community review dentalelle tutoring. what is dentistry's most significant contribution to...

COMMUNITY REVIEWDENTALELLE TUTORING

WHAT IS DENTISTRY'S MOST SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO SOLVING A HEALTH PROBLEM?

• A) Managing Caries

• B) Public Health

• C) Water fluoridation

• D) Free dental care to children 18 and under

ANSWER

• C) Water fluoridation

WHAT IS INCIDENCE?

A. Rate at which new diseases occur

B. Rate at which diseases re-occur

C. The number of all diseases in a population

D.A and C

ANSWER

• A) Rate at which new diseases occur

WHAT IS PREVALENCE?

A. A measure of disease rate

B. A measure of all diseases

C. A measure of a disease over 10 years in a study group

D.A measure of the total number of people in given population who have a certain disease at a specific time.

ANSWER

• D) A measure of the total number of people in given population who have a certain disease at a specific time.

• This is a common measure used when describing how widespread or common a given disease is and expressed as a percentage or proportion

WHAT IS MORBIDITY RATE?

A. The number of deaths from all causes divided by the total population at a particular time and place

B. The number of deaths

C. A disease rate, specifically prevalence and incidence rates of diseases in a population in a specified time period

D.None of the above

ANSWER

• C) A disease rate, specifically prevalence and incidence rates of diseases in a population in a specified time period

WHAT IS AN EPIDEMIC?

A. Higher then normal prevalence

B. Expected prevalence over a larger population

C. Very serious disease prevalence

D.None of the above

ANSWER

• A) Higher then normal prevalence

WHAT IS SPREAD WORLD WIDE?

A. Epidemic

B. Pandemic

C. Endemic

D.Flu

ANSWER

• B) Pandemic

This is a disease affecting persons over a wide geographical area and spread worldwide

WHAT STUDY IS THIS: REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF THE POPULATION TO COLLECT INFORMATION ON CURRENT HEALTH STATUS, PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS AT ONE POINT IN TIME

A. Cross-sectional

B. Random

C. Population

D.Acute

ANSWER

• A) Cross-sectional

A true reflection of an entire population (risk factor and disease)Advantage: inexpensive, relatively quick to completeDisadvantage: different age groups may be dissimilar; age and

maturity may not be equivalentExample: relationship between indoor mold and respiratory disease or

allergies

WHAT IS A STUDY IN WHICH THE SAME GROUP OF PEOPLE IS STUDIED ON 2 OR MORE OCCASIONS SO THAT THE INCIDENCE CAN BE ASSESSED…

A. Cross sectional

B. Longitudinal

C. Prospective

D.Retrospective

ANSWER

• B) Longitudinal

Requires at least 2 series of measurements among same people at different times to determine progress of the condition over specified time period

Example: Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) which is designed to examine health patterns and trends among aging Canadians

Examples: Survival rage of women who have undergone breast cancer treatment – study may last 10 years so that success of treatment can be tracked

REVIEW…

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

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Quasi-experimental (ie: control is relevant to outside factors)

Looks at exposure of interest and disease outcome at same point in time

Study on the prevalence of hypertension around the world.

Survey results: 26% of adults have hypertension, with similar proportions for men and women.

The prevalence of hypertension increases strongly with age, especially for women.

Worldwide, the number of adults with hypertension is predicted to increase from 972 million in 2002 to 1,560 million in 2025, as the proportion of elderly people increases.

LONGITUDINAL

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A study in which the same group of people is studied on 2 or more occasions so that the incidence can be assessed

Requires at least 2 series of measurements among same people at different times to determine progress of the condition over specified time period

Example: Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) which is designed to examine health patterns and trends among aging Canadians

Examples: Survival rage of women who have undergone breast cancer treatment – study may last 10 years so that success of treatment can be tracked

PROSPECTIVE

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Planning of entire study is completed BEFORE data is collected and analyzed

Outcomes are then compared

Population is followed through time to see which members develop the disease

Subjects who presently have a certain condition and receive treatment are followed over time and compared with another group who are not affected by the condition

It is an example of analytical research

Example: Smokers vs non-smokers

RETROSPECTIVE

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Carry out an investigation using observations/data that was collected in the PAST

Used to study rare conditions

“ex post facto” – “after the fact study”

Eg: Case Control Study ie: compare individuals with disease and individuals without disease - look back to determine if variables are related to present differences

An example of analytical research

An epidemiologic study design that assembles study groups after disease occurrence

A design in which factors are derived from data relating to experiences in the past

Example: skin cancer

ANALYTIC STUDY

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• Study designs that examine groups of individuals in order to make comparisons and associations and to determine causal relationships

ECOLOGIC STUDY

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Data for exposures and outcomes come from population level rather than from individual

Example: study addressing the question of whether water fluoridation is related to hip fracture

WHAT IS A FALSE NEGATIVE?

A. A screening test result that is negative when the individual actually has the disease of interest

B. A screening test result that is positive when the individual does not have the disease of interest

C. A screening test result that is not used anymore

D.A screening test result that is not valid

ANSWER

• A) A screening test result that is negative when the individual actually has the disease of interest

• Remember - False-positive test – a screening test result that is positive when the individual does not have the disease of interest

WHAT DOES ‘M’ INDICATE IN DMFT?

• A) Means

• B) Missing

• C) Moderate

• D) Mesial

ANSWER

• B) Missing

WHAT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW FOR THE ROOT CARIES INDEX?

