coins from the roman through the venetian period / by margaret thompson
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T H
ATHENIAN
GOR
RESULTS
OF
EXCAVATIONS
CONDUCTED BY
THE
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES
AT
ATHENS
VOLUME II
OINS
FROM THE ROMAN THROUGH
THE
VENETIAN PERIOD
BY
MARGARET
THOMPSON
fbj
AP A
J
Ak~
THE
AMERICAN
SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT
ATHENS
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ALL
RIGHTS
RESERVED
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PREFACE
Between the years 1931 and 1949 the American excavations in the Athenian Agora produced
55,492
coins of Roman and later
periods.
The
catalogued
entries n this
publication,
ranging
in
date
from the last
century
of the Roman
Republic
to
the
declining
years
of
the
Republic
of
Venice,
total
37,090
specimens;
the
remaining
Islamic and
Modern Greek
pieces
have
been
listed
summarily
in
order
that
the
tally may
be
complete.
This
is
an
overwhelming
amount
of
coinage,
which in sheer
quantity represents
a collection
comparable
to
many
in
the
numismatic
museums
of the world.
Unfortunately
very
few of the
Agora
coins are
museum
pieces,
but
lamentable
as
is their
general
condition to
the
eye
of
the
coin
collector or
the
cataloguer, they
do
provide
for the
historian
an
invaluable
record
of
the
money
circulating
in
one
of
the chief
cities
of
antiquity
from
the
time of
Sulla
to
our own
present.
The
Agora
Excavations are still
in
progress.
Coins have been
unearthed since 1949
and
more
will
certainly
result
from
successive
years
of
digging
until
the
project
is
at
last
finished.
How-
ever,
the
area
as
a
whole
has
been excavated
in
depth;
what
remains
to
be
done is
more
in
the
nature
of a
cleaning-up operation,
from which
coins
emerge
in
fairly
small
numbers. There
is no reason to suppose that whatever is found in the future will affect the present picture to
any appreciable
extent.
For
the
classification of the
Agora
coins
an
admirable
recording
system
was
developed
by
Mrs.
T.
Leslie
Shear,
who
has
been
in
charge
of
the
Coin
Department
from the
beginning
of
the
excavation
program.
Each
identifiable
coin
was
given
a
separate envelope
on which
were
typed
details
of
size, metal,
provenance,
date
of
finding, description
and reference. These
envelopes
were
filed
chronologically by
excavation sections.
In
every
case,
the
same
information
was
transcribed
on
individual
catalogue
cards,
which
were
arranged by emperors
and
types.
While
the coins remain
in
Athens
and
will
eventually
form an
integralpart
of
the
contemplatedAgora
Museum,
the cardswere
brought
to this
country
for
study
purposes
and
are now located
at the
Institute
for
Advanced
Study
in
Princeton.
It is from
these cards
that
the
present
publication
has
been
compiled.
There is
no
need
to
point
out the drawbacks nvolved
in
working
from
a
card
catalogue
with
the
documents
themselves five thousand
miles distant.
Ideally
each
coin
should
have
been
checked
prior
to
publication.
An
undertaking
of
this
sort would
require
someone
thoroughly
experienced
in
excavation
material and able to devote several
years
to a slow and
painstaking
reexamination.
Perhaps
such
a
person
could have
been
found
in
the course
of time. I confess
that
my
spirit quails
at the
very
thought of
going
back over 3775 coins of Manuel and 1855 of
Constantius
II,
and
it
seems
to
me
doubtful
that
the
resulting
increase
in
accuracy
would be
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vi
THE
ATHENIAN AGORA:
COINS
at
one time
or
another
on
the classification and
on
the records.
We
would
all,
I
think,
agree
that
in
the course
of our
exposure
to
the
swollen,
chipped
and
defaced
scraps
of
metal which
excavations
invariably
produce,
we at times
saw
things
we
ought
not to have seen and
left
unseen those
things
which we
ought
to
have
seen.
Yet
in
all
sincerity
I do not
believe
that
such
errors are
numerous,
and
I
am confident
that those which do exist have no real
significance
against
a
background
of
37,000
coins.
The
inaccessibility
of
the material
has
in
some
cases
presented particular
problems
for
a
detailed tabulation. Where
criteria of
style
determine the attribution of issues identical
in
type,
I
have,
without
the coins
before
me,
been unable
even
to
attempt
a
distinction
between
the different
mints.
Such
pieces
have been listed under
the
city supplying
the
greater proportion
of
the
Agora coinage
for
the
period,
and
reference has been made
in
the
commentary
to
the
possibility
of
an
alternative
mint.
The amount of illustrative
material
s
admittedly slight.
Most
of the
coins are well-known
types
which
need
none,
but I
should
have
liked
to
reproduce
all
variant and unusual specimens. Unfortunately, as will be obvious from even a cursoryglance
at
the
plates,
the condition
of
the
average
excavation
piece
is so bad
that
illustration
is
almost
useless.
Even
if it
were
otherwise,
I
could not
feel
justified
in
imposing
so
great
a
burden
of
sorting,
selecting
and
cast-making
on
someone else.
To
offset
in
some measure the
handicaps,
I
have been
most
fortunate
in
having
the
help
of
Mrs.
William
P.
Wallace,
who
spent
the first
four
months of 1952
in
Athens
and
who
generously
offered
to
examine
coins
whose identification seemed
open
to
question.
Mrs.
Wallace
checked
nearly
300
pieces
and
her
efforts have rectified
some uncertain
readings
and
verified others.
The
notation "confirmed"
n
many
sections
of
the
commentary
derives from her
labors.
All of these difficulties were
given
careful
consideration
before
it
was decided
to
undertake
this
tabulation. In
the end
it
was
felt
by
the
majority
of those
directly
concerned
that
the
advantages
of
prompt publication,
even
allowing
for
inevitable
shortcomings,
overbalanced
the
disadvantages.
With
a few
notable
exceptions,
coins tend
to
be the
stepchildren
of
excavations.
Their
publication,
if
attempted
at
all,
is
often
delayed
beyond
the
period
of
greatest utility.
For those
now
working
on
other
Agora
material
and
for
anyone
concerned
with
the
history
of
Athens,
the coins
provide
vital
evidence
for
the
political
and
economic
vicissitudes of the
city,
evidence
which
cannot
safely
be
disregarded.
Bringing
this
fundamental
material out
in
usable
form at the earliest possible moment has, therefore, seemed highly desirable.
The record
in
its
entirety
is
here,
but
it
cannot be
overemphasized
that it is
intended
pri-
marily
as
a
recordand
not as a
definitive
study
of
the
Roman
and
Byzantine coinage
from the
Agora.
It is to
be
hoped
that
whatever sections seem
worthy
of
further
research
and
inter-
pretation
will
be
expanded
into
special publications
as
opportunity
arises.
Attention should
also
be
given
to the hoard
material.
Surprisingly
ew closed
deposits
of
Roman and later
periods
were
found,
and
in
general
their chief
importance
was
in
dating
the contexts in which
they
were buried
rather
than in
their
intrinsic
composition.
Nevertheless
they
should be
analyzed
and
worked over in
connection with
the excavation
records.
In
this
catalogue
such coins have
been included only as individual pieces without reference to their hoard associations.
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PREFACE
vii
been
made to
provide
sufficient information to make the record useful without
compelling
the
reader
to
refer
constantly
to the
standard
catalogues
and at
the same time to
compress
the
data into
reasonably
economical limits. These considerations
have influenced
the
seemingly
inconsistent
pattern
which the
arrangement
of the
descriptive
material
presents
for
different
periods.
All
issues
of
any
given emperor
are
grouped together
in a
silver,
antoniniani,
bronze
sequence
with each
category
listed
chronologically.
The
catalogue
numbers of silver coins arein
italic
type
and
the
same
convention
has
been
used
for
plated
and
billon
specimens.
An
asterisk
following
a
number
indicates
that
there is some
discussion
of that
entry
in
the
commentary.
