characterizing change in the beef industry
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Characterizing Change in the Beef Industry
Justin W. Waggoner, Ph.D. Beef Systems SpecialistKansas State UniversityGarden City, KS
Change
Discussion
Changes in the cattle feeding industry from feed yard closeout data Mature animal size Animal Performance
Implications of these changes on nutrition and management of the nation’s cowherd
Data Collected from 1990-2009(9,373,819 cattle)
K-State Focus on Feedlots
Previous K-State faculty Chris Reinhardt, Ron Hale, Gerry Kuhl, Larry Corah,
Jack Riley, Calvin Drake
Participating yards Brookover Ranch Feed Yard Decatur County Feed Yard DM & M Feed Yard Fairleigh Feed Yard Hoxie Feed Yard HyPlains Feed Yard Kearney County Feeders Poky Feeders Pratt Feeders Supreme Cattle Feeders
K-State Focus on FeedlotsMarket Weights (1990-2009)
900
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1500
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lbs
/ h
ea
d
Steers Heifers
1990 2009 Change %
Steers, lbs 1187 1343 + 156 13.18
Heifers, lbs 1041 1218 + 177 17.00
K-State Focus on FeedlotsAverage Daily Gain (1990-2009)
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
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lbs
/ h
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d /
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y
Steers Heifers
1990 2009 Change %
Steers, lbs/d 3.09 3.54 + 0.45 14.47
Heifers, lbs/d 2.76 3.21 + 0.45 16.35
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Steers Heifers
K-State Focus on FeedlotsDays on feed (1990-2009)
1990 2009 Change %
Steers,d 143.3 155.0 + 11.8 8.20
Heifers, d 137.6 152.6 + 15.0 10.9
K-State Focus on FeedlotsFeed Conversion (1990-2009)
5.00
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lbs
DM
I / lb
ga
in
Steers Heifers
1990 2009 Change %
Steers, F:G 6.51 6.07 - 0.44 6.69
Heifers, F:G 6.75 6.35 - 0.40 5.93
Today’s Fed Cattle
1990 Vs. 2009
Fed Cattle (steers and heifers): 15% larger at slaughter Spend 13.4 more days on feed Gain weight 15% faster 6.31% more efficient 0.42 less lbs feed/lb gain
$25
$40
$55
$70
$85
$100
Jan
-90
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-91
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-92
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-93
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-94
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-08
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-09
$ / c
wt g
ain
Steers Heifers
Driving forces: Economics(Cost of gain)
1990 2009 Change
Steers, $/cwt. gain 49.92 78.83 + 28.91
Heifers, $/cwt. gain 52.08 83.54 + 31.47
Driving Forces: the rest of the story
Technologies Ionophores Implants
Improved cattle management (nutrition, health etc.) and technology use
Genetics Grid marketing practices Branded beef programs
Commercial Beef Production, lbs beef/cow
600
650
700
750
800
850
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Be
ef
Pro
du
cti
on
, lb
s/c
ow
1990 2009 % Change
Beef Prod. Lbs/cow 697 819 17.5
NASS, 2009; K. C. Dhuyvetter, 2010
Weaning Weight Trends
Weaber and Fennewald, 2009
Yearling Weight Trends
Weaber and Fennewald, 2009
Mature Weights of Cows by Sire Breed
Hereford 1,419
Angus 1,410
Red Angus 1,409
Simmental 1,404
Gelbvieh 1,323
Limousin 1,391
Charolais 1,371
Breed 5-year-old weight, lbs
U.S. MARC, Germplasm Evaluation Program, 2009
50 lbs Difference in Average Bodyweight!
Mature Cow Weights
How has the selection for heavier weaning and yearling weights influenced the mature size of the nation’s cow herd?
Questions: Magnitude of change? Implications of change?
How big is Today’s Cowherd?
Common logic “Mature cow weight = weight of finished offspring”
Meat Animal Research Center Germplasm evaluation program 37,000+ cows Mature Cow Weight correlated with hot carcass weight of
progeny (0.81) Progeny hot carcass weight = 0.599 * (mature cow weight)
Nephawe et al., 2004
Mature Cow Weights(Focus on Feedlots)
Market Carcass Mature
Year Wt., Wt.(62% DP)1 Cow Wt., 1990 1186.8 735.8 1228
2009 1343.2 832.8 1390
+ 162
Estimated Mature Cow Weight Based on Steer Market Weight
Difference
K-State Focus on Feedlots; Nephawe et al., 2004
1Carcass weight = market weight * 0.622Mature cow weight = carcass weight/ 0.599
Mature Cow Weights(Federally Inspected Slaughter)
FI Live Carcass Mature
Year Wt., lbs Wt.(62% DP)1, lbs Cow Wt., lbs 1990 1140 706.8 1179
2009 1296 806.1 1346
+ 167
Estimated Mature Cow Weight Based
on live slaughter weights (Steers and Heifers)
Difference
NASS, 2009; Nephawe et al., 2004
1Carcass weight = market weight * 0.622Mature cow weight = carcass weight/ 0.599
15.0
18.0
21.0
24.0
27.0
30.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Months Since Calving
Meta
boliza
ble
Energ
y, M
cal/
d
1400 lb Cow
1200 lb Cow
Effect of Cow Body Weight on Maintenance Energy Requirements
~ 9 % increase
Beef NRC, 2000
27 28 28 27 27 2624 24 24 24 24 25
3031
3130
2929
27 27 27 27 27 28
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Months Since Calving
Dry
Matt
er
Inta
ke, lb
s/d 1200 lb Cow
1400 lb Cow
Effect of Cow Body Weight on Dry Matter Intake
Beef NRC, 2000
Estimated Dry Matter Intake (Annual Basis)
Cow Wt, lbs Annual dry matter intake, lbs1
1200 9225
1400 10263
+1038Difference
11% increase in annual dry matter intake!
Beef NRC, 2000
1based on 30 days per month
Beef Cow Calf System Efficiency
Goal: Convert forage into lbs of weaned calf
Measure of efficiency feed consumed (cow) per lb of weaned
calf
Feed Consumed (cow) per lb calfAnnual Basis
Annual
Cow Wt, lbs DM Intake, lbs 500 550 600 650
1200 9225 18.5 16.8 15.4 14.2
1400 10263 20.5 18.7 17.1 15.8
Calf Weight, lbs
1400 lb cow has to wean at least 50 lbs more calf !
Is there optimum ?
Tough question period…..
Factors: Environment • Available forage resources
Reproduction Marketing strategy• Sell at weaning/ retain ownership
Bottom Line
1990-2009
Fed cattle Harvested at larger weights Gain weight 15% faster Require 0.42 less lbs feed/lb gain
Increased commercial beef production per cow by 17.5%
Consequence
Mature weight of the nation’s cowherd has increased
1990 = 1203 lbs (1179-1228 lbs)
2009 = 1368 lbs (1346-1390 lbs)
Have we changed?
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