compendium of environment statistics malaysia 2014
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ISSN 1511-3396
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIAJabatan PerangkaanM A L A Y S I A
Compendium of Environment Statistics
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KOMPENDIUM PERANGKAAN ALAM SEKITAR
COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS
MALAYSIA
2014
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIADEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
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KATA PENGANTAR
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar 2014 membentangkan perangkaan alam sekitar,
impak aktiviti manusia ke atas alam sekitar dan langkah yang diambil bagi mengurangkan
impak tersebut. Ia memfokuskan maklumat alam sekitar mengikut empat isu utama iaitu
Udara/Atmosfera, Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (Darat dan Marin), Tanah/Alam Sekitar
Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk.
Penerbitan ini merupakan satu usaha ke arah pembangunan pangkalan data bagi statistik
alam sekitar selaras dengan peranan Jabatan sebagai pusat penyimpanan perangkaan
alam sekitar. Jadual dan carta dimuatkan dalam penerbitan ini bagi memudahkan
pengguna menganalisis data.
Jabatan merakamkan penghargaan dan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang terlibat
dalam menyumbang kepada penyediaan penerbitan ini. Ulasan dan cadangan ke arah
menambahbaik laporan ini pada masa hadapan amatlah dihargai.
DATUK DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN HASAN
Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia
Disember 2014
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PREFACE
The Compendium of Environment Statistics 2014 presents statistics on environment,
impacts of human activities on the environment and actions taken to minimise the impact.The report focuses on four main environmental issues namely Air/Atmosphere,
Water/Aquatic Environment (Inland and Marine), Land/Terrestrial Environment and Urban
Environment/Human Settlements.
This publication is an effort towards the development of a database for environmental
statistics in tandem with the Departments role as a central repository for environment
statistics. Tables and charts are presented in this publication to facilitate analyses by
users.
The Department would like to express its appreciation and gratitude to all parties involved
in contributing to this publication. Comments and suggestions towards improving future
reports would be greatly appreciated.
DATUK DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN HASAN
Chief Statistician, Malaysia
December 2014
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
KATA PENGANTAR
PREFACE
SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
SENARAI LAMPIRAN
LIST OF APPENDICES
PENUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS
RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUM
FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM
BAB
CHAPTER
SATU: UDARA/ATMOSFERA
ONE: AIR/ATMOSPHERE
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Iklim
Climate
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Suhu
Temperature
- Taburan hujan
Rainfall distribution
- Purata kelembapan relatif
Mean relative humidity
MukaSurat
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xli
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Status kualiti udara
Air quality status
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Indeks Pencemaran Udara
Air Pollutant Index
B.2 Bahan pencemar udara
Air pollutant
- Ozon
Ground Level Ozone
- Plumbum
Lead
- Karbon Monoksida
Carbon Monoxide
- Sulfur Dioksida
Sulphur Dioxide
- Nitrogen Dioksida
Nitrogen Dioxide
- Habuk Halus
Particulate Matter
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Punca pencemaran udara
Sources of air pollution
C.2 Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca utama
Emission of pollutants from main sources
- Kenderaan bermotor
Motor vehicles
Muka Surat
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
- Punca tetap
Stationary sources
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change
BAB
CHAPTER
DUA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARAT
TWO: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Pengenalan
Introduction
A.2 Sumber air
Water resources
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Kualiti air sungai
River water quality
- Pengkelasan air
Water classification
- Indeks Kualiti Air
Water Quality Index
B.2 Status kualiti air sungai
River water quality status
- Ammoniakal Nitrogen
Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Muka Surat
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
- Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
- Pepejal Terampai
Suspended Solids
- Logam berat
Heavy metal
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Punca pencemaran air
Sources of water pollution
C.2 Sumber air mentah
Raw water resources
C.3 Air permukaan
Surface water
- Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawarFreshwater aquaculture production
C.4 Penggunaan baja
The use of fertilisers
- Baja
Fertilisers
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Kempen Kesedaran Penjimatan Air Kebangsaan
National Water Conservation Campaign
Muka Surat
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
BAB
CHAPTER
TIGA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARINTHREE: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Persekitaran marin
Marine environment
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Kualiti air marin
Marine water quality
- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai
Marine water quality status at coastal areas
- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala
Marine water quality status at estuary areas
- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau
Marine water quality status at island areas
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Tumpahan minyak
Oil spills
- Pengendalian kargo
Cargo throughput
C.2 Hakisan pantai
Coastal erosion
Muka Surat
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Zon Industri Akuakultur (ZIA)
Aquaculture Industry Zone (ZIA)
BAB
CHAPTER
EMPAT: TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIAL
FOUR: LAND/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Lokasi
Location
- Topografi
Topography
A.2 Tanah bencah
Wetlands
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Definisi
Definition
- Jenis tanah bencah
Type of wetlands
- Hutan paya gambut
Peat swamp forest
- Hutan paya laut
Mangrove forest
A.3 Kepelbagaian biologi daratan
Terrestrial biodiversity
- Megakepelbagaian
Megadiversity
Muka Surat
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
- Kepelbagaian biologi
Biological diversity
- Flora dan fauna
Flora and fauna
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Keadaan alam sekitar daratan
Status of the terrestrial environment
- Kawasan perlindungan/simpanan
Protected /preserved areas
- Taman Laut
Marine Park
B.2 Perhutanan
Forestry
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Kawasan berhutan
Forested area
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Aktiviti yang memberi kesan kepada tanah di
Malaysia
Activities that affect land in Malaysia
- Kesan pembangunan tanah hutan
Effects on development of forest land
C.2 Sumber hutan
Forestry resources
- Pengusahasilan hutan
Forest harvesting
Muka Surat
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
C.3 Pertanian
Agriculture
- Pengenalan
Introduction
C.4 Pembuatan
Manufacturing
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian
Industrial Production Index
- Pengeluaran simen
Production of cement
C.5 Perlombongan
Mining
C.6 Tenaga
Energy
- Penjanaan tenaga elektrik
