chapter- 4 statistical table and charts statistical table and statistical charts statistical table...

Chapter- 4 statistical table and charts

Statistical table and statistical charts

Statistical table and statistical charts are major descriptive tools, such as the frequency distribution table and frequency distribution graph in chapter two, which are more intuitionistic and also useful to present summary information. So it is widely used when we present the reports or papers.

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Tables in reports

Although tables are simple to understand and to produce, careful thought regarding layout is essential to draw attention to the most useful and interesting features of the data. For ease of reference, recommendations are given here in note form.

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Structure of tables

sequence number of tableTitleheadingsLineNumbersFootnote

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college Number of majors

agriculture 1500

Arts and sciences 3200

education 1200

Engineering 4100

Table 3.1 the distribution of undergraduate majors

sequence number of tableTitle

Row heading

Column heading

numberslines

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sequence number of table

It appear in sequence in a report

or papers.

For example, table 1, table 2……

NOTICE

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Title

To summarize the contents that table include.

For example, from the title “the distribution of undergraduate majors”, we can know the table want to describe the undergraduate majors

NOTICE

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heading

It includes row heading and column heading. The row heading or label is used to describe the meaning of raw number, and the column heading is used to describe the meaning of column number

NOTICE

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Line

Vertical or italic lines should be

avoided because these cluttter the

presentation.

NOTICE

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Numbers

The decimal digits should be identical in the same column.The data in one column should arrange trim in the decimal point.When the measurement is 0, we should not omit it but record it.

NOTICE

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recommendations

Each table should be self-explanatory . That is to say, the reader should be able to understand it without reference to the text in the body of the report. This can be achieved by using complete, meaningful labels for the rows and columns and giving a complete, meaningful title. Footnotes should be used to enhance the explanation when necessary.

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recommendations

Each table should have an attractive

appearance. Sensible use of white

space helps enormously. Different

typefaces or fronts may be used to

provide discrimination, for example,

use of bold type or italics.

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recommendations

The rows and columns of each

table should be arranged in a

natural order. This is a great help

in interpretation.

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Social class number （%）

Ⅰ Nonmanual， professional 592 7

Ⅱ Nonmanual， intermediate 2254 26

Ⅲn Nonmanual ， skilled 1017 12

Ⅳm manual ， skilled 3150 36

Ⅳ manual ，partially skilled 1253 14

Ⅴ manual ， unskilled 415 5

Total 8681

Table 3.2 occupational social class in the SHHS

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NFG (n=13129) IFG (n=1121)

DM (n=986)

Total (n=15236)

Gender Men 52.14(0.44) 46.92(1.49) 50.41(1.59) 51.64(0.40) Women 49.76(0.09) 53.38(0.32) 55.10(0.33) 50.37(0.09) Age (years) 49.76(0.09) 53.38(0.32) 55.10(0.33) 50.37(0.09) Education* Less than High School 67.10(0.41) 70.27(1.37) 71.40(1.44) 67.61(0.38) High School or Higher 32.90(0.41) 29.73(1.37) 28.60(1.44) 32.39(0.38) Occupation* Professional 29.51(0.40) 31.43(1.39) 31.60(1.48) 29.79(0.37) Laborer 65.63(0.41) 65.00(1.42) 63.61(1.53) 65.45(0.39) Other 4.86(0.19) 3.57(0.55) 4.79(0.68) 4.76(0.17) Marital status* Not Married 8.40(0.24) 10.27(0.91) 11.16(1.00) 8.72(0.23) Married 91.60(0.24) 89.73(0.91) 88.84(1.00) 91.28(0.23)

Table 3.3 Study participant characteristics by diabetic status

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Typical Case Table 3.4 Average increase of concentration of Hb in two

groups ( ) sx

groups n the increase of concentration of Hb（g/L）

new drug group 10 27.99±34.56

routine drug group 10 20.21±3.82

i.

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Cases resolution

groups n the increase of concentration of Hb（g/L）

new drug group 10 27.99±34.56

routine drug group 10 20.21±3.82

Table 3.4 Average increase of concentration of Hb in two groups ( )

sx

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Scatter graph

Line chart

histogra

mmap

Pie chart

Bar chart S

tatistical charts

charts in reports

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Bar chart

Scatter graph

hi stogram

Pi e chart

Li ne chart map

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[Usage] the independent data or categorical data

In the bar chart, the bars are drawn of equal width, but the heights are proportional to the percentages. Other possible scales for the vertical axis are the frequencies or relative frequencies, both of which leave the shape of the bar chart unaltered.

bar chart

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[example 1]

The following table is the average heights of adult male in 3 countries. Please choose the applicable graph to describe them.

area Average heights

China 175

American 177

Japan 171

Table 3.5 the average heights of adult male in 3 countries

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area

JapanAmerianChina

Avera

ge h

eig

hts

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

171177175

Fig 1 the average heights of adult male in 3 countries

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attention

When drawing the bar chart, the

vertical scale must begin from 0.

