clonal propagation

CLONAL PROPAGATION OF “BHADRACHLAM” CLONES OF EUCALYPTUS SPECIES AT TNPL

DR. K. SIRNIVAS. CHIEF EXECUTIVESRI KIRAN BIOTECH

VILLAGE – GOPALPURAMMANDAL – THIRUMALAYPALEMDISTRICT – KHAMMAM – 507 163ANDHRA PRADESHPH – 08742 248568 , 9849194748

Executors ProfileExecutors ProfileDr. K. Srinivas.M.Sc (Ag) Ph.D.

• Experience – Worked for 16 years in various wings of Plantation Department at ITC Bhadrachalam - Research, Production, Extension, Marketing, Social Forestry, Farm Forestry, Captive Plantation etc.

• Presently running successfully Eucalyptus Clonal Production and Research center with an annual capacity of 50 lakh plants since 5 years.

• Consultant to TNPL and also Contractor for production of 10 Million Clonal plants of Eucalyptus and Casuarina under green house conditions

and turnkey projects in farm forestry and captive plantations. • Construction of Green houses and designing .

Major accomplishments at ITC

Selection of 89 outstanding, genetically superior, fast growing and disease resistant clones ofeucalypts and 10 clones of Casuarina.

Development and deployment of intra specific and inter specific hybrid clones of eucalypts.

Selection of Eucalyptus clones adaptable to saline / alkaline soils

Establishment of large number of clonal testing areas, clonal demonstration plots and genebanks of promising Eucalyptus clones.

Planting of clonal seed orchards with the most promising clones.

Management of large scale containerized nurseries and major farm forestry project andsupply of genetically superior clonal planting stock to farmers.

Production of clonal planting stock of 6 million saplings per year.

Providing genetically improved planting stocks matching the clones to site

Provide technical extension services from site selection till harvest.

Help farmers by arranging logging and transport of the plantation wood.

Farmers are now able to increase pulp wood productivity by 4-5 folds. Andsuccessfully able to earn profits from there waste lands

Major Achievements Major Achievements

• Development of High yielding disease resistant Site specific Eucalyptus clones.

• Development of Hybrid Eucalyptus Clones

• Volume tables for Eucalyptus Clonal Plantations for predicting yields.

• Developed package of practices for raising Eucalyptus nurseries and plantations.

TECHNICAL PAPERS PRESENTED / PUBLISHED BY Dr. K. SRINIVAS

1. Srinivas, K., Manoharachary, C., and Kunwar, I. (2005) Report on new Fungal Pathogen on EucalyptusInd. Phytopath. Vol 58 (4).

2. Srinivas, K. and C. Manoharachary (2005) Cultural measures to control fungal diseases of forestryplantations with special reference to Eucalyptus spp. Paper presented in the National Symposium OnExotics In Indian Forestry P.A.U. Ludhiana

3. Srinivas, K., Rao S.N. and Prasad J.V.N.S. (2004).Selection of Plus Trees of Eucalyptus for Forestry Systems. Paper presented in the 1st World Congress of Agro forestry: Working Together forSustainable Land –use Systems. Orlando.Florida.

4. S. N. Rao, K. Srinivas and Sanjay K. Singh (2004) Adoption of Eucalyptus-based AgroforestrySystems in Rainfed Semiarid Areas of Andhra. Pradesh, India . Proc. of 1st World congress of forestry- Working together for sustainable land use .Orlando Florida U.S.A.

5. Srinivas,K.: (2004). Pathological aspects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh and EucalyptusTereticomis Smith.(Prof C Manohara Chary) Botany Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, 2004

6. Srinivas, K. Prasad, J.V.N.S. and Rao S.N (2003). Eucalyptus based agro forestry systems for improvingthe productivity of arable lands. Paper presented in the national symposium on Agroforestry andsustainable production at the IGFRI, Jhansi.

7. J.V.N.S.Prasad, K.V.Rao, G.R.Korwar, C.A.R. Rao, K. Srinivas and S.N.Rao (2003) Industry Promotedagroforestry systems forl pulp wood production under rainfed conditions in India. Proc. of theinternational conference on Rural Livelihoods Forests and Biodiversity. Bonn, Germany.