Electricity generated
- Penjanaan elektrik campuran
Generation of electricity mix
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Amalan Pengurusan Hutan
Forest Management Practices
Muka Surat
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
BAB
CHAPTER
LIMA: ALAM SEKITAR BANDAR/PENEMPATAN PENDUDUK
FIVE: URBAN ENVIRONMENT/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Trend kependudukan
Population trend
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Saiz penduduk
Population size
- Kepadatan penduduk
Population density
- Struktur umur
Age structure
- Nisbah jantina
Sex ratio
- Piramid penduduk
Population pyramid
A.2 Kemudahan perubatan
Medical facilities
- PengenalanIntroduction
- Kemudahan kesihatan
Health facilities
- Personel perubatan
Medical personnel
Muka Surat
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Buangan terjadual
Scheduled waste
- Buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan
Scheduled waste generated
- Peratusan buangan terjadual dihasilkan
mengikut kategori
Percentage of scheduled waste generated by
category
- Buangan klinikal
Clinical waste
B.2 Kemalangan
Accidents
- Kemalangan jalan raya
Road accident
B.3 Status kesihatan
Health status
i. Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air
Food and Water Borne Diseases
- Keracunan makanan
Food poisoning
- TifoidTyphoid
ii. Penyakit bawaan vektor
Vector borne diseases
- Demam denggi dan demam denggi berdarah
Dengue and haemorrhagic dengue fever
- Malaria
Muka Surat
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Tekanan ke atas alam sekitar bandar
Pressure on the urban environment
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Tahap urbanisasi
Urbanisation level
C.2 Migrasi
Migration
C.3 Pengangkutan
Transportation
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Pengangkutan udara
Air transport
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Dasar Alam Sekitar Negara (DASN)
The National Environment Policy (DASN)
D.2 ProgramE-Waste Alam Alliance Malaysia
E-Waste Alam Alliance Malaysia Programme
D.3 Pengangkutan rel bandar
Urban rail transportation
Muka Surat
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KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
JADUAL
TABLE
PETA
MAPS
LAMPIRAN
APPENDIX
GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Muka Surat
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SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Chart
Muka Surat
Page
Bab 1:
Chapter 1:
Udara/Atmosfera
Air/Atmosphere
1.1 Jumlah hujan di 34 stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2014
Total rainfall at 34 selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2009-2014
4
1.2a Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia,
2009 dan 2013
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Peninsular Malaysia,
2009 and 2013
5
1.2b Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Sabah, 2009 dan 2013
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Sabah 2009 and 2013
6
1.2c Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Sarawak, 2009 dan 2013
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Sarawak, 2009 and 2013
6
1.3a Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Johor, 2013
Air quality status by station, Johor, 2013
8
1.3b Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kedah dan Perlis, 2013Air quality status by station, Kedah and Perlis, 2013
8
1.3c Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2013
Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2013
9
1.3d Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2013
Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2013
9
1.3e Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2013
Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2013
9
1.3f Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2013
Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2013
10
1.3g Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Perak, 2013
Air quality status by station, Perak, 2013
10
1.3h Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2013
Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2013
10
1.3i Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2013Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2013
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SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Chart
Muka Surat
Page
1.3j Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2013Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2013
11
1.3k Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2013
Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2013
11
1.3l Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Terengganu, 2013
Air quality status by station, Terengganu, 2013
12
1.3m Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013
Air quality status by station, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013
12
1.4 Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen
pemantauan, Malaysia, 2013
Number of days for Unhealthy air quality status by monitoring station, Malaysia, 2013
13
1.5 Purata tahunan kepekatan Ozonmengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013
Average annual concentration of Ground Level Ozoneby land use, Malaysia, 2013
14
1.6 Purata tahunan kepekatan Plumbum di udara, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan
Pulau Pinang, 2009-2013
Annual average concentration of Lead in the air, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Pulau Pinang,
2009-2013
15
1.7 Purata tahunan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida mengikut land use, Malaysia,
2013
Average annual concentratation of Carbon Monoxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013
16
1.8 Purata tahunan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksidamengikut land use, Malaysia,
2013
Average annual concentration of Sulphur Dioxideby land use, Malaysia, 2013
17
1.9 Purata tahunan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia,
2013
Average annual concentration of Nitrogen Dioxideby land use, Malaysia, 2013
18
1.10 Purata tahunan kepekatan Habuk Halusmengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013
Average annual concentration of Particulate Matterby land use, Malaysia, 2013
19
1.11 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca, Malaysia, 2013
Emission of pollutants to the air by source, Malaysia, 2013
20
1.12 Pelepasan mengikut bahan pencemar ke udara, Malaysia, 2013
Emission of pollutants to the air, Malaysia, 2013
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SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
CartaChart
Muka SuratPage
1.13 Jumlah pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada kenderaan bermotor,Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
Total emission of pollutants to the air from motor vehicles, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
21
1.14 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui stesen
janakuasa, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
Emission of pollutants to the air from stationary sources through power plants,Malaysia,
2009 and 2013
22
1.15 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui industri,
Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013Emission of pollutants to the air from stationary sources through industries, Malaysia,
2009 and 2013
23
Bab 2:
Chapter 2:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat
Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland
2.1 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Ammoniakal Nitrogen, Malaysia,
2009-2013
Status of river water quality based on Ammoniacal Nitrogen pollutant, Malaysia,
2009-2013
31
2.2 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Status of river water quality based on Biochemical Oxygen Demandpollutant, Malaysia,