Leave some space between two bar.

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area

JapanAmerianChina

Avera

ge h

eig

hts 180

170

160

150

171

177

175

area

JapanAmerianChina

Avera

ge h

eig

hts

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

171177175

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[example 2]

The following table is the average heights of adult male and female in 3 countries. Please choose the applicable graph to describe them.Table 3.6 the average heights

of adult male and female in 3 countries

area Average heights

of adult male

Average heights

of adult female

China 175 159

Amer ican 177 166

Japan 171 155

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gender

FEMALEMALE

Avera

ge h

eig

hts

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

China

Amerian

Japan

155

171166

177

159

175

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[usage] constitutional data

In a pie chart, the area of the slices

are drawn in proportional to the

frequencies by simply dividing the entire

3600 of the circle into separate angles of

the correct relative size.

Pie chart

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Table 3.7 The antibody level of HBeAb of 182 people after injecting the vaccine

outcome n percent i l e（%）

-

+ ++

+++

37

71 60

14

20. 3

39. 0 33. 0

7. 7

total 182 100. 0

Pie chart

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Attention While drawing a pie chart, one circle

has 3600, so 1% should include 3.60 . Usually we bigin to draw the circle from the position of 12 o’clock. We can use the protractor to measure the angle.

outcome Percent i l e

（%） angl e

- +

++

+++

20. 3 39. 0

33. 0

7. 7

73. 1 140. 4

118. 8

27. 7

total 100. 0 360. 0

Pie chart

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7.7%

33.0%

39.0%

20.3%

+++

++

+

-

Pie chart

Fig 3 The antibody level proportionof HBeAb of 182 people

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[usage] the continuous data

such as height, weight, RBC.

In the histogram, the rectangle are drawn of equal width because the interval width is same, but areas are proportional to the percentages or frequence.

Histogram

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5.75 6.29 6.13 6.78 6.46

6.76 5.98 6.25 6.31 5.99

6.47 5.71 5.19 4.35 5.35

7.11 6.89 6.05 7.01 5.86

5.42 4.92 7.12 5.85 5.64

7.04 6.23 5.71 6.74 6.36

5.75 7.71 6.19 7.55 6.76

7.14 5.73 6.73 7.86 5.51

6.02 6.54 5.34 6.92 7.15

6.55 7.16 4.79 6.64 6.83

Table 3.8 Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) of 50 subjects from the Scottish Heart Health

Study

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Serum Cholesterol

7.757.256.756.255.755.254.754.25

frequency

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Std. Dev = .76

Mean = 6.29

N = 50.00

3

7

111111

4

2

1

Fig4 frequency distribution graph for serum total cholesterol

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Histogram

frequ

ence

Height(cm)Fig5 frequency distribution graph for

heights

of 100 students with 8 year old

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attention

When drawing the histogram, the

vertical scale must begin from 0.

Leave no space between two

rectangles.

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line

[usage] the continuous data

It is used to describe the deveploment trend that one thing changes with the other thing (usually time).

For example, the incidence rate of HIV/AIDS in the past years.

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attention

Whether the scale of vertical axis may begin from zero or not, it is right.

The near two point should be linked with breaking line. That is to say, we can not choose smooth line while drawing the line.

line

FI G6 The deat h rat e of i nf ant s i n canda i n 1949- 1958

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 year

the death rate of infants1/thousand

（）

line

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line

FI G6 The deat h rat e of i nf ant s i n canda i n 1949- 1958

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958year

the death rate of infants1/thousand

（）

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Scatter graph

[usage] the biovariate data

If we want to learn the trend before describing the relationship between two variables, we can choose scatter graph.

For example, the relationship between height and weight.

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If we want to learn the relationship between the concentration of thrombin (y) and thrombin time (x), we can choose scatter graph

Scatter graph

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X

1.31.21.11.0.9.8.7.6.5

Y 18

17

16

15

14

13

12

Fig 7 the scatter graph between the

concentration of thrombin and thrombin time

Scatter graph

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0

0. 05

0. 1

0. 15

0. 2

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800X

YScatter graph

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map

FIG 1 the incidence rate of AIDS in China in 2010