8. Srinivas, K., Manoharachary, C., Kulkarni, H.D. and Desai, V.V (2001) Diseases associated with Eucalyptus in Andhra Pradesh . Proc. of Regional Workshop on Problems and Prospects in forestry. At ITC Bhadrachalam Sarapaka.

9. Srinivas, K., Kulkarni, H.D.. Desai, V.V and Manoharachary, C.(2001) A new Technique forinoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Proc. National Symposium on Botany in New Millennium (UGC- SAP II) in Botany Osmania University Hyderabad.

10. Lal, P., H.D. Kulkarni, K. Srinivas, K.R. Venkatesh, and P. Santha-Kumar, (1997). GeneticallyImproved Clonal Planting Stock of Eucalyptus - A Success Story from India. Indian Forester, 123 (12)1117-1138

11. Srinivas, K., Manoharachary, C., Kulkarni, H.D. and Shanthakumar.P (1997) Major Fungaldiseases of Eucalyputs in Andhra Pradesh . Proc. of National symposium on Fungi indiversified Habitats. UGC SAP in Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad.

12. Lal, P., H.D.Kulkarni and K. Srinivas (1996). Genetic Improvement of Eucalyptus andCasuarina through Clonal Technology. In: Infrastructure for Biotech Development. Ed.Prabha Chandrasekhar, Tech Facilitators Pvt. Ltd., Chennai : P. 41-46

13. Lal, P., H.D. Kulkarni and K.Srinivas (1996 a). Clonal Planting Stock of Casuarina - ITCBhadrachalam Experience. In: Recent Casuarina Research and Development, Proceedings ofthe Third International Casuarina Workshop, Da Nang, Vietnam. Eds. K.Pinyopusarerk,J.W. Turnbull, S.J. Midgley, CSIRO, Canberra, P. 162-166.

14. Lal, P., H.D. Kulkarni and K.Srinivas (1994). Four Years of Eucalyptus Improvementthrough Clonal Technology by ITC Bhadrachalam Paperboards Ltd. Poster paper presentedat the Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Agricultural Biotechnology, Madras, 6-10 1994.

15. Lal, P., H.D. Kulkarni and K. Srinivas (1993). Eucalyptus Improvement Programme ofITC Bhadrachalam Paperboards Ltd. Proceedings of Workshop on “Production ofGenetically Improved Planting Material for Afforestation Programmes”. Field DocumentNo.7, FAO Project RAS/91/004. FAO, Los Banos, Philippines : 57-66.

16. Srinivas K, Shanmugan N, Ramaraj B,(1993) Note on the mycorrhizal association withimportant tree species under different soil types. Madras.Ag,. Jl. 80 (1): 51 – 53.

17. Lal. P., H.D. Kulkarni and K. Srinivas (1992). Vegetative Propagation for Improvement ofEucalyptus - Bhadrachalam Experience. In: Vegetative Propagation / Biotechnologies forTree Improvement. Ed. K. Kesava Reddy, Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun :1-10.

18. Srinivas,K. ,Shanmugam,N and Ramaraj,B. (1988) Effect of VAM on growth and nutrientuptake of Forest tree seedlings. Proc. of First Asian Conference on Mycorrhizae. Univ. ofMadras: 294 – 297.

19. Srinivas,K. ,Shanmugam,N and Ramaraj,B. (1988a) A New technique for inoculation ofVAM fungi. Proc. of First Asian Conference on Mycorrhizae. Univ. of Madras: 325.

20. Srinivas,K. ,Shanmugam,N and Ramaraj,B. (1988b) Survey for the occurrence of nativeVAM Fungi Proc. of First Asian Conference on Mycorrhizae. Univ. of Madras: 111 – 113

Eucalyptus MycologyEucalyptus Mycology

Major losses due to fungal pathogens occurred where E.camaldulensis and E. tereticornis was grown in uniformand genetically susceptible stands. Fungal diseases are amajor problem in all growth stages.