2009-2013
32
2.3 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Pepejal Terampai, Malaysia,
2009-2013
Status of river water quality based on Suspended Solidspollutant, Malaysia, 2009-2013
33
2.4 Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Total freshwater aquaculture production, Malaysia, 2010-2014
35
2.5 Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar mengikut sistem ternakan, Malaysia,
2010 dan 2014
Total freshwater aquaculture production by culture system, Malaysia, 2010 and 2014
35
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SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Chart
Muka Surat
Page
Bab 3:
Chapter 3:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Marin
Water/Aquatic Environment: Marine
3.1 Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar dan air payau/masin, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Production of freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia, 2010-2014
41
3.2a Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine water quality status at coastal area based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
43
3.2b Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine water quality status at estuary area based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011- 2013
44
3.2c Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine water quality status at island area based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011- 2013
44
3.3 Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan mengikut pelabuhan, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013Total cargo throughput by ports, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013 45
3.4 Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012
Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012
46
Bab 4:
Chapter 4:
Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial
Land/Terrestrial Environment
4.1 Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Area of peat swamp forest by region, Malaysia, 2009-2013
53
4.2 Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Area of mangrove forest by region, Malaysia, 2009-2013
54
4.3 Peratus keluasan hutan paya laut, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2013
Percentage of mangrove forest area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2013
55
4.4 Peratus keluasan berhutan, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2013
Percentage of forested area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2013
58
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SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
CartaChart
Muka SuratPage
4.5 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
Production of major timber products, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
59
4.6 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan,
Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
Forest area licensed for harvesting by region, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
60
4.7 Pertumbuhan Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) dan indeks sektor,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
Industrial Production Index (IPI) and sector indices growth, Malaysia, 2011-2013
62
4.8 Pengeluaran simen, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Production of cement, Malaysia, 2009-2013
62
4.9 Pengeluaran minyak mentah, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Crude oil production, Malaysia, 2009-2013
63
4.10 Pengeluaran bersih gas asli, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Net production of natural gas, Malaysia, 2009-2013
63
4.11 Peratus penjanaan tenaga elektrik campuran mengikut stesen, Malaysia, 2013
Percentage of the generation of electricity mix by stations, Malaysia, 2013
64
Bab 5:
Chapter 5:
Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk
Urban Environment/Human Settlements
5.1 Purata kadar pertumbuhan penduduk tahunan, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Average of annual population growth rate, Malaysia, 2010-2014
69
5.2 Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 dan 2013
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2010 and 2013
70
5.3 Piramid penduduk, Malaysia, 2013
Population pyramid, Malaysia, 2013
72
5.4 Kadar mortaliti bayi dan kanak-kanak, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Infant and toddler mortality rate, Malaysia, 2009-2013
73
5.5 Jangkaan hayat ketika lahir mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Life expectancy at birth by sex, Malaysia, 2009-2013
74
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SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Chart
Muka Surat
Page
5.6 Bilangan hospital, Malaysia, 2009-2013Number of hospitals, Malaysia, 2009-2013
74
5.7 Bilangan katil hospital, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of hospital beds, Malaysia, 2009-2013
75
5.8 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (doktor dan doktor gigi), Malaysia,
2009-2013
Number of trained medical personnel (doctor and dentist), Malaysia, 2009-2013
76
5.9 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (jururawat dan penolong jururawat),
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of trained medical personnel (nurse and assistant nurse), Malaysia, 2009-2013
76
5.10 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Quantity of scheduled waste generated, Malaysia, 2009-2013
77
5.11 Peratus buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut kategori, 2013
Percentage of scheduled waste generated by category, 2013
78
5.12 Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerator, Malaysia, 2009-2013
79
5.13 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of reported road accidents, Malaysia, 2009-2013
80
5.14 Bilangan kecederaan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of reported road casualties, Malaysia, 2009-2013
80
5.15 Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of selected cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 2009-2013
81
5.16 Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2013
82
5.17 Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2013
83
5.18a Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of cases and incidence rate of dengue fever, Malaysia, 2009-2013
84
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SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
CartaChart
Muka Surat
Page
5.18b Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi berdarah, Malaysia, 2009-2013Number of cases and incidence rate of haemorrhagic dengue fever, Malaysia, 2009-2013
84
5.19 Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian malaria, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of cases and incidence rate of malaria, Malaysia, 2009-2013
85
5.20 Peratus perkadaran penduduk bandar, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Proportion percentage of urban population, Malaysia, 2009-2013
86
5.21 Peratus migran antara negeri mengikut arah aliran migrasi (strata), Malaysia,
2009-2010 hingga 2012-2013
Percentage of inter-state migrants by migration direction (stratum), Malaysia,2009-2010 to
2012-2013
87
5.22 Pendaratan dan berlepas di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Landings and take-offs at airport, Malaysia, 2009-2013
88
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Jadual
Table
Muka Surat
Page
Bab 1:
Chapter 1:
Udara/Atmosfera
Air/Atmosphere
A Ringkasan perangkaan iklim di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2013
Summary of climate statistics at selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2013
3
1.1 Purata suhu, hujan dan purata kelembapan relatif, Malaysia, 2009-2014
