child aggressive behavior
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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
يا أيها الناس اتقوا ربكم الذى خلقكم من نفس واحدة و خلق
منها زوجها وبث منهما رجاال كثيرا و نساء و اتقوا الله الذى تساءلون به و االرحام ان الله كان عليكم
رقيبا
1النساء
Aggressive Behaviour
In Children
Presented By
Mohamed Abdelghani
Introduction
Aggression is "the maladaptive behavior which leads to the damage or destruction of some goal entity.” (Alia-Klein et al., 2008).
Many behaviors are aggressive even though they do not involve physical injury.
Verbal aggression is one example.
Others include coercion, intimidation, and premeditated social ostracism of others (Lewis, 2005).
Aggressive Behaviour In Children
PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECT
I- FAMILY-RELATED RISK FACTORS
A. Sexual and Physical Abuse
B. Parental Violence
C. Broken Home
D. Parental Characteristics
E. Mental Disorders of Parents
F. Perceived Parenting Styles (Barnow and
Freyberger, 2003).
صورة إلضافة الرمز فوق انقر
The role of family environment in early life for later aggressive behavior (Mattson, 2003).
Pre/PerinatalComplications thatcause brain damage
Maternal rejection
Sexual ,Physical Abuse
IncreasedRisk For
AggressiveBehavior
Difficult temperament
Psychological risks Low social status , young age
Of Mother ,broken home , Mental Disorder of parents
Increased risk for Postnatal
Complications
Negative Parental Style
Time
II- Community-Related Risk Factors
A- Peers: Peer groups appear to be a place for consolidation of aggressive behaviors for youth, later on (Loeber & Hay, 1994).
B- School Factors: Disorganized school structures with lax discipline, enforcement of rules and crowded physical space (Flannery, 1997).
C- Neighborhood Factors: include poverty, gang involvement, availability of drugs and low neighborhood attachment (Maguin et al., 1995).
III- Television, Rock Music and Videos, and Computer and Video Games
1)Television and Movie Violence Correlation between media violence and aggression (0.3) is greater than that of condom nonuse and sexually (HIV) infection (0.2), or environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer (0.15) (Christopher, 2007).
2)Rock Music and Music VideosGreat exposure was associated with being 3.0 times more likely to hit a teacher, 2.6 times to be arrested, and 1.6 times to have an incident of STD and drug abuse (Kader, 2006).
3)Computer and Video GamesViolent video games causes increased aggression or aggressive play immediately after the video game (Benseley and Van Eenwyk, 2001).
Aggressive Behaviour In Children
GENETIC ASPECT
The influence of genetic factors appears to increase over the course of development and is followed by a concomitant decrease in shared environmental factors (Blonigen & Krueger, 2007).
Furthermore, genetic effects may be moderated by gender differences, as well as interactions with adverse environmental factors (Blonigen & Krueger, 2007).
I.Genetic Effects on Aggressive Behavior
Genetic factors play at least some role in the etiology of aggression (DiLalla, 2002).
Studies of children using parental reports have noted substantial genetic contributions to aggressive behaviors among twins across a wide developmental span (ages 7–16) (Eley et al., 1999).
II- Gender Differences
Several studies conclude that males exhibit higher mean levels of aggression than females (Hudziak et al., 2005).
In a longitudinal study of twins ages 3-12, gender differences were evident after age 7, with greater genetic contributions for males and larger shared environmental contributions for females (van Beijsterveldt et al., 2004).
Aggressive Behaviour In Children
NEURAL ASPECT
I- ACETYLCHOLINE :
♦ ACh generally has facilitatory effects on aggressive behavior (Gay and Leaf, 1986).
♦ In most cases, the primary target is the hypothalamus (Brudzynski, 1994).
II- DOPAMINE :
◊ The studies showed that dopamine facilitates aggressive behavior (Siegel, 2005).
◊ Van Erp and Miczek (2003) reported increased dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex during aggressive encounters.
III- SEROTONIN:
Serotonin suppresses several different forms of aggressive behavior (Siegel, 2005).
A strategy using knockout mice genetically engineered to disrupt the neuronal nitric acid sythase gene, which inhibits aggression, by acting through 5-HT1A and 5- HT1B receptors leading to a dramatic increase in aggressive behavior (Chiavegatto et al., 2004).
IV- PEPTIDES :
■ Include opioid peptides, substance P (SP), and cholecystokinin (CCK)
■ Opioid peptides have antiaggressive properties (Siegel, 2005).
■ SP have an excitatory action on neurons (Otsuka and Yoshioka, 1993).
■ CCK potentiates defensive rage behavior elicited from the medial hypothalamus (Siegel, 2005).
Aggressive Behaviour In Children
Neural Areas & Circuits Mediating Aggressive Behavior
Brain areas affecting aggressive behavior
The periaqueductal gray of the midbrain
(PAG)
Hypothalamus
Septal nuclei
Amygdala
Prefrontal cortex
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)
Nucleus accumbens (Gregg and Siegel,
2001).
Summary of functional anatomical connections relevant for aggressive behavior (Gregg, 2003).
I.Peri-aqueductal Gray Of The Midbrain
The organizing center for the expression of all the behavioral components of the aggressive response (Ogawa et al., 2005).
Sends commands to effector regions in the brainstem, which send commands to the muscles and glands, producing the components of defensive rage (e.g., pupillary dilation, increased heart rate, vocalization) (Gregg, 2003).
Efferent projections from PAG (Gregg, 2003)
II.Hypothalamus
› Second in importance to the PAG in the expression of defensive aggressive behavior (Gregg, 2003).
III.Limbic And Cortical Areas› Modify the propensity of the
hypothalamus and PAG to produce aggression (Halász et al., 2006).
› Include septal nuclei, amygdaloid complex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens (Gregg and Siegel, 2001).
Aggressive Behaviour In Children
HORMONAL ASPECT
I.ADRENERGIC–NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM
Aggressive behavior leads to activation of the peripheral sympathoadrenal and central noradrenergic systems (Halasz et al., 2002).
Brunner et al. (1993) have identified a large Dutch kindred showing a genetic deficiency of the MAOA enzyme. All affected males in this family showed very characteristic aggressive behavior.
Subsequent research in MAOA knockout mice confirmed human findings (Cases et al., 1995).
So, enhanced noradrenergic neurotransmission increases aggressiveness in both humans and laboratory animals (Haller and Kruk, 2003).
II. GLUCOCORTICOIDS Plasma glucocorticoid levels are
inversely correlated with aggressiveness in children with conduct disorder (McBurnett et al., 2000).
Hyporesponsiveness of plasma glucocorticoids is associated with persistent aggression in humans (including females) (Kariyawasam et al., 2004) and various animal species (e.g., dogs and fish) (Pottinger and Carrick, 2003).
NEXT
Aggressive Behaviour In ChildrenPart II
Aggressive Behavior In Child Psychiatric
Disorders
Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention
Pharmacological Intervention
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