colonial society 1660-1750
Post on 14-Apr-2018
221 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
1/29
Colonial Society
Comes of Age
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
2/29
Events in England The monarchy loses power to Puritan
Oliver Cromwell in the 1650s
1660, Charles II restored to the throne,rewards supporters with colonies
Restoration Colonies
Carolina, New York, The Jerseys,Pennsylvania
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
3/29
The CarolinasSouth Carolina
1670English colonists/planters fromBarbados found Charleston
Economyhunting, food for West Indies By 1750, rice plantations use African slaves
North Carolina
Farmers from Virginia & New England formself-sufficient tobacco farms
Few harbors, poor transportation=smaller farms
Less reliant on slavery
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
4/29
New York Charles wants to organize territory between New
England & Chesapeake
1664 he grants his brother, the Duke of York &
commander of the navy the land Duke of York (future King James II) treats Dutch
settlers well, grants them religious freedom
Imposes taxes without an assembly, Enlgish fromPuritan New England protest
Governor of New York given power to form an
assembly
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
5/29
The Jerseys James (Duke of York) decides that New York is
too big to administer
1664, two proprietors given land from Hudson
River to Delaware Bay One settles East Jersey, the other West Jersey
Property constantly changed hands, inaccurate
records lead to confusion 1702they are consolidated into New Jersey
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
6/29
Pennsylvania William Penns family owed a large debt from the
British Crown. Given a land grant in 1681. BecomesPennsylvania (Penns woods)
Becomes a haven for Quakers, who do not believe in
any religious authority and are persecuted inEngland
Penn governs in the colony, unusual for a proprietor
Advertised in Europe, promising land & freedoms The Holy ExperimentFrame of Government
(guaranteed elected assembly), Charter of Liberties(freedom of worship, open immigration), fair
treatment of Native Americans
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
7/29
Delaware & GeorgiaAfter the Restoration colonies came
Delaware
Lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania granted own assemblyby Penn in 1702
Separate colony with same governor until Revolution
Georgia: the last colony (1732)
A buffer for S.C. plantations from Spanish Florida
Second-chance for debtors from Britain
James Oglethorpegovernor, wants strict regulations,including no drinking, or slavery
Colony doesnt develop, taken over by crown in 1752
Adopts plantation system, still poorest colony at time ofRevolution
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
8/29
The Colonies, c.1750
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
9/29
Mercantilism Colonies exist to benefit the parent country
through raw materials, markets
Acts of Trade and Navigation (1650-1673)
Trade only on English or colonial ships
All goods must first travel to English ports
Specified goods from colonies could only be
exported to England (eventually includes most
goods)
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
10/29
Effects of MercantilismPOSITIVES N.E. shipbuilding
prospers
Tobacco monopoly inEngland
Protection of British
military forces
NEGATIVES Manufacturinglimited
Chesapeake farmers
get low prices forcrops
High prices on
manufactured goodsfrom England
British government often lax in enforcement,
corruption was rampant.
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
11/29
The Institution of Slavery Increased demand for slaves
1. Less migration from Englandwages increasing there
2. Dependable work forcelarge landowners disturbed
by political demands of small farmers & indentured
servants. Wanted CONTROL over their workers
3. Cheap labortobacco prices fall, need large numbers
of unskilled workers for rice & indigo
Effect on population:
By 1750: 50% of Virginia, 66% of South Carolina
populations are slaves
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
12/29
The Institution of Slavery Slave Laws permanently institutionalize slavery in
American Society
1641, MassachusettsRecognizes the slavery oflawful captives
1661, VirginiaChildren automatically inherittheir mothers slave status for life
1664, MarylandBaptism does not affect slave
status & white women cannot marry black men The overall affectblacks become social
inferiors, racism & slavery become an integral partof colonial society
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
13/29
The Triangular Trade New England merchants gain access to slave
trade in the early 1700s
1. Rum brought to Africa, exchanges for slaves
2. Ships cross the Middle Passage, slaves trades inthe West Indies.
Disease, torture, malnourishment, death for slaves
3. Sugar brought to New England Other items trades across the Atlantic, with
substantial profits from slavery making
merchants rich
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
14/29
Triangular Trade Routes
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
15/29
. . .back in jolly olde England James II angers English with Catholic
leanings, and colonists with increased
royal control over the colonies
The Glorious Revolution ousts James II
as king, replaced with William and Mary
creation of a limited monarchy William and Mary dismantle the
Dominion of New England, but kept
Massachusetts a royal colony
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
16/29
Population Growth
0500,000
1,000,0001,500,000
2,000,0002,500,000
1701 1775
Total Pop
Scotch-Irish
French, Dutch,SwedesAfrican-AmericansAfrican-Americans in theSouth
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
17/29
Characteristics of Colonial Society Dominance of English culture
Self-government
All had legislatures, only CT, RI had elected governors
Religious toleration
MA least open; RI, PA most accepting No hereditary aristocracy
classes based on economic status
Social mobility
only African-Americans couldnt work their way up
Family at center of life
mostly traditional roles, some protections for women
over 90% of colonists live on farms
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
18/29
Colonial EconomiesFarming Industry
NNeeww
EEnnggllaanndd
Rocky soil, long
winter: Family
subsistence
Logging,
shipbuilding,
fishing, trading,
rum-distilling
MMiiddddllee
Rich soil: Farms up to
200 acres, wheat, corn,
exported
Small
manufacturing,
iron-making.
