded
update
d v
ersi
ons
of
the
Cal
iforn
ia
build
ing a
nd f
ire
codes
so t
hat
optim
al f
ire-
pro
tect
ion s
tandar
ds
are
use
d i
n
const
ruct
ion a
nd r
enova
tion
pro
ject
s.
CED
A B
UIL
DIN
G S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
OFD
SU
PP
OR
T S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
● A
CTIO
N FI
-2.2
: Continue
to en
forc
e pro
visi
ons
under
th
e lo
cal
housi
ng co
de
requir
ing th
e use
of
fire
-res
ista
nt
const
ruct
ion an
d th
e pro
visi
on of
smoke
det
ecto
rs a
nd fir
e-ex
tinguis
hin
g s
yste
ms.
C
ED
A B
UIL
DIN
G S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
OFD
SU
PP
OR
T S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
● A
CTIO
N F
I-2.3
: Continue
to r
evie
w d
evel
opm
ent
pro
posa
ls t
o en
sure
that
they
in
corp
ora
te
requir
ed
and
appro
pri
ate
fire
-mitig
atio
n
mea
sure
s,
incl
udin
g
adeq
uat
e pro
visi
ons
for
occ
upan
t ev
acuat
ion
and
acce
ss
by
fire
-fig
hting
per
sonnel
and e
quip
men
t.
OFD
SU
PP
OR
T S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
● A
CTIO
N F
I-2.4
: Com
pile
a l
ist
of
hig
h-r
ise
and h
igh-o
ccupan
cy b
uild
ings
whic
h
are
dee
med
due
to
thei
r age
or
const
ruct
ion
mat
eria
ls
to
be
part
icula
rly
susc
eptible
to f
ire
haz
ards,
and d
eter
min
e an e
xped
itio
us
tim
elin
e fo
r th
e fire
-sa
fety
insp
ection o
f al
l su
ch s
truct
ure
s.
OFD
SU
PP
OR
T S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
● A
CTIO
N
FI-2
.5:
Continue
to
conduct
per
iodic
fire
-saf
ety
insp
ections
of
com
mer
cial
, m
ulti-
fam
ily a
nd inst
itutional
build
ings.
O
FD
SU
PP
OR
T S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
CIT
Y O
F O
AKLA
ND
GEN
ERAL
PLAN
|
SA
FETY
ELEM
EN
T
69 | Fire Hazards
● A
CTIO
N F
I-2.6
: Enfo
rce
the
chap
ter
of
the
munic
ipal
code
regula
ting t
he
loca
tion
and d
esig
n o
f st
reet
-addre
ss n
um
ber
s on b
uild
ings.
C
ED
A B
UIL
DIN
G S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
PO
LIC
Y F
I-3
Pr
iorit
ize
the
redu
ctio
n of
the
wild
fire
haza
rd, w
ith a
n em
phas
is on
pre
vent
ion.
● A
CTIO
N
FI-3
.1:
Imple
men
t and
adm
inis
ter
the
2004
wild
fire
-pre
vention
as
sess
men
t dis
tric
t fo
r th
e O
akla
nd H
ills,
and c
arry
out
the
pro
gra
ms
funded
by
the
dis
tric
t, i
ncl
udin
g f
ire-
safe
ty i
nsp
ections
of
priva
te p
roper
ties
, ve
get
ation
m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es,
rovi
ng f
iref
ighte
r pat
rols
on h
igh f
ire-
haz
ard d
ays,
and
public
educt
ion e
ffort
s.
OFD
SU
PP
OR
T S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
OFD
FIE
LD
OP
ER
AT
ION
S D
IVIS
ION
P
WA
TR
AN
SP
OR
TA
TIO
N S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
● A
CTIO
N
FI-3
.2:
Consi
sten
t w
ith
the
city
’s
ped
estr
ian
mas
ter
pla
n,
dev
elop
unuse
d p
edes
tria
n r
ights
-of-
way
in t
he
Oak
land H
ills
as w
alkw
ays
to s
erve
as
additio
nal
eva
cuat
ion r
oute
s, a
nd p
rovi
de
and m
ainta
in lig
hting f
acili
ties
for
new
an
d e
xist
ing w
alkw
ays.
P
WA
TR
AN
SP
OR
TA
TIO
N S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
PW
A E
NG
INE
ER
ING
DE
SIG
N D
IVIS
ION
P
WA
ELE
CTR
ICA
L S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
● A
CTIO
N F
I-3.3
: Continue
to p
artici
pat
e in
multi-
juri
sdic
tional
pro
gra
ms
and t
ask
forc
es,
such
as
the
Hill
s Em
ergen
cy F
oru
m a
nd D
iablo
Fir
eSaf
e Counci
l, t
hat
w
ork
to r
educe
the
thre
at o
f w
ildfire
s.