Mean temperature, rainfall and mean relative humidity, Malaysia, 2009-2014
95
1.2 Bacaan minimum dan maksimum bulanan IPU, Malaysia, 2013
Monthly minimum and maximum API, Malaysia, 2013
102
1.3 Purata bulanan kepekatan Ozondi udara, Malaysia, 2013
Monthly average concentration of Ground Level Ozonein the air, Malaysia, 2013
106
1.4 Purata bulanan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013
Monthly average concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013
108
1.5 Purata bulanan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksidadi udara, Malaysia, 2013
Monthly average concentration of Sulphur Dioxidein the air, Malaysia, 2013
110
1.6 Purata bulanan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksidadi udara, Malaysia, 2013Monthly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxidein the air, Malaysia, 2013
112
1.7 Purata bulanan kepekatan Habuk Halusdi udara, Malaysia, 2013
Monthly average concentration of Particulate Matter in the air, Malaysia, 2013
114
1.8 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut jenis dan punca, Malaysia, 2013
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by type and source, Malaysia, 2013
116
1.9 Pematuhan dalam penguatkuasaan pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis
kenderaan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Compliance on enforcement of black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia,
2009-2013
117
1.10 Bilangan saman yang dikeluarkan bagi pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis
kenderaan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of summonses issued for black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia,
2009-2013
117
1.11 Status pematuhan oleh industri terhadap Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam
Sekitar (Udara Bersih) 1978, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Compliance status by industries of Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
118
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Bab 2:
Chapter 2:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat
Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland
2.1 Rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Water treatment plants design capacity by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
119
2.2 Jumlah pengeluaran air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Total production of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
120
2.3 Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan dengan air paip mengikut negeri dan
kawasan, Malaysia, 2010-2013
Percentage of population supplied with piped water by state and areas, Malaysia,
2010-2013
121
2.4 Bilangan dan peratusan lembangan sungai yang diawasi mengikut kategori,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number and percentage of river basins monitored by category, Malaysia, 2009-2013
122
2.5 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Status of river water quality based on main pollutants, Malaysia, 2009-2013
122
2.6 Purata tahunan kepekatan logam berat di sungai, Malaysia, 2009-2013Annual average concentration of heavy metals in river, Malaysia, 2009-2013
123
2.7a Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2009-2013
Supply of raw water extracted directly from rivers by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
124
2.7b Bekalan air mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2009-2013
Supply of raw water from storage dams by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
125
2.7c Bekalan air mentah bawah tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Supply of raw groundwater by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
126
2.8 Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
127
2.9 Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Number, area and production of freshwater aquaculture, Malaysia, 2010-2014
128
2.10 Pengeluaran dan import baja, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Production and import of fertilisers, Malaysia, 2010-2014
129
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2.11 Pengeluaran racun herba, Malaysia, 2010-2014Production of herbicides, Malaysia, 2010-2014
129
2.12 Bilangan kejadian banjir yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of flood incident reported by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
130
2.13 Pendakwaan kesalahan bagi pencemaran air, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Offences prosecuted for water pollution, Malaysia, 2009-2013
131
Bab 3:
Chapter 3:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Marin
Water/Aquatic Environment: Marine
3.1 Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran daripada akuakultur air payau/masin,
Malaysia, 2010-2014
Number, area and production from brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia,
2010-2014
132
3.2a Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine water quality status at coastal areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
133
3.2b Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine water quality status at estuary areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
134
3.2c Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine water quality status at island areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
135
3.3 Insiden tumpahan minyak di laut, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Oil spill incidents at sea, Malaysia, 2009-2013
136
3.4 Bilangan kes tumpahan minyak mengikut punca dan sebab, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of oil spill incidents by source and cause, Malaysia, 2009-2013
136
3.5 Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin mengikut kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan,
Malaysia, 2010-2014
Annual landings of marine fish by fishing gear group, Malaysia, 2010-2014
137
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3.6 Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan mengikut pelabuhan, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013Total cargo throughput by ports, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
138
3.7 Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012
Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012
140
3.8 Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of marine water quality monitoring stations, Malaysia, 2009-2013
141
Bab 4:
Chapter 4:
Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial
Land/Terrestrial Environment
4.1 Jumlah keluasan tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013
Total land area by state, Malaysia, 2013
142
4.2 Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Area of peat swamp forest by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
143
4.3 Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Area of mangrove forest by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
144
4.4a Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012
145
4.4b Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Sabah, 2012
Gazetted protected area, Sabah, 2012
148
4.4c Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2012
Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2012
149
4.4d Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2012
Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2012
151
4.5 Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2009-2013
153
4.6 Keluasan hutan simpanan kekal, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Area of permanent reserved forest, Malaysia, 2009-2013
156
4.7 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Production of major timber products by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
157
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4.8 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut negeri,
