comparing and contrasting c#, scheme, and t-sql
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Comparing and Contrasting C#, Scheme, and T-SQL
Joseph P. Mohr
1. C# Overview2. Scheme Overview3. T-SQL Overview4. Language Comparisons5. Conclusions
Outline
Object-Oriented Language Type-Safe Evolved from C Main application is server-side scripting in
the .NET Framework Developed in 2001 Current version is 4.0
C# Overview
C# is designed for component-oriented programming
Software Components◦ Increasingly used in modern software design◦ Self-contained and self-describing◦ Have their own documentation
C# Advantages
Versioning◦ Allows the language to evolve without breaking
programs in older versions.◦ Supports virtual and override modifiers. ◦ Method overloading that supports versioning.◦ Explicit interface member declarations.
C# Advantages
Virtual and Override◦ If a method is declared virtual, then the
implementation evokes is determined at run-time.◦ Non-Virtual methods have the implementation
determined at compile-time.◦ The override modifier can be used to provide
another implementation for an existing virtual method.
C# Advantages
C# programs are comprised of the following:◦ Programs◦ Namespaces◦ Types◦ Members◦ Assemblies
C# Program Structure
Consist of one or more source files Source files contain the other structural
elements of the program
C# Programs
Declared at the top of the source file with the using directive
Avoid having to use the fully qualified names in the source code.
C# Namespaces
Most common types:◦ Classes◦ Interfaces
Can contain members and namespaces Either reference or value With reference type, two variables can
affect the same object.
C# Types
Most common members:◦ Fields◦ Methods◦ Properties◦ Events
C# Members
Made up of Intermediate Language (IL) and metadata
Use Just-In-Time (JIT) compiling Implement applications or libraries and
have the .exe or .dll file extension respectively
C# Assemblies
Using System;Class Hello{
Static void Main() {Console.Out.WriteLine(“Hello, World”);
}}
C# Hello World Program
C# uses two different grammars, the Lexical grammar and the syntactic grammar.
Lexical grammar defines line terminators, white space, comments, tokens, and preprocessing directives.
Syntactic grammar defines how the tokens from the lexical grammar are combined into programs.
C# Grammars
Compiled language results in fast execution. High performance is a result of being
derived from the C family. Boxing and Unboxing operations are the
most common detriments to performance.◦ Can be avoided by declaring as Object
C# Performance
Pros:◦ Clearly defined data types◦ Familiar, well designed syntax
Cons:◦ Feature multiplicity◦ Operator Overloading
C# Readability
Pros:◦ Excellent support for abstraction◦ Strong expressivity with control sections
Cons:◦ Large number of different contstructs
C# Writability
Classes derived from the base Object Class, which includes implementation of the primitives, can be simply combined to create very robust and diverse data structures.
C# Orthogonality
Type-Checking:◦ C# is considered a type-safe language and the
compiler can catch type errors in almost all cases.◦ There are pointers supported by the language
which can prevent the compiler from catching type-errors.
Exception Handling:◦ Highly functional and similar to Java
C# Reliability Pros
Aliasing:◦ Reference types can be referring to the same
memory location and is considered a detriment to reliability.
C# Reliability Cons
The modular design considerations of C# makes the code highly portable.
Self-contained documentation in all the modules makes for easier portability amongst different software developers.
C# Portability
MS Visual C# MS Visual Studio
C# Tools and Compilers
using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Web;using System.Web.UI;using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
namespace WebApplication2{ public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) {
} protected void Calendar1_DayRender(object sender, DayRenderEventArgs e) { EventDataContext edc = new EventDataContext();
var query = from ev in edc.Events where ev.Date == e.Day.Date select ev;
C# Personal Example
e.Cell.VerticalAlign = VerticalAlign.Top; e.Cell.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal; e.Cell.BorderWidth = 1; e.Cell.BorderStyle = BorderStyle.Solid;
foreach (var ev in query) { HyperLink link = new HyperLink(); link.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Teal; link.NavigateUrl = "~/EventInfo.aspx?event=" + ev.EventNo; link.Text = ev.Name; Button but = new Button(); e.Cell.Controls.Add(new LiteralControl("<p>")); e.Cell.Controls.Add(link); e.Cell.Controls.Add(new LiteralControl("</p>")); } } }}
C# Personal Example Contd.
Functional programming language Evolved from LISP Created in 1975 at MIT by Guy L. Steele and
Gerald J. Sussman Originally called Schemer to mimic the
naming convention used by other languages evolved from LISP, such as Conniver
Considerably more minimalist than Common Lisp, but supports tools for language extension.
Scheme Overview
Most commonly used for lambda calculus and as an educational tool by introductory level computer science classes.
Lambda calculus is a logical system of computation through the use of binding and substitution.
Scheme Applications
Scheme programs are interpreted. Program Elements:
◦ Keywords ◦ Variables◦ Structured forms ◦ Constant data (numbers, characters, strings,
quoted vectors, quoted lists, quoted symbols, etc.)
◦ Whitespace◦ Comments
Program expressions are known as s-expressions
Scheme Programs
S-expressions are made up of structured forms and lists.
