cloning(human cloning) sreenivas.m final ppt
Post on 16-Jul-2015
118 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
CLONING(human cloning)
CLONING
In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar
populations of genetically identical individuals that
occurs in nature when organisms such
as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical
copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to
artificial human. Human cloning which is the
reproduction of human cells and tissue.
History of cloning
1953 Structure of DNA discovered
1993 Human embryos were first cloned (artificial embryo)
July 5, 1996 Dolly was born, Organization: Roslin Institute at UK
Dolly – the first mammal cloned using mature cell
Dolly the Lamb in 1996
Method: Nuclear transfer
Organization: RoslinInstitute at UK and PPL Therapeutics
Photo from Ming Pao 18th August 2002
Example of cloning
Cumulina the Mouse in
1998
Organization:
University of Hawaii
Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002
Example of cloning
Cattle in 1998
Organization:
Kinki University at
Japan
Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002
Example of cloning
Generation of Prometea, 2003
Organization: A research laboratory in
Italy
Photo from Nature No.6949
Definition and typesCloning is the production of 1 or more individual
plants or animals (whole or in part) that are genetically identical to an original plant or animal.
I’ll discuss two types:
(1) Reproductive cloning (adult DNA cloning)would be using cells to create cloned humans.
(2) Therapeutic cloning (biomedical cloning) is the use of (stem) cells for medicinal or research purposes.
Reproductive cloning
Produces a duplicate of an existing animal
Dolly
DNA from an ovum removed and replaced with the DNA from a cell removed from an adult animal
The fertilized ovum (called a pre-embryo) implanted in a womb and allowed to develop into a new animal
Very controversial: banned in many countries
Fuse Cell and
enucleated egg with
electricity.
Egg is fused with Cell
Therapeutic cloning
Initial stages identical to reproductive cloning
However, stem cells are removed from the pre-embryo to
produce tissue for a whole organ for transplant back into
the person who supplied the DNA
Therapeutic Cloning
1. Nucleus of an egg cell is
replaced with the nucleus of a
body cell.
2. Egg cell is stimulated with
electricity.
3. Embryo grows.
4. Embryo stem cells are
collected and used to treat
the donor.
Therapeutic Cloning 2
What are the risks of cloning?
• Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient
• Cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune
function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and
other disorders
• Genomes of cloned mice are compromised, 4% of genes
function abnormally
• A process called "imprinting" chemically marks the DNA from
the mother and father so that only one copy of a gene (either
the maternal or paternal gene) is turned on. Defects in the
genetic imprint of DNA from a single donor cell may lead to
some of the developmental abnormalities of cloned embryos.
Psychological Effects - Identity
and Relationship
Would the clone feel that he or she was just a copy of someone else who's already existed and not really themselves?
What will be my relationship to the one I was cloned from?
No one can predict with any degree of assurance what the response would be.
Is adult human DNA cloning
moral?
Some talents seem to be genetically influenced, ability seems to run in
families. Cloning using the DNA from the cell of an adult with the desired
traits or talents might produce an infant with similar potential.
Yes
?
Two lesbians could elect to have a child by adult
DNA cloning rather than by artificial insemination
by a man's sperm. Each would then contribute
part of her body to the fertilized ovum: one
woman would donate the ovum, which contains
some genetic material in its mitochondria; the
other woman the nuclear genetic material. Both
would have parts of their bodies involved in the
conception. They might find this more satisfactory
than in-vitro fertilization using a man's sperm
Yes
?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
top related