Malaysia, 2009-2013Forest area licensed for harvesting by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
159
4.9 Keluasan bertanam bagi tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Planted area of major crops, Malaysia, 2009-2013
160
4.10 Pengeluaran tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Production of major crops, Malaysia, 2009-2013
161
4.11 Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian, Malaysia, 2010-2013
Index of Industrial Production, Malaysia, 2010-2013
161
4.12 Pengeluaran galian mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Production of minerals by type, Malaysia, 2009-2013
162
4.13 Penjanaan tenaga elektrik mengikut kawasan dan stesen, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Electricity generated by region and station, Malaysia, 2009-2013
163
4.14 Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan dan digunakan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Electricity supplied and consumed, Malaysia, 2009-2013
164
4.15 Jalan raya mengikut jenis dan bidang kuasa, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Roads by surface type and jurisdiction, Malaysia, 2009-2013
165
4.16 Peruntukan dan perbelanjaan pembangunan hutan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Forest development allocation and expenditure, Malaysia, 2009-2013
166
4.17 Pembangunan sumber hutan dan pemeliharaan/pemuliharaan alam sekitar,
Semenanjung Malaysia, 2009-2013
Forest resource development and environmental conservation/rehabilitation, Peninsular
Malaysia, 2009-2013
167
4.18 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sabah, 2009-2013
Forest resource development, Sabah, 2009-2013
168
4.19 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sarawak, 2009-2013
Forest resource development, Sarawak, 2009-2013
168
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Table
Muka Surat
Page
Bab 5:
Chapter5:
Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk
Urban Environment/Human Settlements
5.1 Anggaran penduduk pertengahan tahun, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Mid-year population estimates, Malaysia, 2010-2014
169
5.2 Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
170
5.3 Bilangan penduduk mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2013
The number of population by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2013
171
5.4 Nisbah personel perubatan terlatih-penduduk, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Trained medical personnel-population ratio, Malaysia, 2009-2013
171
5.5 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut industri, 2009-2013
Quantity of scheduled wastes generated by industry, 2009-2013
172
5.6 Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator
mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerators by state, Malaysia,
2009-2013
173
5.7 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya dan kecederaan yang dilaporkan mengikut
negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of road accidents and reported casualties by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
174
5.8 Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air, Malaysia,
2009-2013
Number of cases and incidence rate of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia,
2009-2013
176
5.9 Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
176
5.10 Kadar kejadian kolera mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Incidence rate for cholera by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
177
5.11 Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
177
5.12a Bilangan kes demam denggi mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of cases of dengue fever by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
178
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5.12b Bilangan kes demam denggi berdarah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
178
5.13 Bilangan kes malaria mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of cases of malaria by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
179
5.14 Bilangan kematian mengikut jenis penyakit, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of deaths by type of diseases, Malaysia, 2009-2013
179
5.15 Bilangan kenderaan bermotor yang berdaftar mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number of motor vehicles registered by type, Malaysia, 2009-2013
180
5.16 Ketibaan dan pelepasan kapal laut yang terlibat dalam perdagangan luar negeri
di pelabuhan terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Arrivals and departures of ocean-going vessel engaged in foreign trade at selected ports,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
181
5.17 Perangkaan kereta api, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Railway statistics, Malaysia, 2009-2013
182
5.18 Jumlah penumpang yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Total number of passengers handled at airports, Malaysia, 2009-2013
182
5.19 Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Total cargo handled at airports, Malaysia, 2009-2013
183
5.20 Buangan terjadual yang diuruskan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Scheduled waste managed by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
184
5.21 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dieksport mengikut jenis buangan, Malaysia,
2009-2013
Quantity of scheduled waste exported by type of waste, Malaysia, 2009-2013
185
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SENARAI LAMPIRAN
LIST OF APPENDICES
Lampiran
Appendix
Muka Surat
Page
1 Model Rangka Kerja Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas
Pressure-State-Response Framework Model
193
2 Senarai Ahli JAAMPAS
List of IACES Members
194
3 Perbandingan nilai IPU dengan tahap pencemaran dan kawalan kesihatan
Comparison of API values with level of pollution and health measures
195
4 Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara kepada manusia dan tumbuhan
Sources and effects of air pollutants on human and plants
196
5 Klasifikasi kualiti air berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti AirWater quality classification based on Water Quality Index
197
6 Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air dan kelas air dan kegunaan
Water Quality Index classification and water class and uses
198
7 Kriteria standard dan kualiti air marin
Marine water quality criteria and standards
199
8A Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi, Malaysia,
2012 dan 2013
Water quality status within Clean rivers basin monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013
200
8B Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar yang diawasi,
Malaysia, 2012 dan 2013
Water quality status within Slightly Polluted basin monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013
207
8C Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia,
2012 dan 2013
Water quality status within Polluted river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013
212
9A Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pantai, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine Water Quality Index for Coastal Water Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013
213
9B Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2011-2013Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013
219
9C Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pulau, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine Water Quality Index for Island Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011- 2013
222
10 Nota dan Simbol
Notes and Symbols
226
11 Rujukan
References
228
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PENUNJUK PENTINGKEY INDICATORS
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1.
