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Chapter
Ninth Edition
America: Past and Present
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
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The Republican The Republican Experiment:Experiment:A New Political MoralityA New Political Morality
6
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Defining Republican Culture
• Republicanism—new core ideology– Uncompromising commitment to liberty and
equality – A government without monarchy or aristocracy – political authority vested in the people
– Post-Revolutionary divisions– Balancing individual liberty with social order– Balancing property rights with equality
• Varying answers resulted in variety of republican governments
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Social and Political Reform
• Changes in laws of inheritance – end of primogeniture
• Property qualifications for voting reduced• Capitols moved to enable better
representation for frontier settlers• Separation of church and state• Continued uneven distribution of wealth
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
African Americans in the New Republic
• Abolitionist sentiment spread in wake of the Revolution
• African Americans embraced Declaration’s stress on natural rights and equality
• Slavery – biggest contradiction to founding principles
• Americans fight for freedom but enslave others
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
African Americans in the New Republic: Emancipation
• Northern states– By 1800, slavery was legally dying in North– Vermont already prohibited slavery – Racism and segregation remained
• Southerners debated abolition– Some individuals freed slaves– Economic motives overcame republican– Cotton gin breathed new life into slavery
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The States: Experimentsin Republicanism
• Revolutionary state constitutions served as experiments in republican government
• Insights gleaned from state experiences later applied to constructing central government
• Two states already had Republican government• Most state constitutions included a Declaration
of Rights to restrict limits of government authority
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Blueprints for State Government
• State constitution writers insisted on preparing written documents
• Precedents in colonial charters, church covenants
• Major break with England’s unwritten constitution
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Natural Rights and theState Constitutions
• Most new state constitutions included Declaration of Rights: – Freedom of religion– Freedom of speech– Freedom of the press– Private property– Trial by jury
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Natural Rights and theState Constitutions
• Governors weakened• Elected legislatures given most power
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Stumbling Toward a New National Government
• War for independence required coordination among states
• Central government under the Articles of Confederation first created to meet wartime need for coordination
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Articles of Confederation: Central Government Structure and Power• Articles of Confederation severely limited
central government’s authority over states• Each state had one vote
– Could send two to seven representatives• No executive• No taxing power• Amendments required unanimity
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Articles of Confederation: Central Government Structure and Power• In charge of foreign and Native American
relations, military, and disputes between states
• No control over western lands• Delegates believed that powerful central
government could be dangerous – especially after experience with England
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Western Land: Key to the First Constitution • Native Americans lost out when British left• The controversy over disposition of
western lands delayed the Articles of Confederation
• 1781—Virginia took lead in ceding western claims to Congress
• Other states ceded claims to Congress• Congress gained ownership of all land
west of Appalachians
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Western Land ClaimsCeded by the States
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Northwest Ordinance: The Confederation’s Major Achievement• Land Ordinance
– Orderly division of land into sections and townships
– One section set aside to finance school system
– Land to sell for minimum of $1 gold per acre• Speculation
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Northwest Ordinance: The Confederation’s Major Achievement• Northwest Ordinance, 1787
– Created three to five new territories in Northwest
– Population of 5,000 may elect Assembly– Population of 60,000 may petition for
statehood– Slavery outlawed
South of the Ohio River settlement more chaotic
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Northwest Territory
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Land Ordinance of 1785
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Strengthening Federal Authority
• Dissatisfaction with Confederation• Economic recovery after the Revolution
slow – did not deal with economy and it was not stable
• People thought stronger central government would restore economic growth
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Nationalist Critique
• Restoration of trade with Britain caused trade deficit and hard currency shortage
• Congress unable to address trade, inflation, and debt
• Congress had no power to tax• Nationalists versus localists
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Nationalist Critique
• Failure to pay soldiers sparked “Newburgh Conspiracy” (squelched by Washington)
• Failure of reform prompted nationalists to consider Articles hopelessly defective
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Diplomatic Humiliation
• Congress failed to get states to collect debts owed British merchants
• In retaliation, British refused to evacuate Ohio River Valley
• Spain closed New Orleans to American commerce in 1784– John Jay to negotiate re-opening Mississippi – Instead, signed treaty favoring Northeast– West and South denounced, Congress
rejected Jay-Gardoqui Treaty
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
“Have We Fought for This?”
• By 1785, the country seemed adrift• Washington: “Was it with these
expectations that we launched into a sea of trouble?”
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Genius of James Madison
• James Madison persuaded Americans that large republics could be free and democratic– Competing factions would neutralize each
other– Federalist #10– Madison best political theorist of time
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Constitutional Reform
• May 1786—Annapolis Convention agreed to meet again, revise/write a new constitution
• Shay’s Rebellion, 1787– Tax revolt of discontented farmers– Symbolized breakdown in law and order as
perceived by propertied classes• Crisis strengthened support for new
central government – “nationalists” want reform
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Philadelphia Convention
• Convened May 1787 • Fifty-five delegates from all states except
Rhode Island• Delegates possessed wide practical
experience• Important secrecy rule imposed to try and
stop erroneous and mischievous rumors• James Madison gave intellectual guidance
to form new Constitution
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Inventing a Federal Republic: The Virginia Plan
• Central government may veto all state acts• Bicameral legislature of state
representatives– One house elected, the other appointed– Larger states would have more
representatives • Chief executive appointed by Congress• Small states objected to large-state
dominance
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Inventing a Federal Republic: The New Jersey Plan
• Congress given greater taxing and trade regulation powers
• Each state would have one vote in a unicameral legislature
• Articles of Confederation otherwise untouched
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Compromise Savesthe Convention
• Each state given two delegates in the Senate—a victory for the small states
• House of Representatives based on population—a victory for the large states– All money bills must originate in the House
• Three-fifths of the slave population counted toward representation in the House
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Compromising with Slavery
• Issue of slavery threatened Convention’s unity– Northerners tended to be opposed– Southerners threatened to bolt if slavery weakened
• Slave trade permitted to continue to 1808“Great as the evil is, a dismemberment of the Union would be worse.” —James Madison
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Last Details
• Revisions to executive– Electoral College selects president – not
Congress– Executive given a veto over legislation– Executive may appoint judges
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
“We, the People”
• Convention sought to bypass vested interests of state legislatures
• Power of ratification to special state conventions • Constitution to go into effect on approval by nine
state conventions• Phrase “We, the People” made Constitution a
government of the people, not the states• Federalists want a confederation of the states
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Federalists vs Anti-Federalists
• Federalists supported the Constitution• The Federalist Papers written by Jay,
Madison, and Hamilton• Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution• Distrusted any government removed from
direct control of the people• Americans disagree over liberty vs. order • After British tyranny, Americans want both
but argue over how to get both
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Progress of Ratification
• No clear correlation between social status and support for Constitution
• Succeeded in winning ratification in eleven states by June 1788
• Constitution ratified by close vote in major states
• Americans closed ranks behind the Constitution
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Adding the Bill of Rights
• The fruit of anti-Federalist activism• Adding Bill of Rights forestalled Second
Constitutional Convention• Purpose was to protect individual rights
from government interference• James Madison wrote Bill of Rights
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Adding the Bill of Rights
• Rights included: – Freedom of assembly, speech, religion,
the press, and bearing arms– Speedy trial by a jury of peers– No unreasonable searches
• First ten amendments added by December 1791
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Success Depends on the People
• Some Americans complained that the new government had a great potential for despotism
• Others were more optimistic and saw it as a great beginning for the new nation
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