chapter2 sustainability.pdf
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
defined as development that meet the needs of the
present generation without compromising the abilityof future generations to meet their own needs.
It is an approach to environmental and development issues that seeks
to reconcile human needs with the capacity of the planet to cope with
the consequences of human activities.
Example : Pulp & paper industries.
- We need paper (variety types of paper) everyday.
- In order to get what we need today, we will chopmore trees.
- If we do not take any action to plant it back,
in the future they will be no trees and will cause
the environmental problem.
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Sustainable development MUST CONSIDURING three elements -
economic, environmentaland social(Venn diagram)
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An "unsustainable situation" occurs when natural capital (thesum total of nature's resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished.
ENVIRONMENT
Consumption of
renewable
resources
State of
environment
Sustainability
More than
nature's ability to
replenish
Environmental
degradation
Not sustainable
Equal to nature'sability to
replenish
Environmental
equilibrium
Steady State
economy
Less than nature's
ability to
replenish
Environmental
renewal
Sustainable
development
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The current practice of society and the world is obviously
unsustainable, reflected by those major issues on population growth,energy consumption, global climate change and resource depletion.
The Chemical Industry faces a huge sustainability challenge from both
a financialand a societalperspective
SOLUTION :::
- companies must take a systematic value-centered approach focused
on simultaneously addressing both their financial and their societal
challenges.
what is Systematic value-centered approach- also called as sustainable value
- Sustainable Value is value that is positive for shareholders and
stakeholders.
Sustainability Challenges
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Stakeholdersare a key to broadening the vision and driving innovation. A
number of key stakeholder groups are shown. They are divided into the
traditional economic stakeholders and societal stakeholders.
Systematic value-centered approach
Stakeholders are individuals and groups that are
impacted by (or impact) the firms value chain,
participating voluntarily or involuntarily in the
creation or transfer of value.
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Sustainable MatrixShareholder value
Stakeholder
value
Stakeholdersprovide insight into hidden risks and opportunities
When a companys product or business is operating in the upper left quadrant there
are hidden (and sometimes not so hidden) risks. These could include loss of sales, etc
When operating in the sustainable quadrant (the upper right) there are a number of
benefits and opportunities such as enhanced reputation, etc
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The pressure to create solutions should be directed at both the strategic and
operational levels.
This solutions lays out the range of operational and strategic risks andopportunities that the chemical industry faces today.
Solutions on Sustainability challenge
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The left side shows the operational risks and opportunities,
the right side shows the strategic risks and opportunities and
the green at the bottom shows the benefits in terms of brand
value and reputation, license to operate, attracting and
retaining talent, cost savings and revenue enhancements.
The operational opportunities include incremental
improvements in environmental, health and safety, and social
performance.
Solutions on Sustainability challenge
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The two major strategic risks are :
1) persistent toxins such as dioxin and mercury thataccumulate in the food chain and are now found inmammals and fish in even the most remote parts of theworld.
2) global climate change.
Green chemistry and biotechnology provide thepotential for overcoming the two major strategic risksthrough radical innovation for new products and markets.
Solutions on Sustainability challenge
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Increase productivity and selectivity through intensification of intelligentoperations and a multiscale approach to processes control (e.g., nano- ormicrotailoring of catalyst materials).
Design novel equipment based on scientific principles and new productionmethods: process intensification in using multifunctional reactors,microengineering & microtechnology.
Extend chemical engineering methodology to product design andengineering using the triplet molecular Processes-Product-Process
Engineering (3PE) approach to manufacture end-use properties.
Implement multiscale application of computational chemical engineeringmodelling and simulation to real-life situations from the molecular scale tothe production scale.
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Examples : Gas and petroleum industry
At the upstream level, productions of petroleum and gas are from
continental shelf and deepwater, the environmental concern is more on the
marine pollution.
At the downstream level, the environmental issues are such as the emission
of gas, transportation, storage and utilisation of petroleum and gas.
The Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA 1974)3 is the primary legislationon all aspects of environmental management in Malaysia. in preserving the
quality of environment in the country.
To ensure sustainable supply of oil and gas, appraisal wells will continue to
be drilled in small oil fields offshore and deepwater areas (more than200m) and ultra deepwater of more than one kilometre especially in Sabah
and Sarawak.