Udara/AtmosferaAir/Atmosphere
a. Purata suhu (oC)aMean temperature (
oC)
- MaksimumMaximum
32.0 31.7 31.9 32.2 32.9b
- Minimum 24.3 24.1 24.2 24.5 24.7b
b. Jumlah hujan (mm)a
Total rainfall (mm)2,264.8 1,632.4 2,271.4 1,623.5 701.0
b
c. Purata kelembapan relatif (%)a
Mean relative humidity (%)83.4 83.6 82.1 78.9 74.2
b
d. Bacaan minimum dan maksimum Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU) bagi stesen terpilih
Minimum and maximum Air Pollutant Index (API) readings for selected stations
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
- Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 26 169 11 150 4 155 22 186 - -
- Larkin, Johor Bahru 15 111 3 84 2 137 17 226 - -
- Bandaraya Melaka 22 139 12 97 3 83 16 415 - -
- Seberang Jaya 28 93 6 98 6 105 27 132 - -
- Kuching 16 54 4 100 16 93 17 89 - -
- Miri 17 89 4 96 5 97 18 93 - -
- Kota Kinabalu 10 68 2 61 1 61 8 90 - -
e. Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca ('000 tan metrik)Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source ('000 tonnes)
- Kenderaan bermotorMotor vehicles
1,829.7 1,905.6 2,024.6 2,025.6 -
- Punca tetapStationary sources
733.1 749.9 779.6 787.8 -
i. IndustriIndustrial
113.9 116.4 86.4 86.0 -
ii. Stesen janakuasa
Power plant619.2 633.5 693.2 701.8 -
aMerujuk kepada Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA)
Refer to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)
bJanuari hingga JunJanuary to June
IPU/API Status IPU/API status
050 Baik/Good
51100 Sederhana/Moderate
101200 Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy
201300 Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy
>300 Berbahaya/Hazardous
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PENUNJUK PENTINGKEY INDICATORS
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
2. Alam Sekitar Air/AkuatikWater/Aquatic Environment
a. DaratInland
i. Lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi (bil.)Clean river basins monitored (no.)
65 76 74 74 -
ii. Lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemaryang diawasi (bil.)Slighty Polluted river basins monitored (no.)
65 53 54 56 -
iii. Lembangan sungai Tercemar yang
diawasi (bil.)Polluted river basins monitored (no.)
13 11 12 10 -
iv. Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkandengan air paipPercentage of population supplied with
piped water
94.2 94.4 94.7 95.1 -
b. MarinMarine
i. Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin (tan metrik)Annual landings of marine fish (tonnes)
1,428,882 1,373,107 1,472,240 1,479,800p 1,560,000
e
ii. Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marinNumber of marine water quality monitoringstations
240 224r 224
r 231 -
iii. Tumpahan minyak di laut (bil.)Oil spills at sea (no.)
16 14 21 13 -
3. Tanah/Alam Sekitar TerestrialLand/Terrestrial Environment
a. Jumlah kawasan berhutan (hektar)Total forested area (hectares)
18,082,098r 17,999,847 18,111,013
r 18,113,791 -
b. Keluasan hutan paya gambut (hektar)Area of peat swamp forest (hectares)
1,068,506 1,067,947 1,067,436 1,079,476 -
c. Keluasan hutan paya laut (hektar)Area of mangrove forest (hectares)
539,154r 538,914
r 544,032 551,333 -
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PENUNJUK PENTINGKEY INDICATORS
Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Jabatan Bekalan Air, Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia,Jabatan Hutan Sarawak, Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah, Jabatan PerhutananSemenanjung Malaysia, Kementerian Kesihatan, Suruhanjaya PerkhidmatanAir Negara
Source: Department of Environment, Department of Water Supply, Malaysian MeteorologicalDepartment, Forests Department Sarawak, Sabah Forestry Department,Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia, Ministry of Health, National WaterServices Commission
cTermasuk kolera, tifoid, disenteri, viral hepatitis A dan keracunan makananIncludes cholera, typhoid, dysentry, viral hepatitis A and food poisoning
d
Termasuk malaria, demam denggi dan denggi berdarahIncludes Malaria, dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
4. Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan PendudukUrban Environment/Human Settlement
a. Saiz penduduk ('000)Population size (000)
28,588.6 29,062.0 29,510.0 29,915.3 30,261.7
b. Kepadatan penduduk (kilometer persegi)Population density (per sq. km)
86 88 89 91 92e
c. Nisbah doktor-pendudukDoctor-population ratio
1:859 1:791 1:758 1:633 1:633e
d. Bilangan kenderaan berdaftarNumber of vehicles registered
20,092,819 21,304,818 22,616,566 23,819,256 -
e. Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang diuruskan(tan metrik/tahun)Quantity of scheduled waste managed(tonnes/year)
1,880,929 1,622,032 1,708,708 1,387,861 -
f. Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untukpemusnahan di insinerator klinikal (tan metrik)Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction atclinical incinerators (tonnes)
16,781 17,796 18,055 19,491 -
g. Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Airc
Number of cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases 13,315 17,660 14,233 14,795 -
h. Bilangan kes penyakit bawaan vektord
Number of cases of vector borne diseases52,821 25,191 26,625 47,196 -
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RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUMFRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM
Rangka kerja
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (KPAS) adalah
berdasarkan Framework For The Development ofEnvironment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998 yang
disesuaikan daripada Framework For The Development
of Environment Statistics (FDES), United Nations 1984.
Penyusunan data mengikut empat klasifikasi media alam
sekitar dan dianalisis berdasarkan model Keadaan-
Tekanan-Tindak Balas (SPR) yang disesuaikan
daripada model Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas (PSR)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD)seperti di Lampiran 1.