OFD
SU
PP
OR
T S
ER
VIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
● A
CTIO
N F
I-3.4
: Alo
ng w
ith E
BM
UD
, re
view
the
exte
nt
to w
hic
h r
ecom
men
dat
ions
from
the
utilit
y’s
dis
tric
t’s
1993 s
tudy
on i
ts p
repar
atio
n a
nd r
esponse
to t
he
1991 fir
esto
rm w
ere
imple
men
ted.
OFD
FIE
LD
OP
ER
AT
ION
S D
IVIS
ION
PR
OTEC
T O
AK
LA
ND
Fire Hazards | 70
4.5
|
RES
OU
RC
ES
Ag
en
cies
con
sult
ed
●
Calif
orni
a D
epar
tmen
t of F
ores
try a
nd F
ire P
rote
ctio
n (w
ww
.fire.
ca.g
ov)
●
Off
ice o
f the
Sta
te F
ire M
arsh
al (o
sfm
.fire.
ca.g
ov)
●
Calif
orni
a Bu
ildin
g St
anda
rds C
omm
issio
n (w
ww
.bsc
.ca.g
ov)
●
Eas
t Bay
Mun
icipa
l Util
ity D
istric
t (w
ww
.ebm
ud.c
om
) ●
Eas
t Bay
Reg
iona
l Par
k D
istric
t Fire
Dep
artm
ent (
ww
w.e
bpark
s.org
/fire/
fire
wx.
htm
) ●
Oak
land
Fire
Dep
artm
ent (
ww
w.o
akl
andnet
.com
/oakw
eb/f
ire/
index
.htm
l)
● D
iablo
Fire
Safe
Cou
ncil
(ww
w.d
iablo
fire
safe
.org
) ●
The
Hill
s Em
erge
ncy
Foru
m (w
ww
.lbl.gov/
ehs/
hef
) D
ocu
men
ts c
on
sult
ed
●
“Fire
Haz
ard
Miti
gatio
n Pl
an f
or th
e Ci
ty o
f O
aklan
d—O
aklan
d H
ills
‘Tun
nel F
ire’
Disa
ster
Dec
larat
ion;
” O
aklan
d E
mer
genc
y Se
rvice
s Div
ision
, Apr
il 19
92.
● “E
ast B
ay H
ills F
irest
orm
Res
pons
e A
sses
smen
t, Ph
ase
I;” E
ast B
ay M
unici
pal U
tility
D
istric
t, Ja
nuar
y 19
92.
● “E
ast
Bay
Hill
s Fi
rest
orm
Res
pons
e A
sses
smen
t, Ph
ase
II;”
Eas
t Ba
y M
unici
pal
Util
ity D
istric
t, Ju
ly 19
92.
● “W
ater
Sup
ply
Refe
renc
e Co
urse
;” O
aklan
d Fi
re S
ervi
ces
Age
ncy,
revi
sed
Mar
ch
1997
. ●
“Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t Pl
an f
or t
he C
aldec
ott
Wild
life
Corr
idor
; Alam
eda-
Cont
ra
Cost
a Bi
odiv
ersit
y W
orki
ng G
roup
;” C
aldec
ott
Corr
idor
Com
mitt
ee,
Sept
embe
r 20
01.
● “T
he T
unne
l In
ciden
t, O
aklan
d 19
91—
Ten
Yea
rs A
fter;”
The
Hill
s E
mer
genc
y Fo
rum
, Oct
ober
200
1 (h
ttp:/
/ww
w.lbl.gov/
ehs/
hef
/10yr
sAft
er.p
df)
. ●
“Ann
ual R
epor
t 200
0;”
Oak
land
Fire
Dep
artm
ent,
unda
ted.
●
“The
Oak
land
Hill
s Fi
re S
torm
: Afte
r-Act
ion
Repo
rt;”
Oak
land
Offi
ce o
f th
e cit
y M
anag
er, E
mer
genc
y Se
rvice
s Div
ision
, und
ated
. O
ther
reso
urc
es
● O
aklan
d W
ildfir
e Pr
even
tion
Ass
essm
ent D
istric
t (w
ww
.oakl
andnet
.com
/gove
rnm
ent/
cmo/w
ildfire
pre
vention.h
tm)
● “T
he O
aklan
d/Be
rkele
y H
ills F
ire”
(ww
w.f
irew
ise.
org
/pubs/
theO
akl
andBer
kele
yHill
sFir
e)
top related