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- improving the productivity and efficiency of energy suppliers and
promoting market-based approach in determining energy prices
- reducing high dependence on petroleum products by increasing the use of
alternative fuels
- promotinggreater use of renewable energy for power generation and
by industries
- intensifying energy efficiency initiatives in the industrial, transport and
commercial sectors as well as in government buildings . incentives will be
reviewed to encourage transport operators to convert their vehicles to
NGV.
- expanding rural electricity coverage's, particularly in Sabah and
Sarawak and
- developing new sources of growth in the energy sector including
participation of local companies in energy related industries and services
abroad.
The energy sector will continue to focus on
sustainable development :
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The process towards sustainability rely
- on how to reduce wastes at the source of the contamination,- need to increase productivity and quality of rubber
- and fix market structures to provide needed equity for
smallholders.
- A higher income above the subsistence level will allow
smallholders to 'buy' time: to consider better environmental options
: benefit to help break the poverty cycle.
Establishment of smallholders co-operatives may be also be useful
: to acquire enough funds for new training and capital.
However, considerable resources need to be invested in training and
educating smallholders and plantation employees in the use of
practices and technology needed for change towards
sustainability.
Examples : Rubber industry
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Improving the chemical processes that convert raw
materials into finished products,
Reducing fuel consumption through better energy
efficiency and product yield,
Maximizing the reuse of valuable by-products, Decreasing the use of scarce natural resources and fossil
fuels, and
Eliminating the release of harmful pollutants into the
environment
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These goals may be achieved through the aggressive use of such
relatively simple techniques as recycling and reuse of materials
and through more complex efforts, such as highly engineered
closed-loop or zero-discharge industrial operations. Here processwaste-stream operations are reused as raw materials or energy
sources for other processes.
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http://www.chemicalengineering.org/enviro/sustainability.htmlhttp://www.chemicalengineering.org/enviro/sustainability.htmlhttp://www.chemicalengineering.org/enviro/sustainability.html -
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Innovative catalysts are used to produce finished
products in greater quantity with less by-product, and
Biological processes are being used to produce desired
products.
To minimize the consumption of increasingly scarce raw
water, wastewater streams are now being treated to allow
for maximum reuse within a facility. Chemical engineers are
also working to develop imaginative technologies that willmaximize the reuse of gaseous, liquid, and solid waste
streams. All these innovations help minimize the amount of
virgin raw materials, fuel, and power required in product
manufacturing.
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Modern sewage treatment plants use a
bioprocess based on chemical engineering
principles that purifies wastewater andproduces a biosolid reusable in soil. Photo by
Steve Jurvetson/Flickr.
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The workable items wrapped under the sustainability
umbrella, as seen by chemical engineers, are:
alternate energy sources (like solar, wind)
alternate feedstock (biobased) for energy (bioenergy)
and chemicals (biorefineryand biomass to liquids)
alternate raw materials
Green Processes with minimal footprint and minimal
environmental impact
Process intensification that minimizes energy/exergylosses
Recycling
Providing quality water, food and medicines
http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/
http://www.ted.com/talks/juan_enriquez_wants_to_grow_energy.htmlhttp://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.htmlhttp://jamesadumesic.che.wisc.edu/index2.htmhttp://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://jamesadumesic.che.wisc.edu/index2.htmhttp://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/talks/juan_enriquez_wants_to_grow_energy.html -
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Chemical engineers are well-suited to meet the challenges
associated with all types of energy production. They have
long contributed to the development of such traditional,
nonrenewable fossil-fuel sources as coal, petroleum, and
natural gas and propane.
More recently their efforts have been concentrated on
renewable fuels derived from
Biomass feedstocks,
Solar power, and Wind.
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Refer to the journal by Clift R. (2006), Hasna A. M. (2009)
and article taken by The Royal Academy of Engineering.