Trading: Phila., NY
SSoouutthh
Varied agriculture:subsistence farms &
2,000 acre plantations
tobacco, rice, indigo,
slavery
Carolinas exportedtimber, naval
stores. Goods direct
from plantations to
Europe
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
19/29
Colonial Economies English restricted the use of money in order tocontrol the colonial economy
Colonies growing fast, but can only use limitedsupplies of hard currency
Gold and Silver
Colonies imports exceeded exports, tried toprint paper money
Led to inflation Parliament vetoed colonial laws that might hurt
English merchants
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
20/29
Colonial Transportation Water transportation easier than using the narrow
roads and trails
Major cities develop near good ports
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston
Despite conditions, overland travel became morecommon into 1700s
Taverns become social centers for news and politicaldiscussions
Postal service in & between colonies operating by1750
Overland routes and small ships used
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
21/29
Colonial Religion Dominance of Protestant Religions
Some established religions
supported by taxes
EVERYONE pays, regardless of faith
policies change by time of Revolution Anglican church--Virginia
Congregational Church-Mass., Conn.
Other religions: Jewish: Boston, New York
Presbyterians: New England
Dutch Reformed: New York
Luterans, Mennonites, Quakers: Pennsylvania
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
22/29
The Great Awakening Movement of fervent
expressions of religiousfeeling among masses of
people
Strongest in the 1730s and
1740s
Initiated by Jonathan
Edwards of Northampton,
MA
God is angry with human
sinfulness, express
penitence or eternal
damnation
Expanded by George
Whitefield
all over colonies in barns,
tents, fields
audiences up to 10,000
God is all-powerful,
save only those who
openly state belief in
Jesus, send everyoneelse to hell
Ordinary people with
sincere faith didnt need
ministers
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
23/29
Effects of the Great AwakeningRELIGION
Emotionalism common in
services
Ministers lose authority
among people who nowstudy bible at home
New Lights (supporters):
Baptists, Methodists
Old Lights
traditionalists
Causes diversity &
competition
POLITICS Affects all classes and
sections
Experience shared by all
American colonists,
regardless of origin
Changes how people
view authorityin general
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
24/29
Colonial Culture Culture mostly flourished among the rich southern
planters and northern merchants
ArchitectureGeorgian style; brick or stucco,
symmetry, center halls with fireplaces
Public buildings, churches on seaboard; one-room log cabinson frontier
Paintingportraits of families
Literaturemostly religious (Cotton Mather, J.
Edwards); political essays (J. Adams, Otis, Dickenson,
Paine, Jefferson)
Most successful: Ben Franklin, Poor Richards Almanac
ScienceFranklin, electricity; John Bartram, botany
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
25/29
Colonial EducationNew England First tax-supported schools
Required primary school for boys,
college prep in large towns
Middle Church-sponsored or private
Teachers often lived with students
families
Southern Parents gave educationTutors on large plantations
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
26/29
Higher Education Harvard, 1636First colonial college; trained
candidates for ministry
College of William and Mary, 1694 (Anglican)
Yale, 1701 (Congregational)
Great Awakening influences creation of 5 newcolleges in mid-1700s
College of New Jersey (Princeton), 1746 (Presbyterian)
Kings College (Columbia), 1754 (Anglican)Rhode Island College (Brown), 1764 (Baptist)
Queens College (Rutgers), 1766 (Dutch Reformed)
Dartmouth College, 1769, (Congregational)
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
27/29
The Colonial Press Primary means of communication in the colonies,
along with postal service
17255 newspapers
177640 newspapers
Typically included
European news (1 month late)
Ads for goods, services, return of runaway slaves
Essays giving advice for better living Few illustrations
First cartoon in Philadelphia Gazette by editor BenFranklin
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
28/29
The Zenger Case John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher
charged with libel against the colonialgovernor
Zengers lawyer argues that what he wrote
was true, so it cant be libel English law says it doesnt matter if its true
or not
Jury acquits Zenger anyway Not total freedom of the press, butnewspapers now took greater risks incriticism of political figures.
-
7/29/2019 Colonial Society 1660-1750
29/29
Political Backdrop of Revolution All colonies had bicameral legislatures
Lower House Elected
Voted on taxation (with representationget it?)
Governors/Upper Houses chosen differently
8 colonies (NH, MA, NY, NJ, VA, NC, SC) chosen by thecrown
3 (MD, PA, DE) appointed by proprietors
2 (CT, RI) had elected governors
Local Government most important to people
New England: Town meetings
South: Sheriff/county administrators
top related