S-expressions are delineated by matching sets of opening and closing parentheses.
Scheme Syntax
List-processing primitives:◦ car – the first element in a list◦ cdr – all the other elements in the list◦ cons – constructs lists
First-class functions (functions can be assigned to variables)
Scheme Primitives and Variables
Only the inner-most binding of a variable is visible in an expression.
Inner bindings are said to “shadow” the outer bindings.
This type of scoping is known as “lexical scoping”.
Scheme Variable Scoping
Expression:◦ (cdr (car ‘((1 2 3) 4 5)))
Result:◦ (2 3)
Scheme Example Expression
Scheme executes faster and more efficiently than Common LISP as a result of its minimalist design.
Scheme Performance
Pros:◦ Overall Simplicity of the language, including a
lack of feature multiplicity, improves the readability of the language.
◦ Identifiers are not restricted in length. Cons:
◦ The dynamic variable types which aren’t explicitly declared to be of a certain data type.
Scheme Readability
Pros:◦ The overall simplicity of the language, especially
over that of Common LISP Cons:
◦ Weak support for abstraction◦ Lacking expressivity
Scheme Writability
Simply supports the most commonly used data structures including Strings and Enums.
Lacking in the ability to combine primitives in to complex data structures.
Scheme Orthogonality
Pros:◦ Lack of aliasing◦ Performs run-time type checking
Cons:◦ Does not have a good system for exception
handling.
Scheme Reliability
Scheme programs are highly portable between the same version of Scheme.
The very high number of versions of Scheme in use is major stumbling block to the portability of Scheme.
Scheme Portability
Some of the many flavors of scheme are:◦ SISC – runs off of the JVM◦ DrRacket – Student friendly interface◦ MIT Scheme – very widely used
Scheme Flavors
Scheme Demo
Query Language Uses statements that are interpreted by the
database server. Used with relational databases
◦ Relational databases are based off of first order predicate logic.
Used by MS SQL Server database and Sybase database.
Main application is the construction and manipulation of enterprise databases.
T-SQL Overview
History:◦ Evolved from SEQUEL.◦ SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language) is a
query language developed by IBM in the 1970’s and they later renamed it to SQL (Structured Query Language)
◦ T-SQL (Transact SQL) is an extension to SQL developed by a partnership between Microsoft and Sybase.
T-SQL Overview
Data in relational databases are comprised of entity types
Entity Types are collections of the of the entities and thought type and are represented as TABLES.
Each instance of that entity is a record or tuple and is represented as a row in the table.
Records are comprised of different attributes, and they are represented as columns in the table.
T-SQL Overview
T-SQL is technically a data-sublanguage The T-SQL sublanguage is comprised of the
following:◦ Data Definition Language (DDL)◦ Data Manipulation Language (DML)
T-SQL Overview
The DML is used to define database structure, integrity rules, and user privileges.
Includes the following commands:◦ CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE◦ CREATE VIEW, DROP VIEW◦ CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX
T-SQL DML
The DML is used to manipulate the data within the database.
DML Commands Include:◦ SELECT◦ INSERT◦ UPDATE◦ DELETE
T-SQL DML
T-SQL extends SQL to include:◦ Procedural Programming◦ Local Variables◦ Support functions for processing various data
types The extensions included in T-SQL grant it
equivalent capabilities to other programming languages.
T-SQL Extensions
Flow control in T-SQL:◦ Begin◦ End◦ Break◦ Continue◦ GOTO◦ IF◦ ELSE◦ RETURN◦ WHILE◦ WAITFOR
T-SQL Extensions
T-SQL contains try-catch blocks, unlike SQL Example:
BEGIN TRY//STATEMENTS
END TRYBEGIN CATCH
//STATEMENTS TO HANDLE EXCEPTIONEND CATCH
T-SQL Exception Handling
T-SQL Demo
T-SQL performs queries and data manipulation very efficiently across a wide variety of data types.
T-SQL Efficiency
Readability:◦ High overall simplicity. Lack of multiplicity and
overloading.◦ Excellent facilities for defining data types◦ Form indicates meaning
Writability:◦ More expressive than SQL◦ Poor Abstraction
T-SQL Simplicity
T-SQL supports a wide variety of primitive data types
The primitive data types can be easily combined in tables to easily create new data structures.
T-SQL Orthogonality
Type-Checking:◦ Data must be of the appropriate type for a
statement to execute. Exception-Handling:
◦ T-SQL provides for exception handling, unlike SQL.
T-SQL Reliability
Modularity and portability are a common and touted attribute amongst the languages, but C# achieves this goal to a greater extent than the others.
C# does not support shadowing like Scheme does.
All three languages are supported cross-platform.
Language Comparisons
I drew the following conclusions my research in to these three languages:◦ Studying different types of languages increased
my ability to select an appropriate language for a given task.
◦ As I learned more languages, I was able to pick up new languages faster.
◦ Due to the similarities between the languages, studying C# improved my knowledge of Java.
◦ Many projects are best implemented through the use of multiple languages.
Concluding Remarks
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