Unless otherwise
specified,
the dates
and mint
identifications
are
those
of
the cited
reference
works.
In
some
cases,
notably
with the British Museum
publications
of the Roman
period,
the
dates
suggested
in
the introductions are
at
times
more
specific
than
those
given
in
the
catalogues
proper.
Where
such
restricted
datings
seem
well-established,
they
have
been
adopted
in
prefer-
ence to
broader
chronological
divisions.
Mention
has been made
in
the
commentary
of
some
articles supplementingor supersedingthe generalreferencebooks, but undoubtedlymany valu-
able
studies have been
overlooked,
which
would need
to be
considered
n
any
final
study
of the
currency.
For
the later
Roman
period,
where
uncertainty
exists as
to
the nomenclature
of
the
various
denominations,
I
have
followed Pearce's
formula
of
AE1, AE2,
AE3
and AE4. This
equates
roughly
with Cohen and
Sabatier
in this manner:
AE1
-
Cohen
GB
AE2
-
Cohen
MB
-=
Sabatier
AE1
AE3
-=
Cohen
PB
-=
Sabatier
AE2
AE4
=
Cohen
PB
Q
=
Sabatier
AE3
Such differentiation n size
is,
of
course,
only
relative within
any given period
and not absolute
in
any
sense.
Mint
marks
have
been
omitted
from this
listing
although they
are
recorded
on
the
catalogue
cards.
The
Agora
coins
provide
additions
to the
officinae
striking
certain
types,
as
cited
by
Maurice
for the
Constantinian
era
and
by
Wroth
for the
early
Byzantine,
but
such
additions
are
of minor
significance
and
it
was
felt
that
little
useful
purpose
would
be
served
by
a
long
and
detailed
record
of
the
various
officinae
and
their
proportionate representation.
Where,
however,
there
is
a
new or
unusual
form of the mint
mark,
it
has been noted
in
the
commentary.
There
remains the
pleasant duty
of
sharing
whatever
merit this
publication may possess.
The
primary
credit
belongs
without
question
to Mrs.
Shear
and
her co-workers
n
the
Agora
whose
composite
labors created the
overall
record.
Of
the
many
Americans
and Greeks
who
spent
months and
years
on the
cleaning, identifying
and
cataloguing
of
these
coins,
I know
only
a
few
and it
would be
unfair to
single
them out
by
name,
but I
cannot forbear a word
of
appreciation
to
Miss
Aziza Kokoni who
worked
with me in 1948 on the
residue
of
coins
from
earlier excavation seasons. Without
her
competent
aid
it
would
have
been
impossible
to
com-
plete the classification of this backlog for inclusion in the tabulation. To my associates at the
Agora
I
should
like to
express my
warm
thanks,
particularly
to Miss
Lucy
Talcott for
her
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viii
THE
ATHENIANAGORA:
COINS
fessor
and Mrs.
William
P.
Wallace
for casts
and
the
checking
of
dubious
coins is a
very
real
one,
for which a brief
acknowledgment
uch as this is
entirely inadequate.
Mrs. Aline L. A.
Boyce,
my
colleague
at
the
American Numismatic
Society,
has
given
me
many
valuable
suggestions
and
has
responded
with
great
patience
to
my many
demands
on
her
time. Above
all,
I
am
deeply
grateful
to
Professor Alfred
R.
Bellinger,
whose
keen interest
helped
to
initiate this
project
and
whose
encouragement
and
generous
assistance
have done much to
bring
it to
fruition.
AMERICAN
NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY
MARGARET
THOMPSON
NEW
YORK
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TABLE OF
CONTENTS
PREFACE .................................................. V
ROMAN
AND
BYZANTINE
COINAGE
RATIOS .....................
X
INTRODUCTION
.............
................................
1
ABBREVIATIONS
IN
THE CATALOGUE
...........................
8
CATALOGUE
ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE
..............................
9
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE
..............................
10
"VANDALIC"
OINAGE
................................. 64
BYZANTINE
IMPERIAL
COINAGE ...........................
667
FRANKISH COINAGE .....................................
76
MINOR
COINAGES
OF
GREECE
AND
THE ISLANDS ............
78
FRENCH
COINAGE
.......................................
78
ITALIAN COINAGE ......................................
79
VENETIAN
COINAGE ....................................
80
NUMERICAL
SUMMARY
......................................
88
COMMENTARY
..............................................
87
INDEX
RULERS ...............................................
119
MINTS
...............................................
121
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ROMAN
AND
BYZANTINE
COINAGE
RATIOS
The
listing
below,
relating
he amount
of
Agora
coinage
of
any
given
emperor
with the
length
of his
reign,
shows the
fluctuations
f
the
currency
more
clearly
han
a
straight
abulation
of coin
totals.
For the
Byzantine
era,
the
anonymous
issues have
been
assigned
to
definite
emperors
n line with the
commentary
discussion.
The
Roman
coinage,
becauseof
the
complications
f
posthumous
ssues,
oint
reigns
and
anonymous trikings
of indefinite
date,
has at timesbeen
grouped
by
periods
rather han
individual
eigns.
ROMAN
APPROXIMATE
EMPEROR
PERIOD
or
PER YEAR
Augustus
............. 27
B.C.-14
A.D.
1/
Tiberius
..............
14-37
A.D.
1/11
Claudius
..............
41-54 A.D.
1/13
Nero
.................
54-68
A.D.
'/7
Galba-Otho
..........
68-69 A.D.
2
Vespasian
............ 69-79
A.D.
1
Titus
............... 79-81
A.D. 1
Domitian ............ 81-96 A.D. 1
Nerva
................
96-98 A.D.
2
Trajan
..............
98-117
A.D. 2
Hadrian
..............
117-138
A.D.
3
Antoninus
Pius
........
138-161
A.D.
3
M.
Aurelius-L.
Verus
...
161-180 A.D.
3
Commodus
............
180-192 A.D.
1
Didius Julianus-
Caracalla ...........
193-217
A.D.
2
Elagabalus
............
218-222
A.D.
1
Severus
Alexander .....
222-235
A.D.
3
Maximinus
-Pupienus
.
235-288
A.D. 8
Gordian II
...........
238-244 A.D. 9
Philip
I
..............
244-249
A.D.
8
Trajan
Decius-
Herennius
..........
249-251
A.D.
6
Trebonianus-Aemilian.
251-253
A.D.
15
Valerian
I-Gallienus
...
253-260 A.D.
13
Gallienus .............
260-268 A.D. 49
Claudius
II-Quintillus
.
268-270
A.D.
7
Aurelian ............
270-275
A.D. 36
Tacitus-Florian
.......
275-276
A.D. 16
Probus .............. 276-282 A.D.
16
Carus-Numerian ....... 282-284 A.D. 8
Diocletian-Tetrarchies
.
284-307
A.D. 11
Licinius
I-Constantine
.
307-337
A.D.
25
Sons
Constantine-
Jovian
337-364
A.D. 109
Valentinian
I-Arcadius
. 364-408
A.D. 88
Honorius-Theodosius
II
408-423 A.D. 4
Theodosius
II-
Valentinian
III
.....
423-450
A.D.
9
Marcian
.............
450-457
A.D.
15
Leo
I
...............
457-474
A.D. 9
Zeno
.................
474-491
A.D.
1/9
"VANDALIC" ......
c.
410-580
A.D. 40
BYZANTINE
APPROXIMATE
EMPEROR
PERIOD
or
CINs
PER YEAR
Anastasius
I
..........
491-518
A.D.
1
Justin
I
..............
518-527
A.D.
1
Justinian
I
...........
527-565
A.D.
3
Justin
II
............ 565-578
A.D. 13
Tiberius
II
...........
578-582
A.D.
5
Maurice
..............
582-602
A.D.
1
Phocas ..............
602-610
A.D.
6
Heraclius ............. 610-641 A.D. 8
Constans
II
............
641-668
A.D.
30
Constantine
IV ........ 668-685
A.D. 2
Justinian
II
(1st)
......