Kompendium ini menerangkan alam sekitar mengikut
klasifikasi media seperti berikut: Udara/Atmosfera,
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (darat dan marin),
Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar
Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk. Susunan kompendium
ini adalah seperti berikut: setiap bab mengandungi latar
belakang alam sekitar diikuti keadaan semasa
seterusnya menggambarkan bagaimana aktiviti manusia
memberi tekanan ke atas alam sekitar. Akhirnya tindak
balasyang sesuai diambil untuk mengurangkan tekanan
atau impak.
Punca data
Perangkaan dalam KPAS ini telah diperoleh menerusi
sumber data sekunder, rekod pentadbiran dan
perangkaan yang diterbitkan. Pembekal utama statistik ini
ialah Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) dan agensi kerajaan
yang lain, terutamanya ahli-ahli Jawatankuasa Antara
Agensi mengenai Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (JAAMPAS).
Senarai penuh ahli JAAMPAS seperti di Lampiran 2.
Kompendium ini merupakan sebahagian daripada
rancangan yang berterusan untuk mempersembahkan
perangkaan alam sekitar yang terpilih. Terdapat ruang
data yang masih perlu diliputi, terutamanya tentang flora
dan fauna, dan kepelbagaian biologi. Usaha telah
dimulakan bagi mengumpul beberapa perangkaan ini
Framework
The Compendium of Environment Statistics (CES) is in
accordance with Framework For The Development ofEnvironment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998 which has
been adopted from Framework For The Development of
Environment Statistics (FDES), United Nations 1984. The
compilation of data according to four environmental media
classifications and the analyses are based on the model
State-Pressure-Response(SPR) that has been modified
from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) model that is Pressure-State-
Responses(PSR) as per Appendix 1.
This compendium describes the environment according to
the following media classifications: Air /Atmosphere,
Water/Aquatic Environment (inland and marine),
Land/Terrestr ial Environment and Urban
Environm ent/Human Sett lements. Its layout adopts the
following approach: each chapter outlines the
background of the environment, followed by a
description of the existing state. It thenproceeds to show
how human activities can put pressure on the
environment leading to appropriate responses taken to
minimise these stresses or impacts.
Data source
The statistics in the CES were obtained from secondary
data sources, administrative records and published
statistics. The main contributors for this statistics are
Department of Environment (DOE) and other Government
agencies, particularly, members of the Inter-Agency
Committee on Environment Statistics (IACES). The full list
of IACES members is in Appendix 2.
This compendium is part of an ongoing programme to
present selected areas of environment statistics. There
are still data gaps to be covered, especially in the areas
of flora and fauna, and bio-diversity. Efforts have been
initiated to collect some of these statistics through regular
surveys. Some sections of the CES have been enhanced
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RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUMFRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM
melalui penyiasatan tetap. Beberapa seksyen dalam
kompendium ini telah ditambah baik dengan
pengumpulan data daripada penyiasatan-penyiasatan ini
dan juga lain-lain sumber. Penambahan tajuk bagi
seksyen yang sedia ada adalah berterusan.
with data collected from these surveys and also other
sources. The inclusion of new topics within the existing
sections is expected to continue.
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1
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A. LATAR BELAKANG UDARA/ATMOSFERABACKGROUND AIR/ATMOSPHERE
A.1 Iklim
Pengenalan
Malaysia terletak di zon khatulistiwa dan mengalami
iklim panas dan lembap. Pada amnya, ia mempunyai
suhu seragam, kelembapan tinggi dan jumlah hujan
yang banyak.
Suhu
Jadual A menunjukkan ringkasan perangkaan iklim di
stesen meteorologi terpilih pada 2013. Suhu tertinggi
direkodkan di stesen Chuping (37.5C) dan bacaan
terendah di stesen Cameron Highlands (13.6C).
Taburan hujan
Pada 2013, hujan tahunan tertinggi dan terendah
masing-masing direkodkan di stesen Kuching
(4,125.2 mm) dan stesen Melaka (1,389.8 mm).
[Jadual A]
A.1 Climate
Introduct ion
Malaysia is located in the equatorial zone and
experience the warm and humid climate. In general, it
has a uniform temperature, high humidity and abundant
rainfall.
Temperature
Table A shows the summary of climate statistics at
selected meteorological stations in 2013. The highest
temperature recorded at Chuping station (37.5C) and
the lowest recorded at Cameron Highlands station
(13.6C).
Rainfall distr ibut ion
In 2013, the yearly highest and lowest rainfall were
recorded at Kuching station (4,125.2 mm) and Melaka
station (1,389.8 mm) respectively. [Table A]
Jadual A: Ringkasan perangkaan iklim di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2013Table A: Summary of climate statistics at selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2013
IklimClimate
RekodRecord
StesenStation
SuhuTemperature
Suhu tertinggi (C)Highest temperature
37.5 Chuping
Suhu terendah (C)Lowest temperature
13.6 Cameron Highlands
HujanRainfall
Hujan tahunan tertinggi (mm)Yearly highest rainfall
4,125.2 Kuching
Hujan tahunan terendah (mm)Yearly lowest rainfall
1,389.8 Melaka
Purata kelembapan relatifMean relative humidity
Purata kelembapan relatif tertinggi (%)Highest mean relative humidity
89.6 Cameron Highlands
Purata kelembapan relatif terendah (%)Lowest mean relative humidity
76.2 Petaling Jaya
Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaSource: Malaysian Meteorological Department
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A. LATAR BELAKANG UDARA/ATMOSFERABACKGROUND AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jumlah hujan tahunan bagi 34 stesen meteorologi
terpilih menurun daripada 95.9 ribu mm pada 2009
kepada 89.0 ribu mm pada 2013. Bagi tempoh enam
bulan pertama 2013 dan 2014, jumlah hujan juga
menurun daripada 37.9 ribu mm kepada 29.3 ribu mm.