In your own words,
Define sustainable developmentExplain the challenges to apply sustainable concept in
engineering (social, environmental and economic)
Discuss the implications of sustainable development for
chemical engineering
Comment on the article on Laundry cleaning products
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1. Look beyond your own locality and the immediate future
2. Innovate and be creative
3. Seek a balanced solution
4. Seek engagement from all stakeholders
5. Make sure you know the needs and wants
6. Plan and manage effectively
7. Give sustainability the benefit of any doubt
8. If polluters must pollute then they must pay as well
9. Adopt a holistic,cradle-to-grave approach
10. Do things right, having decided on the right thing to do
11. Beware cost reductions that masquerade as value engineering
12. Practice what you preach.
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identify the potential positive and negative
impacts of our proposed actions, not only
locally and soon but also outside our
immediate local environment,organisation
and context, and into the future
seek to minimise the negative, while
maximising the positive, both locally and
more widely, and into the future
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A sustainable development approach is creative, innovative and
broad, and thus does not mean following a specific set of rules. It
requires an approach to decision-making that strikes a balance
between nvironmental, social and economic factors.This means
that:
not seeking a holy grail of a single correct solution alternative solutions can be identified that fit with the sustainable
development approach
it is very difficult to predict with certainty how these alternatives will work
into the future, so we need to provide options and flexibility for change
and other action in the future
there are no guarantees that our solutions will be truly sustainable wetherefore must do our best with the skills, knowledge and resources wehave at our disposal now
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seek to deliver economic, social and environmental success all at
the same time, and so seek to avoid any product, process or
project that yields an unbalanced solution. This could be one
that generates significant environmental harm, that generates
social disquiet or that generates economic loss or spends public
funds inefficiently, because each of these should becharacterised as un-sustainable.
not just seek to balance the adverse and positive impacts on economic,
social and environmental factors in the challenge we are addressing but
seek gains in all three
ensure, as far as practicable, that renewable or recyclable resources are
used preferentially before non-renewable, non-recyclable ones
ensure non-renewable resources are used, wherever possible, only for the
creation of permanent new assets
focus on the future at least as much as the present
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aim for durability, flexibility and low impact products and infrastructure
live off the interest rather than depleting natures capital assets recognise that the environment is an ecological system, and assess the
carrying capacity of the environment and naturescapacity for regeneration
avoid irrecoverable changes to already-refined materials
recognise that, even though enhancement of social capital may be difficult
to quantify, it is a very important aspect of sustainable development
recognise that sustainable solutions that are competitive will be promotedand propagated by the market
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Society will ultimately say what is needed or
wanted for any development, sustainable or
otherwise. So reaching decisions in this area
requires:
engagement of stakeholders to bring their
different views, perceptions, knowledge and
skills to bear on the challenge being addressed
professional engineers to participate actively in
the decision-making as citizens as well as in theirprofessional roles
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Effective decision-making in engineering for sustainable
development is only possible when we know what is needed or
wanted the framework of the problem, issue or challenge to be
tackled. This should be identified as clearly as possible, including
identifying any legal requirements and constraints.We should use
teamwork and assistance of immediate colleagues to improveproblem definition.
It is important to recognise that many engineering challenges are
driven by what people want to have such as even better motor
cars rather than just what they need a means of transport. In
addition,wants are often characterised as needs when they
are in fact just perceived needs, and a more modest solution mayultimately be acceptable. As a result,we need to:
engage with stakeholders in identifying the problem, issue or
challenge to be tackled ahead of the engineering problems to be
solved
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ensure clarity of the considerations, criteria and values that different
stakeholders wish to have reflected in the framing of whatever is
being tackled
identify the legal requirements and constraints upon the problem,
issue or challenge to be tackled and ensure they are reflected in the
framing
recognise the distinctions between a need and a want, and between
an actual and a perceived need
then identify the wants as well as the needs, so that the full
spectrum of problems, issues and challenges is known
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In planning our engineering projects,we need to: express our aims in sufficiently open-ended terms so as not to
preclude the potential for innovative solutions as the project develops
assemble and critically review historical evidence and forward
projections, and weigh the evidence for relevance and importance to
the plan
encourage creative out-of-the-box thinking define the desired outcome in terms of an appropriate balance
between the economic, environmental and social factors identified
earlier
recognise that ideas that may not be immediately practicable can
stimulate research for the next project, but also that they need to be
properly recorded if they are to be acted upon seek to improve on, or at least maintain, the sustainability of existing
practices;
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ensure that the effort and resources devoted to avoiding un-
sustainable development remains in proportion to the anticipated
effect dont use a sledgehammer to crack a nut
keep the plan straightforward, so others can understand it
pick the low-hanging fruit (the easiest, readily-available gains), but
not in a way that constrains further improvements and/or hinders the
next generation in meeting their needs.