685-695 A.D.
1/1o
Tiberius
III
........... 698-705
A.D.
1/7
Justinian
II
(2nd)
.....
705-711
A.D. 1
Philippicus
...........
711-713
A.D. 30
Anastasius
II
.........
713-716
A.D. 2
Leo
III
..............
717-741
A.D.
1
Constantine
V
.........
741-775
A.D.
/17
Leo
IV
...............
775-780
A.D.
1/5
Constantine VI
........
780-797
A.D.
1/17
Irene ................. 797-802 A.D.
1/5
Leo
V ................
813-820
A.D.
1/7
Michael
I
............
820-829 A.D.
1/4
Theophilus
............ 829-842 A.D.
1/
Michael
III
...........
842-867
A.D.
1/26
Basil
I
...............
867-886
A.D. 1
Leo VI
.............
886-912 A.D.
3
Constantine VII
....... 913-959
A.D.
5
Nicephorus
II
.........
963-969 A.D. 8
John
I-Basil
II
and
Constantine ......... 969-989
A.D. 5
Basil II-
ConstantineVIII .... 989-1028
A.D.
13
Romanus
III
.......... 1028-1034
A.D.
39
Michael IV
.....
....
1034-1041
A.D.
21
Constantine
IX
........
1042-1055 A.D.
8
Isaac
I
...............
1057-1059
A.D.
6
Constantine
X
........ 1059-1067
A.D. 13
Romanus IV
..........
1067-1071
A.D.
31
Michael
VII
...........
1071-1078
A.D. 35
Nicephorus
III
........
1078-1081
A.D. 345
Alexius
I
............ 1081-1118
A.D.
34
John
II
..............
1118-1148
A.D.
6
Manuel I ............. 1148-1180 A.D. 102
Andronicus
I
.........
.1188-1185 A.D. 39
Isaac
II
1185-1195 A.D. 16
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INTRODUCTION
o
one
working
over the
great
mass of
coinage
from
Roman and
Byzantine
Athens could
fail
to
become interested
in
its
numismatic and
historical
implications.
Any
comprehensive
appraisal,
even
had I the
competence
to
undertake
it,
has
no
place
within the confines of this
report,
but
mention
might
be
made
of a
few
noteworthy
considerations,
whose full
significance
can
best be
appreciated
in relation to the
outline
on the
opposite
page.'
For
the
most
part
the
picture
presented
by
the
Agora
coins
is
entirely
consistent
with the
history of Athens as we know it from other sources. The first Roman piece dates from the time
of
Sulla;
there is
nothing
from
the
earlier
period
of
the
Republic.
Twelve
denarii
have survived
from
the
sixty years
between
Sulla and
Augustus-five
struck
by Antony
and seven
by
various
moneyers.
Considering
he
dearth
of
silver
coinage
from
the
Agora,
this
is
a
sizable
total,
espe-
cially
when
contrasted
with
the
yield
of the
preceding
and
succeeding
centuries.
Of the
hundreds
of
thousands
of
New
Style
coins which must have
been
issued
over
the
span
of a hundred or
more
years,
the excavations revealed
exactly
one tetradrachm
and one
drachm;
only
six denarii
have come down from the
century
separating
the'reigns
of
Augustus
and
Vespasian. Against
this
background,
the
twelve
denarii
of late
Republican
date
would seem
to
indicate
a sub-
stantial amount of Roman silver circulatingin Athens between 86 and 27 B.C., and the first
appearance
of
this
money
about the time of the
sack
of
the
city
by
the
Romans
is
a factor
which
must
be taken
into
account
by anyone studying
the Athenian
New
Style
and
the
Athe-
nian
Imperial sequences.
Other
evidence,
literary
and
archaeological,
points
to
a
relatively rapid
recovery
in
Athens from
the
devastation
of
86 B.C.
During
this
period
students
from
Rome
came
to
attend
Athenian
schools,
and the bond between
the
two
cities was
greatly
strengthened
by
the
visit of
Pompey
c.
63/2
B.C.
in
the course
of which the
Roman
general
made
generous
gifts
to
individual
Athenian
philosophers
and
donated
fifty
talents
toward
the
restoration
of
the
city
(Plutarch
XLII,
6).
Some
of
this
money may
have been
expended
on
the erection
of
new civic offices in the Agora area, the addition of a porch to the Tholos and other building
enterprises
dating
from the
first
century
B.C.
1.
The
archaeological
material
in
the discussion
which
follows
is
derived
from
the
Agora
excavation
reports appearing
in
Hesperia
(Vols.
I-XX)
and to an even
greater
extent
from the observations
and
suggestions
of
Professor
Homer
A.
Thomp-
son,
Director
of
the
Agora
Excavations.
For
the
Byzantine
period
I
am
deeply
indebted
to
Professor
Kenneth
M.
Setton
for
the
generosity
with
which he
has shared
his
knowledge
of
the
literary
sources
and
made available
manuscripts
now in
process
of
publication.
To him I
owe
the reference
to
the
inflation
policy
of
Nicephorus
III
(G.
Ostrogorsky,
Vierteljahrschrift
.
Sozial- und
Wirtschaftsgeschichte,
X,
pp.
66,
69f.)
and
the tentative association
of
the iconoclastic
decrees
with the
scarcity.
of
coinage
for
the
eighth
and
ninth
centuries.
Much of the
historical
evidence
relating
to
Byzantine
Athens
is
drawn from
two
of
Professor
Setton's
published
articles
("The
Bulgars
in
the
Balkans
and
the
Occupation
of
Corinth
in the
Seventh
Century",
Speculum,
1950,
pp.
502-543
and "Athens
in the
Later
Twelfth
Century",
Speculum,
1944,
pp.
179-207).
While I am aware that there is a difference of opinion as to the date of the occupation of Corinthand the particular
Northern
tribe
which
left evidence of
its
presence
in the form
of
buckles found
in
Corinthian
graves
(see
Corinth,
XII,
The
Minor
Objects,
p.5,
note
8),
it
seems to
me that the
proportions
of
coinage
from
the
Agora
do
substantiate
Professor
Setton's
for
a
in the
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2
THE
ATHENIANAGORA:COINS
For
the first
century
of the
Empire,
the number of coins is
insignificant
although
the era was
certainly
one of material
prosperity
as is attested
by
the construction of the Odeion in the
Agora
and
the
completion
of the
Market
of
Caesar
and
Augustus. Apparently
the
ordinary
requirements
of the
city
were
adequately
met
by
the local bronze
issues,
whose
chronology
and
proportions
will
be
fundamental
data in
any
final
evaluation
of
the
currency
of
early
Roman
Athens.
During
the
second
century
after Christ the Athenian
Imperial coinage
begins
to
be
supplemented
to a noticeable extent
by
the silver and bronze of
Trajan,
Hadrian and the An-
tonines,
a circumstance
which
undoubtedly
reflects the
deep
interest
of
those
emperors
in
Athens
and their
many
contributions to
her welfare
and
embellishment. This was
a
period
of
splendid
civic
enterprises:
the endowment of
great
libraries,
the erection of the Odeion
of
Herodes
Atticus
and
the
completion
of
the
Temple
of
Olympian
Zeus.
In
the
Agora region
it
left
its
imprint
in
structural
improvements
to the
Tholos
and
the
Odeion
and
in
new
housing
complexes
and baths on the outskirts of the market
proper.
From
the time
of
Nerva
through
that of
Severus
Alexander the
coinage
shows
a
consistent
pattern
in the correlation of the coin totals with the
length
of the individual
reigns.
Under
Maximinus and
his
successors
there is
a
marked
increase
in
the Roman
money
in
circulation,
culminating
during
the sole
reign
of Gallienus in a
vast
amount of
coinage
which is not
sur-
passed
until the
time of
Constantius
II.
One
reason for
this
expansion
of
the
mid-third
century
must
have
been the
tapering
off and
cessation
of
the
Athenian
Imperial
issues;
another
factor
may
have
been the
need
for
strengthening
the
city
against
the barbarian
hreat
from the North.
