cold &cloudy 1
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Cold and cloudy
Generally the northern parts of India
experience this type of climate.
Mostly cold & cloudy regions are
situated at higher altitudes Shimla,
Shilong, Shrinagar, Mahabaleshwar..etc
landscape & vegetation :-High land regions with abundant
vegetation in summer.
Solar radiation :-
Low in winters with high percentage ofdefuse radiation.
Introduction
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Ambient temperature :-
Season Day Night
summer 20-30`C 17-27`C
Winter 14-8`C -3, -4`C
Relative humidity :-
7080 %
Precipitation :-
Annual total is about 1000mm,
throughout the year.
Winds :-
Cold winds in winter season.
Sky conditions :-
Overcast most of the year
except during brief summer.
Winters are cold and summers
are pleasant.
Prime concern:-
- Trapping & using suns heat.- internal heat should not be lost.
- minimized exposure to cold winds.
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Design objectives :-I. Resist heat loss by :
- decreasing the exposed surface area.
- increasing the thermal resistance.
- increasing the thermal capacity.
- increasing the buffer spaces.
- decreasing the air exchange rate.
II. Promote heat gain by :- avoiding excessive shading.
- utilizing the heat from appliances.
- trapping the heat from sun.
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Guidelines :-
Orientation :
South hill or mountain for better accessTo solar radiation as heat gain is
desirable.
Location :-
leeward side , act as a wind barrier.
Spaces and form :-
Clustered together to minimize access
of cold winds
Open such must be such that they allow
maximum south sun
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Paving :-Treated with hard and reflective
surface, so that they reflect solar
radiation onto the building.
Street width and orientation :-
Eastwest to allow heat gain from
south side.
Street width enough to ensure that the building
on both the side do not shadow each other.
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Plan form Orientation :-
Plan formcompact to reduce the
exposure to cold.Southern sideliving areas
Northern sideutility areas,this
side should be well insulated.Air lock lobbies, entrance & exit points,
reduce heat loss.
Windows should encourage direct sun light ,preferably from south.
The heat generated by appliances in room, such as kitchens
may be recycled to heat the other parts of the building.
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Building envelope: -
Roof : False ceiling ,Insulation such as,Polyurethane foam (puf),thermocol,wood wool, etc.
- A sufficient slope to the roof enables quick
drainage of rain water and snow.
Sky lights :To admit heat as well as light in winters- In summers shutters can be provided to avoid
heating in summer.
-A solar air collector can be incorporated onto the facing slope of the roof &
hot air from it can be used for space heating purpose
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Walls : Thicker walls
Low u- value to resist heat loss.South wallhigh thermal capacity
- The insulation should have sufficient vapour barrier such as coats of bitumen,
polyethylene sheet 300600gauge or aluminium foil.
- hollow & lightweight concrete blocks are also quite suitable.
- on the windward north side, a cavity wall type of construction may be adopted.
Fenestration :-Maximum windows in south side & should be sealed
and preferably double glazed.
-Double glazing avoid heat loss during winter nights.
Color :-The external surface of the walls should be dark in color to gain heat.
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Book study
Name of theproject - MLA H ostel,Shimla
Climate
Cold & cloudyPromotersTechnical Project Management Cell,State Council for Science, Technology
& Environment, Shimla.
year of completion1999
Client/owner
Govt of Himachal Pradesh
Costthe ini tial cost of Rs 10 723 /m2 increased toRs 11 178/ m2due to incorporate of passive solar measures,
thus there was a 4.2% increase in overall costs over the ini tial estimates.
Design teamSolar architectsSanjay Prakash & Siddhartha Wig
Local architectsB P Malhotra, Chief Architect, H imachal Pradesh
Public Works Department; Sur inder Kumar Senior Architect,H imachal Pradesh Public Works Department
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LocationIn close proximity to the Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha building in
Shimla.No of blocks - 4
OrientationSouth +- 15 degrees
No major changes in block 1 & 2
More energy conscious approachtowards block 3 & 4
Categorization of concepts
Concepts for bringing up the specification from a low level to the normal level.
Concepts for improving the thermal performance of the buildings
Concepts to enhance the life style of the inhabitants.
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Energy saving featuresAttempt to lower the amount of conventional energy
Fundamental Concepts-Orientation & compact planning.
-Solar gain & heat storage.
-Insulation, mass & color
- Heat distribution & air movement.-Use of energyefficient & renewable energy devices.
Passive solar details
Design cater to the difficult winter months.
A passive heating strategy has been devised.
To increase the overall efficiency of the building.
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Suggested design features to improve the thermal efficiencyRevised layout - South + - 15 degrees ..for solar gain.
- buildings are spaced apart to eliminate shadows.
- south facing bed rooms.
Separate air lock after staircase landing.
- prevents heat loss & decreased the rate of infiltration.
- Not done due to lack of space at the entrance.Thickening of external wall.
- 4.5 to 9 brick wall or 12 stone wall
- for weather proofing .Over lapping curtains
-well sealed heavy curtains
-To act as thermal mass & to prevent heat loss.
Carpeted floors
-provide insulation & improve the general level of comfort.- preferably dark color.
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Small overhangsTo increase the amount of sun shine.
-Primary purpose was rain protection .
Wall insulationEither insulation or cavity wall & helps in roof insulation
- rook wool blanket / thermocol sheet used in walls behindpaneling.
Roof insulation-To preserve temperature inside building & prevented heat
loss from top floor.
Rook wool insulation above false ceiling.
Sunspace- A balcony can be made into a sunspace ,increased heating in winter.
Reduction of north glazing- Heat gain through north-facing windows is negligib
Increase in heat loss to the ambient.
Double glazing- To overcame the problem of condensation in badly executeddouble glazing..2 separate sets of shutters are provided,
vacuum- sealed windows are expensive alternatives.
plastic/ timber frames- Lower conductivity.
To reduce conductive heat loss to the outside.
Cold and cloudy
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Glazed atrium over staircase.- Staircase is on the north side.help to improve the
general level of lighting in the staircase well.
Remote heating of north bed room.- To tap heat on the South wall & transport it
the north bedroom trombe walls can be used
Better weather proofing- Reduce infiltration. Rubber stripping..helps sealing .
Food warmer in kitchen - Use solar heat to keep food warmprovided outside
the window of kitchen towards southern side.
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Renewable energy system
Solar water heatersmounted on the roof & use to trap the sun to heat water.- in the process of installation.
low wattage electrical radiating panels- to use the available heat during peak winter.
- form an integral part of the heating strategy in
the apartments that do not receive any sunlight.
Performance result- Inside temperature range between 10`C to 26` C
- Ambient temperature between 4.5`C to 7`C
- Food warmer temperature goes up to 32`C during this period
Users feed back- Food warmer is useful device,save conventional energy.- small office/visitors lobby is very much appreciated.- Outside view is restricted.- no space for drying clothes nor any common spaces
provided.
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Conclusion
Comfort requirements & physical manifestation
Activities Physical Manifestation
Heat loss
increase of exposed surface area Orientation & shapeUse of trees as a wind barriers.
roof insulation,wall insulation &Increase of thermal resistance
Increase of thermal capacity
Increase of buffer spaces
double glazing
Thicker walls.
Airlocks/lobbies
Increase air exchange rate Weather stripping.
Increase surface absorptivity Darker color
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Activities Physical Manifestation
Remote heat gainDevice shading and heat from walls and glass surfaces
appliances
Roofing heat Sunspaces/green houses/ trombe
walls etc
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MLA Hostel Shimla {Cold and cloudy}
Submitted by :-
Isha Dhote
Diksha Tank
Vaijayanti Hanmante
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