A. Only used in seniors

B. Only used when root surfaces are exposed

C. ALL root surfaces must be used

D.Only anterior areas are used

ANSWER

• B) Only used when root surfaces are exposed

• D and F root surfaces are summed up

• Sum is then divided by total number of exposed root surfaces

• The result is then multiplied by 100 for a percentage

HOW IS THE GINGIVAL BLEEDING INDEX MEASURED?

A. Using waxed floss up and down for ‘one stroke’

B. Using waxed floss up and down for ‘three strokes’

C. Using Unwaxed floss up and down for ‘one stroke’

D.Using Unwaxed floss up and down for ‘three strokes’

ANSWER

• A) Using waxed floss up and down for ‘one stroke’

• Remember – the area is observed for 30 seconds to detect bleeding and is scored as either present or absent

WHAT INDEX IS USED WHEN YOU INSERT A TRIANGULAR WOODEN STIMULATOR?

A. Gingival index

B. Gingival bleeding index

C. Eastman Interdental bleeding index

D.Periodontal disease

ANSWER

• C) Eastman Interdental bleeding index

• The stimulator is inserted and removed four times, inserted horizontally with 1-2mm of depression of interdental papilla; each area is observed for 15 seconds to score bleeding as either present or absent

HOW MANY TEETH ARE EXAMINED IN THE PERIODONTAL DISEASE INDEX?

A. 3 teeth

B. 4 teeth

C. 5 teeth

D.6 teeth

ANSWER

• D) 6 teeth

• Numbers 3,9,12,19,25,28

WHAT IS PHP?

A. Patient Hygiene Performance

B. Patient Heir Plaque

C. Patient Heir Performance

D.Proper Hygiene Performance

ANSWER

• A) Patient Hygiene Performance

• Provides overall assessment of oral hygiene and very simple to use. Six teeth evaluated numbers 3, 8, 14, 19, 24, 30. Each tooth is divided into 5 areas (distal, middle and mesial); the middle third is subdivided horizontally into incisal, middle and gingival thirds. Score is done by totalling these five subdivision scores per tooth surface and diving by number of tooth surfaces examined

IN PHP, WHAT IS TRUE?

• A) 3.5-5.0 POOR

• B) 0.1-1.7 FAIR

• C) 0 EXCELLENT

• D) None of the above

ANSWER

• C) 0 – EXCELLENT

• 0 – Excellent

• 0.1-1.7 – Good

• 1.8 – 3.4 – Fair

• 3.5 – 5.0 - Poor

WHAT IS THE SUGGESTED LEVEL OF FLUORIDE?

• A) 0.1-1.2 PPM

• B) 0.7 – 1.2 PPM

• C) 1 PPM

• D) No higher then 1.3 PPM

ANSWER

• B) 0.7 – 1.2 PPM

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROMOTING WATER FLUORIDATION?

A. COMMUNITY CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL

B. ORAL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

C. DENTISTS

D.THE COMMUITY

ANSWER

B. ORAL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

WHAT CAN BE USED TO HELP EDUCATE CONCERNED PARENTS ABOUT THEIR CHILD RECEIVING FLUORIDE?

A. Fluoride varnish

B. Discuss water fluoridation

C. Discuss the need for more fluoride

D.Discuss proper brushing and flossing

ANSWER

A. Fluoride varnish

• The child can be held on the parents lap if needed. This is the easiest way to administer fluoride and prevent it from being swallowed. Varnish should be applied every 3 months in high risk children and every 6 months in moderate risk children.

WHY IS XYLITOL SO IMPORTANT?

A. Reduces s.mutans, new caries formation, incidence of tooth decay, and caries risk

B. Increases s.mutans, but decreased caries risk

C. Decreases dry mouth

D.Easiest to administer

ANSWER

A. Reduces s.mutans, new caries formation, incidence of tooth decay, and caries risk

WHEN DO YOU RECOMMEND SEALANTS?

A. For any client that needs it on primary teeth

B. On premolars and molars of adults

C. All children and teenagers

D.Deep buccal pits

ANSWER

• C) All children and teenagers

• On all children and teenagers – THAT require it (textbook says “all children and teenagers in the community”, remember if the client has deep pits and fissures sealants should be done.

WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN DENTAL HYGIENE PROCESS OF CARE WHEN IT COMES TO COMMUNITY BASED PROGRAMS?

A. Assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention and evaluation

B. Assessment, problem identification, planning, implementation, evaluation

C. Assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention, no evaluation

D.Assessment, diagnosis, problem identification, evaluation

ANSWER

B. Assessment, problem identification, planning, implementation, evaluation

Remember to consider the factors – funding, location, resources, background, culture, oral health knowledge, etc.

WHAT ARE RECORDS, AND DOCUMENTS USED FOR?

A. Used for obtaining information on beliefs and attitudes

B. Used to study disease patterns

C. Used to study past events

D.All of the above

ANSWER

• C) Used to study past events

• Records and documents are inexpensive to keep, convenience and economy of time but records could be incomplete and accuracy unknown.

WHAT ARE SOME LIMITATIONS TO AN INTERVIEW?

A. Subjects do not have to read or write

B. Flexible

C. Complete data can be collected

D.Language barrier

ANSWER

• D) Language barrier

• All the others are ‘advantages’

WHAT IS THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL?

A. When individuals have accurate information, they will make better health choices

B. State of readiness is required to change

C. People make rationale decisions based on knowledge

D.Perception of personal control over health status

ANSWER

• A) When individuals have accurate information, they will make better health choices