The
high proportion
for the sole
reign
of
Gallienus is
certainly
to be
explained
by
the
disaster
of
267
A.D.
when
the Heruli
overwhelmed Athens
and
left an
appalling
swath
of
devastation
throughout
the
Agora
area.
In
the
burned
debris of houses
destroyed during
the
holocaust,
the
excavators have found Gallienus coins in
quantity,
unmistakable evidence of the haste with
which the
inhabitants
fled
or
were
overcome
by
the invaders.
Extensive as
was the
damage
of
267
A.D.,
it
seems
to
have
had,
judging
from
the
coinage,
less
lasting
and
crippling
effect
on the
life
of
the
city
than
one
might suppose.
The sole
reign
coins
of Gallienus have
been
arranged
chronologicallyonly
for
the
mint
of
Antioch,
but
of the
seventy-eight
pieces
from
that
city,
Alfoldi
assigns
ten to the final
year
of
Gallienus' rule
and
another
nine
specimens
to
the 266-268
A.D.
period.
For
Claudius Gothicus'
short
reign
there
is
a fair
quantity
of
money,
and
the
proportion
for
Aurelian
is not
greatly
inferior
to that
for
Gallienus.
The last quarterof the third century marks a temporaryrecessionin the monetary cycle of
Athens,
followed
in
the course of the
next
hundred
years by
the tremendous
output
of the sons
of Constantine and
the
only
slightly
less
impressive
totals of the
Valentinian-Theodosius-
Arcadius
era.
Since Athens as
a
whole
enjoyed
a substantial
measure
of
prosperity
and
academic
renown
during
the fourth
century-the
Emperor
Julian
being
only
one
of
many
notables whose
ties with the
city
were close
and affectionate-one
might logically
construe
the mass
of
Con-
stantinian and
Valentinian
coinage
as
proof
of
extensive
habitation
and
activity
in
the
Agora
region.
Such seems
not to
have been the case at all.
Under
Probus,
blocks and
capitals
from
the
celebrated
civic
buildings
were used in
the construction of the
"Valerian"
Wall,
a
new
defense line for the city. Graduallythe population withdrew behind this fortification,and for
most
of
the fourth
century
the
Agora
area was
apparently
used as a
dump
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INTRODUCTION
3
According
to the
excavation
record,
it
was
only
about
400 A.D.
that
there was
a
real
ex-
pansion
of
habitation
outside
the narrow
confines
of
the
"Valerian"
Wall,
in
some
instances
in
areas left desolate
from
the
time of the Herulian invasion.
Construction
operations
involving
the Bouleuterion
and
the Metroon
and
the
erection
of a
complex
of
"University Buildings"
on
the site
of
the
Odeion
also
date
from
the
early
fifth
century.
Here the numismatic
evidence is
seemingly
at variance with the
archaeological,
for after the death of
Arcadius
in 408 A.D. the
imperial
issues
show
a
sharp
decline.
The
discrepancy
is,
I
think,
merely
a
superficial
one.
It
is evident
that
during
most
of
the
fifth
century
and
well
into
the sixth the
medium
of
exchange
in
Athens
consisted
of the
miserable "Vandalic"
chips
which are
omnipresent
in
the exca-
vations.
In
the
light
of
the
number
found
in
the
Agora
(4796
pieces)
it
is
impossible
o maintain
any
longer
that
all
of
these
coins were struck
by
the
Vandals
or
any
other barbaric
people.
Most
of
them
must,
as is
indicated
more
fully
in
the
commentary,
be
brought
into
some
kind
of
association
with the
standard
imperial
issues,
and
are
probably
to be
regarded
as the work of
outlying
mints
cut off
from the direct
supervision
of
the
capital during
the
recurrentbarbarian
crises. In
any
case, whatever the
origin
of this
coinage,
the fact remains that it must be in-
cluded
in
the
fifth
century
totals
if
one
is
to
establish
a
reasonably
accurate
picture
of
the
amount of
money
circulating
in
Athens
during
that
period.
There
are
then
roughly
5400
coins,
imperial
and
"Vandalic,"
representing
about 120
years
from
Honorius
to
Justinian,
or
a
yearly
average
of
some
45
pieces.
While
this
represents
a
falling-off
from
the
proportions
of
the fourth
century,
the decline is
not
so
pronounced
as
to
conflict
seriously
with
the
topographical
evidence.
For the
Byzantine
era
the coins are
of
special significance
because
Athenian
history during
those centuries
is often not
clearly
defined,
but
the numismatic material should
now be evalu-
ated
with
added
caution
in
view
of the
fact
that
restriking
becomes
a
common
practice
at
various periods. One cannot be certain how much money of any given emperorwas originally
current,
since
we
have
no
way
of
knowing
what
proportion
from
different
parts
of
the
empire
was
called
in
and reissued
by
a
successor.
Furthermore,
for the
early
sixth
century
the
"Van-
dalic"
coinage
must still be taken
into
consideration.
The
long reigns
of
Anastasius and Jus-
tinian I
are
represented
by
relatively
few
of
the new
imperial
denominations.
It
is
reasonable
to assume
that
the
"Vandalic"
pieces, many
of which
belong
to
the
Anastasius-Justinian
period,
continued
to
be used
extensively
and
because
of their
comparatively
slight
value were
less
carefully
handled
than
the
large
new
pieces
from
the
imperial
mints. One also wonders if
the constant
pressure
from the
barbarian
tribes,
whose infiltrations
apparently
extended as
far
south as Attica during the reign of Justinian, may not have impoverishedAthens to such a
degree
that
there was
little need for the
more
valuable
currency, only
small
change being
required
for the
average
commercial transaction.
With
Justin
II
there is
a
decided increase
in
the number
of
large
flan bronzes
found
in
the
Agora,
but this
seemingly
reflectsa
deterioration
rather
than an
improvement
of
conditions
in
the
city.
The
archaeological
evidence reveals
widespread
destruction
in the
Agora
area toward
the end of the sixth
century,
resulting
in
another withdrawal
of the inhabitants behind the
"Valerian"
Wall;
the
literary
tradition indicates
that in
578
A.D. or
shortly
thereafter a
mighty
horde of
Slavs
forced the
pass
at
Thermopylae
and
descended
into Attica. In all
prob-
ability this Slavic invasion was the occasion for the evacuation of the Agora region, and the
Justin coins
found
there,
some
in the burned fill of
buildings,
are to
be related
to the
hasty
and
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4
THE
ATHENIAN
AGORA:COINS
as
striking
as
that
encountered
four
centuries earlier under Gallienus. Several
possible
explana-
tions
are
suggested
by
the historical record. There is
good
reason
to believe that
in
the late
640's
a
Bulgaric army
invaded
Greece,
attacking
and
capturing
Corinth. The
logical
route
of
the
barbarians would
have
been
from
Thessalonica
to
Athens
and
then
across
the
Isthmus
to
Corinth.
More
tangible
proof
that Athens and the
Agora
came into
direct contact with
the
Bulgars
is
provided by
the remainsof firedestruction
dating
fromthe seventh
century
and the
discovery
of
Bulgaric
buckles
similar
to those
uncovered n Corinthian
graves.
About
657/8
A.D.
Constans
organized
a relief
expedition
for
Thessalonica,
and an
auxiliary
force
may
well
have
been
dispatched
to
the
aid
of
Athens
and
Corinth.
Finally
the
emperor
himself
spent
some time
in Athens
in
662
A.D.
prior
to
his
departure
for
Sicily.
The
large
number of Constans
coins
from the
Agora may plausibly
be associated
not
only
with
the
original Bulgaric
invasion
but
also with
the
later
appearance
of Constans
and
his
Byzantine
soldiery
in
the
city.
After the
death
of
Constans II
there is
a
long
period
of
very
scant
coinage,
broken
only
once
by
the
phenomenon
of
sixty-one
coins from
the two
year
reign
of
Philippicus.