During screening the diseases of Eucalyptus Clonalplants in open nursery & field plantation many fungalspecies have been isolated viz., Alternaria alternata,Cylindrocladium parvum, Pestalotiopsis versicolor,Corticium salmanicolor, Phytophthora cinomomi,Glomerella cingulata, Armelaria mellea, Capnodium sp.,Fusarium dimerum , Curvularia lunata, Chaetomellaraphigera, etc.

Two species, i.e. Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E.tereticornis , are more popular species among farmersas being sufficiently drought tolerant while also capableof withstanding, under irrigation, the very hot summertemperatures, suitable for a wide range of sites. Thespecies were, of course, also selected because they aresuitable for the manufacturing of quality paper.

Nitrogen DeficiencyNitrogen Deficiency

Intraveinal Chlorosis Yellowing of juvenile leaf

Phosphorus DeficeincyPhosphorus Deficeincy

Necrotic spots on expanding and juvenile leaf

Potassium DeficiencyPotassium Deficiency

Marginal leaf necrosis in fully expanded leaf

Boron DeficiencyBoron Deficiency

Elongated leaf tips Multiple apical shoots

Drought Water Logging Drought Water Logging

BREAKTHROUGH BY CLONAL BREAKTHROUGH BY CLONAL TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

• Productivity per hectare raised to a level - 24 to 58 CuM (tons)/year/ha i.e. 3 to 7 times higher than seed route plantations.

• Survival rate - More than 90%

• Proved alternative to commercial agri & horti crops

•VERY LARGE GIRTH

•LONG BOLE

•DOMINANT HEIGHT

•FREE FROM DISEASES

•SELF PRUNING

•LESS TAPER

Characteristics for CPT selection

BHADRACHALAM CLONE NO.6 IN CTA AT SARAPAKA –

AGE 7 YEARS

•ADAPTABILITY

•GROWTH RATES

•DISEASE RESISTANCE

•TREE BOLE

•WOOD QUALITY .

PARAMETERS FOR GENETIC SUPERIORITY PARAMETERS FOR GENETIC SUPERIORITY OF CLONESOF CLONES

Vegetative Propagation

•3 MONTHS OLD CONTANARIZED CLONAL PLANT - READY FOR PLANTING

•SEPARATE IDENTITY OF EACH CLONE IS MAINTAINED

Clonal Testing AreaClonal Testing Area

Clonal Testing Area

Clone No. 271 in highly alkaline soils

Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO)Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO)• Developed ‘Bhadrachalam’ Clonal

Seed Orchard on 1 ha. area, able to collect genetically improved seeds & supplying to entrepreneurs.

HybridizationHybridization• Inter and Intra specific crossing

between E.tereticornis, E.camaldulensis, E.urophylla, E.grandis, E.torelliana, E.pallita and E.alba.

• Short listed 30 promising hybrids.

Breeding Breeding OrchardOrchard

Controlled Pollination

Advancements by Clonal Advancements by Clonal TechnologyTechnology

• Selection of Plus Trees

• Macro Propagation

• Clonal Testing

• Gene Bank

• Clonal Seed Orchards

• Advance Generation Breeding

CLONAL MULTIPLICATION AREACLONAL MULTIPLICATION AREA

• Ensuring the production of juvenile materials for mass multiplication.

• Regular pruning of the ramets to remove old branches and also to induce continuous production of juvenile shoots.

• Application of commercial fertilizer rich in nitrogen or organic fertilizer to the clones will induce the production of more vegetative parts in addition to maintaining the general health of the clones.

SAND BED TECHNOLOGYSAND BED TECHNOLOGY

DESIGNS FOR CMADESIGNS FOR CMA

Sl.No Spacing Area Gestation period

1 1 x 1 mt. 4 ha 18 months

2 50 x 50Cm

2 ha 6 months

3 Highdensity

0.8 ha 25 days

FARM FORESTRY PLANTATIONS MEAN A WIN WIN SITUATION FOR ALL

• HIGHER ECONOMIC RETURNS FROM

PLANTATIONS AND INTERCROPS

• HUGE DOMESTICTIC VALUE ADDTION

• SUSTATINED DEMAND FOR PLANTATION

WOOD

• LARGE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

• AMELIORATION OF ENVIRONMENT

• CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY OF RICH

NATURAL FOREST