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This encapsulates the precautionary principle and, to be
implemented, forces us to address the future impacts of todays
decisions. So we need to:
demonstrate that improved sustainability will result from the
actions proposed
act with caution where we consider that the effects of ourdecisions may be permanent and/or if we do not have a full
scientific understanding of the issue or challenge being
considered
only discount the disadvantages and benefits of future events
or impacts when they are very uncertain
recognise that sustainable development depends on investing
for jam tomorrow and for bread and butter today.
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The environment belongs to us all and its free use for absorption
of our wastes or its unfettered exploitation are not sustainable.
The adverse, polluting effects of any decision should, in some
way, be paid for or compensated for by the proponent of an
engineering project, scheme or development; they should not be
transferred to others without fair compensation. In addition, itmay be necessary to anticipate future pollution prevention
legislation if a long-term project is to be sustainable.
avoid incurring the costs in the first place by eliminating or minimising
adverse environmental effects
practice a responsible attitude to the environment
broaden our perspective beyond current legislative requirements scan the horizon for emerging measures and plan accordingly
fulfil any Corporate Social Responsibility Policies that apply, and promote
their development if they do not exist
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bring social and environmental implications into options appraisal so that a
balanced decision can be made
remember the potential indirect costs of lax environmental stewardship on,
for example, reputation and market share
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To deliver this approach, the effects on sustainability throughout
the whole life-cycle of a product or infrastructure scheme should
be systematically evaluated.We need to:
use whole-life-cycle tools to improve our decision-making:
whole-life-cycle environmental assessment, whole-life-cycle
costing, and assessment of the social impacts over the wholelife time of the engineering challenge we are addressing
sometimes called assessment of inter-generational equity
where the impacts of our decisions on future generations are
considered alongside the present
handle uncertainty by keeping open as many future options as
practicable
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ensure that the design is maintainable and that the materials
are adaptable for re-use or recycling
think in the fourth dimension and ensure that the design life is
appropriate to the product or project and its context
use high embodied energy only when it is justified by a long
design life explicitly address the end-of-life options, and avoid wherever
possible leaving to our successors any problems of disposal
ensure non-renewable resources are used, wherever possible,
only for the creation of permanent new assets
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Adhering to the Principles explained so far should ensure that right decisions
from a sustainability point of view have been made in relation to the
circumstances that apply. The implementation of these right decisions
must then pay full regard to doing things right, again from a
sustainability point of view. To deliver this Principle,we need to:
retain the sustainability focus on the intended outcome right through
the implementation of the solution
recognise that the intermediate processes of construction,
manufacture, production and transport can be resource-intensive and
need to be managed with an active sustainability orientation
ensure (as far as practicable) that the legal requirements and
constraints on the problem, issue or challenge to be tackled are
complied with aim to critically appraise current good practice and be inherently
sceptical of unsupported judgements, in order to decide on
appropriate actions to be taken
keep abreast of technical and market developments, to check the
assumptions and predictions embedded in the design.
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We are unlikely to arrive at our best decisions first time every time. So
we need to challenge ourselves and refine those decisions, whilst
remaining focused on the intended outcome.We therefore need to:
avoid sacrificing the sustainability desires incorporated in a design
when seeking cost reductions
include any adverse effects on sustainability in the value equation
and value engineering
be self-critical of our own fundamental assumptions and values
be prepared to challenge our and others existing assumptions
re-examine fLirst preferences and submit them to re-appraisal
use intelligence from the marketplace to monitor assumptions on user
behaviour included in the design check that the achievement of sustainable development objectives is
not being subverted by unintended consequences of design changes
and/or user behaviour
however regrettable it may be, accept that an even better solution
may have to await the creation of the next plant or piece of
infrastructure
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Ones own everyday practices should not be at variance with
what is being asked of others you must not expect more of
others than you do of yourself. Be prepared to be accountable for
your design and engineering, and uphold by example the beliefs
it reflects. Change yourself before you seek to change others.
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Creativities..to new productdevelopment
Due Date: week 7
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-Thank you-
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