Some unusual
circumstanceof which we have no
knowledge
must have been
responsible
for this
dispropor-
tionate
amount of
money.
The
situation
is all
the
stranger
in
that,
prior
to
the
Agora
Excava-
tions,
the bronze
I
denomination
of
Philippicus
was
practically
unknown and
to the best of
my
belief
specimens
have
not been
found
in
other
excavations.
Among
the
Agora
coins
there
are three varieties
of
the
general
I
type
and
almost
without
exception
they
are
restruck,
usually
over
issues
of
Justinian
II.
Because
of
the Athenian
provenance
of so
many
of
these
coins
and
their
scarcity
elsewhere,
one is
tempted
to
suggest
a
local
origin. Perhaps
some
break-
down
in
communications
between
capital
and
province
or an
attempt
on
Philippicus'
part
to
decentralize
minting operations
would account
for
Athens
being
permitted
or instructed to
restrike money of Justinian in current circulation with the types of Philippicus.
The remainder
of
the
eighth
and
most
of the
ninth
century
are almost
devoid
of
coinage;
only
thirteen
specimens
have
survived
from the 125
years
between
Constantine
V and
Basil
I.
Significantly
enough
there is
little
in
the
way
of
Agora
habitation,
in
the
form of
either structural
remains or
pottery,
which can be dated
to
the
same
period,
and
one
concludes
that
Athens
had
shrunk
in
area
and
population
to little
more
than
a
village.
It
is
a
curious
coincidence
that
the
absence of
coinage
in
Athens occurs
at
just
about
the
time
that
the
iconoclastic
decrees,
so
bitterly
resented
by
the
Greek
iconodules,
were
being promulgated.
It
would
almost
seem as
though
the
province
were
deliberately
cutting
itself off from
the
capital,
but one
is still
hard-
pressed to explain how even a moderate sized community could exist for so long without
monetary
replenishments.
These
"Dark
Ages"
were
not
confined
to
Athens.
At
Corinth one finds the
same
lack of
coinage
for
the
entire
eighth
century,
but
recovery
there
begins
with the
reign
of
Theophilus
(829-842
A.D.)
whereas
in
Athens it is
only
toward
the
middle
of
the tenth
century
that
the
coins
reappear
in
quantity.
The revival
of
prosperity
at
Athens
may
have been
delayed by
incursions of the Moslem
pirates
who
harassed the
Greek
mainland
and
islands and
possibly
occupied
Athens
for a
brief interval
during
the first half of
the tenth
century.
After the
Aegean
had
been cleared of
piracy through
the efforts of
Nicephorus
II and John
Zimisces,Athens experienceda growth in size and population. The eleventh and twelfth cen-
turies have left remains of
extensive house
foundations and
pottery deposits
in
the
Agora,
and
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INTRODUCTION
5
bution of
a
purely
numismatic
nature.
With
the
2200
anonymous
ssues
found
in
the
excavations,
it has
been
possible
to
develop
a
chronological arrangement
of the whole series which rests on
a firm basis of overstrike evidence.
From
the time of
John
Zimisces to that of
Nicephorus
III
there are
1512
anonymous
pieces
and
41
signed
coins,
a
contrast
which
would seem
to
imply
that in the
Greek
provinces
and
probably
throughout
the
empire
as
a
whole,
the
anonymous
issues
provided
the basic
currency,
the named
types
representing
ittle more than token emis-
sions. Under
Nicephorus
the situation
is
reversed
in
favor of the
signed
money
which
now
appears
in
profusion.
In
the
Agora,
677 named and
359
anonymous
coins
date
from
Nicephorus'
three
year
reign
between
1078
and
1081 A.D.
This
proportion
is
unique
for the
entire
Roman
and
Byzantine
period
and
quite inexplicable
in
terms
of
our
present knowledge
of
Byzantine
Athens.
Nicephorus,
like his successor
Alexius,
was
forced
by
economic
crises
to
adopt
a
policy
of
planned
inflation
involving
a
debasement
of the
currency,
but this
in
itself would not seem
an
adequate
explanation
of
the
overwhelming
increase
in
money
for
this one short
period.
The
figures
for
Alexius and
Manuel are
even
higher
than
those
for
Nicephorus
but less
star-
tling
because of the
longer
reigns.
Their totals and those of Andronicus and Isaac II
point
to
an
era of sustained
prosperity throughout
the twelfth
century, ending
with
the
occupation
of
the
city
by
the
Franks in 1204 A.D.
For the thirteenth
and
fourteenth
centuries the issues
of
William
of
Villehardouin
and
the
de
la
Roche
family
and
later the
Venetian
money
of
Andrea
Contariniand
Antonio
Venier
supply
the
city
with
a fair
amount of
currency.
From 1400 A.D.
there
is
practically
nothing
until
the Ottoman
occupation.
Even
this
cursory attempt
to
correlate the
Agora coinage
with
the
archaeological
and
his-
torical
evidence
illustrates
the
various
factors which
determine
the
survival rate of
ancient
money.
It
is
evident
that
peak
coinages
are
at
times
a
measure
of
the size
and
prosperity
of
the
community. When there is extensive habitation of a site over a considerablenumberof years,
as
happened
in
eleventh
and
twelfth
century
Athens,
a substantial
amount
of
currency
is
required
and in
the
course of
daily living
a
sizable
proportion
finds
its
way
into
the
streets,
drains
and wells
of
the
city.
It
is
equally
clear
that
a
sharp
increase
in
coin totals
may
be the
sign
of
a
sudden
catastrophe,
such as the Herulian
invasion,
when
money
and
other
possessions
are
abandoned
in
a
desperate
effort
to
escape
destruction.
Apart
from such
external
conditions,
the
coinage
statistics
from
any
excavation
naturally
bear a
close
relationship
to
the
intrinsic
value of
the
individual coins. One of
the
startling
facts
emerging
from
the
tabulation
of
the
Agora
material
is
the
trifling representation
of
gold
and
silver.
The
37,090
catalogued
entries
include exactly one gold piece of Venice and 135 silver coins, amongthem plated specimensbut
no billon.
Over the course
of
fifteen
centuries there
certainly
must have been
a fair
quantity
of
gold
and
silver
circulating
in
Athens,
but
when such coins
were
misplaced,
the loss was a
serious one and the search not
lightly
abandoned. On
the other hand the
copious
bronze issues
of the fourth and fifth
centuries
were,
as contrasted
with
the silver or even the
antoniniani,
of
comparatively slight
value. Their
purchasing power
must have been low and
an
individual
piece,
once
dropped
or
mislaid,
would
probably
have
seemed
scarcely
worth the
trouble of
retrieval.
One of the
major
contributions
of
the
Agora coinage
is its
detailed
record of the
mints from
which Athens derived her money at differentperiods.From Augustusthrough Gallienus,Rome
is
naturally
enough
the
chief,
and
at
times the
only,
source of
supply,
although
under Valerian
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6
THE
ATHENIANAGORA:COINS
Probus'
101
specimens,
24
are
from
Siscia
with
27
from
Cyzicus;
the latter
mint
provides
over
one
half of the combined
totals for Diocletian and Maximianus.
From
the
time of Licinius
I
through
Theodosius
II,
including
all
emperors represented
by
any
appreciable
amount of
coinage,
the
major
identifiable
sources are as follows:
Rome
Aquileia
Siscia Thess.
Heraclea
Const.
Nicomedia
Cyzicus
Antioch Alexandria
Licinius I................
1 2
6 4
19
6
1 1
Licinius II
..............
1
2
3
3
2
Constantine
I
............
18 4 13 44 21
84
63
60 38
6
Urbs
Roma ..............
1 2
15
4
21 6 18
2
Constantinople
..........
10
10 14 14
10
2 1
Crispus
.................
1 1 5 4 3 2 2
Constantine
I
.............
2
1
9 22 19 25
18
27
8
3
Constantius
I
..........
16
10
18 169
73 247 131
220 87
19
Constans ..............
4
2
6 60 15
64
48 74
8
5
ConstantiusGallus
.......
1
4
6 8
19 12
16
1
Julian II ................ 3 1 3 41 4 39 15 23 11 4
House
Constantine
.......
8 2
8 40
16
92
49
57
17
4
Valentinian
I
............
4 3
8
53 2
381
7
18
12
4
Valens ..................
7
16 146
5 69 19
45 13
2
Gratian
................
10
8 8
47
7
12
11
14
2 1
Valentinian
II
...........
19 5
8 161 10
73
28
37
15
7
Theodosius
I ............
21
15
11 301 21 126
46
156
18 12
Arcadius ................
10 2 3
173
21 169 46 119
35 17
Honorius...............
11
1
5 11
41
19 44
11
8
Theodosius
I
............
15
1
69
17
29
7
ValentinianI-III ........
2
2 46 2 49
12
25
18
The
aggregate
for
all
mints for
the same
reigns:
Thessalonica
...
1864 Alexandria
...
95
Constantinople
. 1244
Aquileia.......
57
Cyzicus
....... 1003
Sirmium
......
20
Nicomedia
.....
585 Arles
..........
17
Antioch
.......
307
Treves
........
7
Heraclea
......
259
Lyons
......... 6
Rome ......... 139 Ticinum ....... 5
Siscia ......... 125 London
.......
1
The
proportions
from
Thessalonica,
Constantinople
and
Cyzicus give
the
mint
nearest Athens
only
a small
margin
over the other two.
Actually
for the Constantinian
period
as a whole the
major
source
of
supply
is
Constantinople,
with
Cyzicus
next
and
Thessalonica third. It is
only
from the
time
of
Julian II
through
the
reign
of
Arcadius
that Thessalonica
gains
and
holds
preeminence.
The
only
surprising
aspect
of
the
general
outline is the relative order of
Nico-
media,
Antioch
and
Heraclea.
One
would
expect
to
find Heraclea
outranking
the two more
distant mints. Its small representationmay indicate minor importance as a workshop or a
channeling
of its
output
to the north
rather
than
the south.
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ABBREVIATIONS
IN
THE
CATALOGUE
Berytus
Berytus. Archaeological
Studies
(American
University
of
Beirut,
1934-)
B1.-Dieud.
A. Blanchet et
A.
Dieudonn6,
Manuel
de
numismatique ranoaise
(1912-1936)
BMC
H.
Mattingly,
Coins
of
the
Roman
Empire
in the
British Museum
(1923-)
W.
Wroth,
Catalogueof
the
Coins
of
the
Vandals,
Ostrogoths
nd
Lombardsand
of
the
Empires of
Thessalonica,
Nicaea
and Trebizond n the
British Museum
(1911)
W. Wroth, Catalogueof theImperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum
(1908)
C.
H.
Cohen,
Description
historique
des
monnaies
frappges
sous
l'Empire
romain,
2nd
Edition
(1880-1892)
CNI
Corpus
Nummorum Italicorum
(1910-)
Edwards
K.
M.
Edwards, Corinth,
Volume
VI,
Coins
1896
-1929
(American
School
of
Classical Studies
at
Athens,
1933)
Gerin
O.
Voetter,
Die Minzen
der
rimischen
Kaiser,
Kaiserinnen
und
Caesaren
von
Diocletianus bis Romulus.
Katalog
der hinterlassenenSammlung und Aufzeichnungendes Herrn Paul Gerin (1921)
Hesperia
Hesperia.
Journal
of
the American
School
of
Classical
Studies at
Athens
(1932-)
M. J.
Maurice,
Numismatique
constantinienne
1908-1912)
NC Numismatic
Chronicle
(1838-)
NNM
Numismatic Notes
and
Monographs
(American
Numismatic
Society,
1920-)
NZ
Numismatische
Zeitschrift (1869-)
Pap.
N.
Papadopoli,
Le
Monete di
Venezia
(1893-1919)
Pearce J.
W.
E.
Pearce,
The
Roman
Coinage
from
A. D.
364
to
423
(1933)
Poeyd'AvantF.
Poey
d'Avant,
Monnaies
feodales
de France
(1858-1862)
RIC H.
Mattingly,
E. A.
Sydenham,
C.
H.
V.
Sutherland and R.
A. G.
Carson,
The
Roman
Imperial Coinage
(1923-)
Sab.
J.
Sabatier,
Description
g6nerale
des
monnaies
byzantines
(1862)
Schlumb. G.
Schlumberger, Numismatique
de
l'Orient
latin
(1878)
Spinelli D. Spinelli, Monetecufiche (1844)
Syd.
Edward
A.
Sydenham,
The
Coinage
of
the Roman
Republic
(1952)
Tolstoi J.
Tolstoi,
Monnaies
byzantines (1912-1914)
Italic
type
has
been used for
the
catalogue
numbers of silver and
billon
coins. An
asterisk
after
a
number
indicates
discussion
of
the issue
in
the
commentary.
-
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17/139
CATALOGUE
ROMAN
REPUBLICAN COINAGE
(15)
Q.
TITIUS
88 B.C.
1*
As Rome
or
Italy
Head
of
Janus/Prow
r.
Syd., p.
107,
694a
1
C.
NORBANUS
c. 80
B.C.
2
Den.
Rome
Head
of Venus
r.
with number
XXXVI/
Syd.,
p.
118,
739
1
Fasces between corn-ear
and
caduceus
TI.
CLAUDIUS 78-77 B.C.
3 Den.
Italy
Bust
of Diana
r./Victory
in
biga
r.
Syd.,
p.
126,
770a
with
number
CXXIII
CN. CORNELIUS LENTULUS MARCELLINUS
c. 76-74
B:C.
4
Den.
Spain
Bust
of Genius
of
Roman
People
r./Globe
Syd.,
p.
122,
752a
1
(Pl.)
M.
AEMILIUS SCAURUS 58 B.C.
5
Den. Rome
King
Aretas
kneeling
r.
beside
camel/
Syd.,
p.
152,
914
1
Jupiter
in
quadriga
1.
CN. PLANCI
US
c.
54 B.C.
6
Den.
Rome
Head of
Diana
r./Cretan
goat
r.
Syd.,
p.
156, 933
D.
JUNIUS BRUTUS ALBINUS 49-48 B.C.
7
Den.
Rome
Head of
Pietas r./Clasped
hands
Syd., p. 158,
942
P.
SEPULLIUS
MACER c. 44
B.C.
8
Den.
Rome Veiled head of Caesar
r./Venus
1.
Syd., p. 178,
1074
1
M.
AN
TONIUS
c.
37-31
B.C.
9* Den.
Ephesus Galley/Three
standards
LEG
V
Syd., p.
196,
1221
1
(PI.)
10 Den.
Ephesus Same/Same
with
LEGXI
Syd., p.
196,
1229
2
(1
P1.)
11 Den. Ephesus Same/Same with LEGXIIANTIQVAE Syd., p. 196, 1231 1
12 Den.
Ephesus
Same/Same
with
LEG
XV
Syd., p.
196,
1235
1
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10
THE ATHENIAN AGORA: COINS
ROMAN IMPERIAL
COINAGE
(18,674;
9
imit.)
AUGUSTUS
27
B.C.-14
A.D.
(5)
Rome
14
Den.
17
B.C.
M
SANQVINIVS
IIIVIR Head of Julius
BMC, I,
p.
13,
71-73
1
Caesar r.
15 As
11-12 A.D. PONTIFMAXIM
RIBVN
OT
XXXIIllII
BMC,
I,
p.
50,
275f.
2
around SC
Lyons
16 Den.
2 B.C.-11 A.D. C L CAESARESVGVSTI
COS DESIG
BMC,
I,
p.
89,
519-525
1
PRINC WENT
Gaius
and LuciusCaesar
facing
The East
17* As
After
27
B.C. AVGVSTVS
in
wreath
BMC, I,
p.
117,
731-733
1
TIBERIUS 14-37 A.D. (2)
Lyons
18 Den.
c. 26-37
A.D.
PONTIF MAXIM
Livia seated r.
BMC, I,
pp.
126f.,
48-60
2
CLAUDIUS
41-54 A.D.
(1)
Rome
19
Quad.
42 A.D. PON M
TR
P
IMP
PP
COS
II
aroundSC
BMC, I,
p.
190,
181
1
NERO 54-68
A.D.
(2)
Rome
20
Quad.
64-66
A.D.
PM TR
P
IMP
PP SC
Laurel
branch
BMC,
I,
p.
257,
288f.
1
Uncertain
20a
AE
Uncertain
ype
1
GALBA
68-69
A.D.
(1)
Rome
21
Den.
68-69 A.D.
IMP
Emperor
riding
r.
BMC,
I,
p.
312,
23
1
OTHO
69 A.D.
(1)
Rome
22 Den. 69 A.D. SECVRITASP R Securitas 1. BMC, I, p. 367, 19 1
VESPASIAN 69-79
A.D.
(11)
Rome
23
Den. 72-73 A.D. AVGVR TRIPOT Sacrificial
implements
BMC, II,
p.
11,
64
1
24
Den. 73 A.D.
PONTIF MAXIM
Emperor
seated
r.
BMC,
II,
p.
19,
98
1
25 Den.
75-79 A.D.
IOVIS
CVSTOS
Jupiter
facing
BMC, II,
p.
49,
276-278
1
26
Den. 80-81 A.D.
EX SC
Victory
1.
BMC,
II,
p.
243,
112-116
1
27
As
71
A.D. VICTORIA
VGVSTI C
Victory
advancing
.
BMC,
II,
p.
133,t
1
28
As 74 A.D.
AEQVITAS
AVGVST
SC
Aequitas
1.
BMC, II,
p.
161,
702
1
Tarraco
29* As 71 A.D.
CONCORDIA AVG SC Concordia
seated
1.
BMC,
II,
p.
191,t
1
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CATALOGUE
11
TITUS
79-81 A.D.
(2)
Rome
30
Den.
77-78 A.D. COS
VI
Mars
1.
BMC,
II,
p.
40,
221
1
Uncertain
30a
AE
Uncertain
type
1
DOMITIAN
81-96 A.D.
(18)
Rome
31
Den. 73
A.D. No
legend.
Prince
riding
1.
BMC, II,
p.
24,
129-131
1
32
Den. 80 A.D. PRINCEPS
WENTVTIS
Altar
BMC, II,
p.
239,
92-96
1
33
Den.
81 A.D. TR P COS
VII
DES
VIII
PP
Curule
chair
BMC, II,
p.
302,
18f.
1
34
Den.
,,
Same.
Dolphin
around anchor
BMC, II,
p.
302,
20
1
35
Den. 81-84
A.D.
SALVS
AVGVST
Salus seated
1.
BMC,
II,
p.
309,
54
1
36*
Den.
88-89 A.D.
COS
XIIll
Minerva
fighting
r.
cf. BMC,
II,
p. 328,
141
1
(PLATE 1)
37
Den.
90 A.D. IMP
XXI COS
XV CENS PPP Same but
on
BMC, II,
p.
333,
166
1
prow
38
Den. 90-91 A.D.
Same
BMC, II,
p.
335,
179f.
1
39
Den. 92
A.D.
IMP
XXI
COS
XVI CENS
PPP
Minerva 1.
BMC, II,
p.
337,
192f.
1
40
As
80-81 A.D. SECVRITASAVGVSTI
SC Securitas seated
1.
BMC,
II,
p.
275,
*
1
41
Quad.
81-96
A.D.
SC
Basket of corn-ears
BMC, II,
p.
410,
493
1
Uncertain
41a
AE Uncertain
type
7
NERVA
96-98 A.D.
(3)
Rome
42 Den. 97 A.D. FORTVNAAVGVST Fortuna 1.
BMC,
III,
p.
6,
37-39
1
43
Ses.
96
A.D.
ROMA RENASCENS
SC
Roma seated
1.
BMC, III,
p.
15,*
1
44
Ses.
97 A.D.
FORTVNA AVGVSTSC
Fortuna
1.
BMC, III,
pp.
19f.,
107-109
1
TRAJAN 98-117
A.D.
(46)
Rome
45
Den. 101-102
A.D.
PM
TR
P
COS
III
PP
Victory
advancing
1.
BMC,
III,
p.
46,
122f. 1
46
Den.
104-107
A.D.
SPQR
OPTIMO PRINCIPI
Three
standards
BMC,
III,
p.
67,*
1
47 Den. 107-111
A.D.
COS
V
PP
SPQR
OPTIMO PRINC
Aequitas
1.
BMC, III,
pp.
71f.,
281-287
2
48 Den. ,, Same. Aequitas seated 1. BMC, III, p. 72, 288-293
1
49
Den.
,,
Same.
Spes
1.
BMC, III,
p.
75,
319-321
1
50
Den.
,,
Same with
VESTA
n
exergue.
Vesta
BMC, III,
p.
86,
405-409
1
seated
1.
51* Den. 112-117 A.D.
PM
TR P COS VI PP
SPQR
Trajan's
column
cf.
BMC, III,
p.
112,
565
1
(P1.)
52 Den.
116
A.D.
Same. Genius
1.
BMC, III,
p.
117,
595-598
1
53 Den.
117-118 A.D. No
legend.
Phoenix
r.
BMC,
III,
p.
245,
49
1
54 Ses. 98-99
A.D.
COS II
PP CONG PR SC
Emperor
seated
1.
BMC, III,
p.
147,
712
1
on
platform
55 As ,, TR POT COS IIPP SC Victory advancing 1. BMC, III, p. 150, 727f. 1
56
Quad.
c. 98-102 A.D.
SC
Boar r.
BMC,
III,
p.
226,
1062-1067
1
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12
THE
ATHENIANAGORA:
COINS
59
Ses. 104-111
A.D.
Same.
Roma
1.
BMC,
III,
p.
164,
772f.
1
60
Ses.
,,
Same.
Aequitas
1.
BMC,
III,
p.
165,*
1
61*
Ses.
,,
Same.
Annona 1.
BMC,
III,
pp.
165f.,
782-784
2
62
Ses.
115-116
A.D.
IMPERATOR
VIII
SC
Emperor
seated
r.
BMC, III,
p.
217,
1017
1
on
platform
63 Ses.
,,
SENATVS
POPVLVSQVE
ROMANVS FORT
BMC, III,
p.
219,
1026
1
RED SC Fortuna seated 1.
64
As
,,
Same without
FORT RED.
Victory
BMC, III,
p.
220,
1030-1032
1
advancing
r.
65
Dup.
116-117
A.D.
Same.
Emperor
with
trophies
BMC, III,
p.
226,
1062-1067
1
The East
66*
As 115-116
A.D.
DAC PARTHICO
M
TR
POTXX COS
VI PP
BMC, III,
p.
232,
1092
1
around
SC
in
wreath
Uncertain
66a
1
AR;
21AE Uncertain
type
22
HADRIAN
117-138
A.D.
(67)
Rome
67
Den.
119-125 A.D.
PM TR
P COS III Genius
1.
BMC,
III,
p.
263,
184f.
1
68
Den.
,,
Same
with
PRO AVG
in
field. Providentia
1.
BMC,
III,
p.
277,
303
1
69*
Den.
125-128
A.D.
COS
III
Roma
seated
1.
cf.
BMC, III,
p.
287,
372
1
70
Den. 134-138
A.D.
FIDESPVBLICA
Fides
r.
BMC,
III,
pp.
320f.,
629-631
1
71
Den.
,,
MONETA
AVG
Moneta
1.
BMC, III,
p.
326,
680f.
1
72
Den.
,,
SALVS
AVG Salus
1.
BMC,
III,
p.
331,
726f.
1
73
Ses.
118
A.D.
PONT
MAX
TR POT COS
II
SC LIBERALITAS
MC,
III,
p.
404,
1136
1
AVG
Emperor
seated
1.
on
platform
74
Dup.
,,
PONT
MAX
TR POT
COS
II
ADVENTVS
BMC,
III,
pp.
404f.,
1138-1140
1
AVG SC
Emperor
and Roma
75
Ses.
119 A.D.
PONT MAX TR POT
COS III
SC
BMC,
III,
p.
408,
1153
1
Felicitas
1.
76
Ses.
,,
PONT
MAX TR
POT
COS IIILIBERALITAS
BMC,
III,
p.
408,
1159
1
AVG SC
Emperor
seated 1. on
platform
77
Ses.
119-121 A.D.
PIETAS
AVGVSTISC
Pietas r.
BMC,
III,
p.
416,
1198f.
1
78
Dup.
,,
Same
BMC,
III,
pp.
420f.,
1233f.
1
79
Dup.
,,
MONETA
AVGVSTI
SC
Moneta
1.
BMC,
III,
p.
420,
1230
1
80
Dup.
,,
SALVS
PVBLICASC
Salus
1.
BMC,
III,
p.
421,
1237f.
1
81 Sea. 122-125 A.D. PM TR P COS IIISC Ceres1. BMC, III, p. 423, 1248
1
82*
Ses.
,,
Same.
Spes
advancing
1.
cf. BMC,
III,
p.
424,
1256
1
83*
Ses.
,,
Same with VIRTAVG in field.
Virtus
1. cf.
BMC,
III,
p.
425,
1263
1
84
Ses.
125-128 A.D.
COS IIISC
Roma seated 1.
BMC,
III,
pp.
431f.,
1294
(1).
1300
(1)
2
85
Dup.
,,
Same.
Pegasus advancing
r.
BMC,
III,
p.
436,
1332f.
1
86 As ,,
Same.
Roma seated
1.
BMC,
III,
p. 438,*
2
87
Ses.
128-132 A.D. Same.
Similar
BMC,
III,
p.
445,
1363
1
88
Ses.
132-134
A.D.
FELICITATI VG
SC COS III
PP
Galley
r.
BMC,
III,
p.
450,
1386
1
89
Ses.
,,
COS III
PP
SC FORT RED Fortuna seated 1.
BMC,
III,
p.
455,
1416
1
90*
Dup.
,,
CLEMENTIAAVG
COS
IIIPP
SC
BMC,
III,
p.
458,
1438
1
or As Clementia1.
91
Dup.
,,
COS
III
PP SC
Emperor
on
horseback
r.
BMC,
III,
p.
460,
1452
1
or As
-
8/9/2019 Coins from the Roman through the Venetian period / by Margaret Thompson
21/139
CATALOGUE
13
93* Ses.
134-136
A.D.
AEGYPTOS
SC
Aegyptos
reclining
1.
of.
BMC,
III,
p.
504,
1693
1
94 Ses.
,,
BRITANNIASC Britannia seated
facing
BMC,
III,
p.
508, 1723
1
95*
Dup.
,,
HISPANIA
SC
Hispania reclining
1.
cf.
BMC,
III,
p.
511,
1752
1
or As
96
Dup.
,,
RESTITVTORIMACEDONIAE
SC
Emperor
BMC,
III,
p.
524,
1826A
1
or As raising Macedonia
97 Ses. 134-138 A.D. PAX AVG SC Pax 1. BMC, III, p. 472, 1528 1
98*
Ses.
,,
ROMA SC
Roma 1.
cf.
BMC,
III,
p.
474,
1540
1
99*
Ses.
,,
SC Nemesis
advancing
r.
cf.
BMC, III,
p.
475,
1549
1
100* Ses.
,,
Same.
Emperor
r.
cf.
BMC, III,
p.
475,
1552
1
101
Dup.
,,
FORTVNAAVG SC
Fortuna
1.
BMC,
III,
p.
482,
1595
(1).
or As 1598
(1)
2
102
Dup.
,,
LIBERALITAS VG VI SC
Liberalitas
1.
BMC, III,
p.
483,t
1
or
As
103
Dup.
,,
ROMA
SC
Roma
1.
BMC, III,
p.
484,
1610
1
or As
Uncertain
103a
1
AR;
26 AE
Uncertain
type
27
SABINA
(2)
Rome
104
Ses.
128-134
A.D.
PIETAS
AVG SC Pietas
with
children
BMC, III,
p.
537,
1875f.
1
105
Dup.
,,
Same
BMC, III,
p.
540,
1898f.
1
or
As
ANTONINUS PIUS
138-161
A.D.
(46)
Rome
106
Den. 138 A.D.
AVG
PIVS
PM TR
P
COS DES
II
Minerva
1.
BMC,
IV,
p.
4,
10f.
1
107 Den. 157-158
A.D.
TR POT
XXI COS
IIII
Aequitas
1.
BMC,
IV,
p.
132,
899f.
1
108* Den. 159-160 A.D.
TEMPLDIVI
AVG
REST
COS
IIII
Octastyle
cf.
BMC, IV,
p. 147,*
1
temple
109 As 139 A.D.
TR POT COS
II
SC
Aequitas
1.
BMC,
IV,
p.
184,*
1
110
As
140 A.D.
AVRELIVSAESAVG
PII
F COS SC
BMC,
IV,
p.
196,
1223
1
Bust
of M. Aurelius
1.
111*
Ses.
140-144 A.D.
PAX
AVG
SC
Pax 1.
of.
BMC, IV,
p.
203,
1265 1
112
Ses.
,,
TIBERIS C
Tiberis
reclining
1.
BMC, IV,
p.
210,
1313-1315
1
113 Ses.
,,
TR POT
COS IIISC Wolf and
twins
BMC,
IV,
p.
211,
1318-1320
1
114*
Dup.
,,
GENIO
SENATVSSC Genius 1.
BMC, IV,
p.
214,
1336-1339
2
115
Ses.
145-161 A.D.
FELICITAS VG SC
Felicitas
1.
BMC,
IV,
p.
271,
1677-1680
2
116 Ses.
,,
SC
Mars
advancing
r.
BMC, IV,
p.
275,
1705f.
2
117
Dup.
147-148 A.D.
HONORI AVG COS
III
SC Honos
1.
BMC, IV,
p.
280,
1738
1
118
Ses.
155-156 A.D.
TR
POT
XIX COS
IIII
SC Fides 1.
BMC,
IV,
p.
335,
1995-1997
1
119
Ses.
156-157
A.D.
TR POT XX
COS
IIII
SC Providentia
1.
BMC,
IV,
p.
840,
2015
1
120
Dup.
,,
Same.
Jupiter
1.
BMC, IV,
pp.
340f.,
2019-2021
1
121
Sea.
157-159 A.D. VOTA
SOL
DEC II SC COS
IIII
Emperor
BMC, IV,
p.
278,
1723f.
1
sacrificing
1.
122*
Dup.
,,
VOTA
SVSCEPTADEC
III
SC COS
IIII
of.
BMC, IV,
p.
282,
1746
1
Similar
123
Dup.
158-159
A.D. PIETATIAVG
COS
IIII
SC Pietas
with
BMC,
IV,
p.
854,
2072
1
children
-
8/9/2019 Coins from the Roman through the Venetian period / by Margaret Thompson
22/139
14 THE
ATHENIAN
AGORA:
COINS
125
Ses.
161 A.D.
CONSECRATIO
SC Funeral
pyre
BMC,
IV,
pp.
525f.,
872-875 1
125a
AE
Uncertain
type
23
FAUSTINA 1
(14)
Rome
126
Den.
After
147 A.D.
AVGVSTA
Ceres
1.
BMC,
IV,
p.
58,
399-402 1
127 Den.
,,
Same. Vesta seated 1.
BMC, IV,
pp.
62f.,
443-446
1
128*
Ses.
141-147 A.D.
PIETASAVG SC
Pietas
1.
cf.
BMC, IV,
p.
233,
1442 1
129
Ses.
After
147 A.D.
AETERNITAS
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