[Carta 1.1]
Total annual rainfall for 34 selected meteorological
stations decreased from 95.9 thousand mm in 2009 to
89.0 thousand mm in 2013. Similarly, during the first six
months of 2013 and 2014, total rainfall also decreased
from 37.9 thousand mm to 29.3 thousand mm.
[Chart 1.1]
Carta 1.1: Jumlah hujan di 34 stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2014Chart 1.1: Total rainfall at 34 selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2009-2014
1Januari-Jun Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaJanuary-June Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
95.9
87.3
101.4
91.7 89.0
37.9
29.3
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2013 2014
Jumlah hujan (000mm)Total rainfall
TahunYear
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A. LATAR BELAKANG UDARA/ATMOSFERABACKGROUND AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Di Semenanjung Malaysia, bilangan hari hujan tertinggi
dicatatkan di Cameron Highlands iaitu 243 hari pada
2013. Sementara itu, Chuping mencatatkan bilangan
hari hujan terendah iaitu 156 hari. [Carta 1.2a]
In Peninsular Malaysia, the highest number of rainy
days was recorded in Cameron Highlands with 243
days in 2013. Meanwhile, Chuping recorded the lowest
number of rainy days with 156 days. [Chart 1.2a]
Carta 1.2a: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013Chart 1.2a: Total number ofrainy days at selected meteorological stations, Peninsular Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaSource: Malaysian Meteorological Department
Pada 2013, di Sabah, bilangan hari hujan terendah
dicatatkan di Kudat iaitu 194 hari manakala bilangan
hari hujan tertinggi dicatatkan di Sandakan iaitu 202
hari. [Carta 1.2b]
Di Sarawak, bilangan hari hujan terendah dicatatkan di
Miri iaitu 198 hari manakala bilangan hari hujan
tertinggi dicatatkan di Kuching iaitu 258 hari.
[Carta 1.2c]
In 2013, for Sabah, the lowest number of rainy days
was recorded in Kudat at 194 days while the highest
number of rainy days was recorded in Sandakan at 202
days. [Chart 1.2b]
In Sarawak, the lowest number of rainy days was
recorded in Miri at 198 days while the highest number
of rainy days was recorded in Kuching at 258 days.
[Chart 1.2c]
0
50
100
150
200
250
CameronHighlands
Senai
W.P.
Labuan
PetalingJaya
Subang
BatuPahat
KualaKrai
BayanLepas
Ipoh
Temerloh
BatuEmbun,
Jerantut
LubokMerbau,
KualaKangsar
KualaTerengganu
Kuantan
Sitiawan
Mersing
Kluang
PulauLangkawi
MuadzamShah
Butterworth
Melaka
AlorSetar
KLIASepang
KotaBharu
Chuping
242
173 19
0 207
2
00
177 1
82 187
217
167
187
19
1
178 19
1
176
166
161
167
166 19
0
163 1
73
168
176
165
243
210
2
09
2
03
196
192
186
186
184
182
181
181
180
177
177
176
175
170
166
162
162
161
160
159
156
2009 2013Jumlah hari hujanTotal rainy days
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A. LATAR BELAKANG UDARA/ATMOSFERABACKGROUND AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.2b:Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi Carta 1.2c: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologiterpilih, Sabah, 2009 dan 2013 terpilih, Sarawak, 2009 dan 2013
Chart 1.2b: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological Chart 1.2c: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorologicalstations, Sabah,2009 and 2013 stations, Sarawak,2009 and 2013
Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaSource: Malaysian Meteorological Department Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department
Purata kelembapan relatif
Pada 2013, purata kelembapan relatif bagi
Semenanjung Malaysia berada di antara 76.2 peratus
(Petaling Jaya) dan 89.6 peratus (Cameron Highlands).
Purata kelembapan relatif di Sabah berada di antara
80.9 peratus (Kota Kinabalu) dan 83.4 peratus (Kudat)
manakala di Sarawak berada di antara 83.4 peratus
(Kuching) dan 86.2 peratus (Sri Aman). [Jadual 1.1]
Mean relat ive hum idi ty
In 2013, the mean relative humidity for Peninsular
Malaysia was between 76.2 per cent (Petaling Jaya)
and 89.6 per cent (Cameron Highlands). The mean
relative humidity in Sabah was between 80.9 per cent
(Kota Kinabalu) and 83.4 per cent (Kudat) while in
Sarawak was between 83.4 per cent (Kuching) and
86.2 per cent (Sri Aman). [Table 1.1]
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sandakan Kota
Kinabalu
Tawau Kudat
209
175 1
97
1862
02
200
196
194
2009 2013
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Kuching Sri
Aman
Bintulu Sibu Miri
238
219
218 2
34
191
258
227
218
217
198
2009 2013Jumlah hari hujanTotal rainy days
Jumlah hari hujanTotal rainy days
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
B.1 Status kualiti udara
Pengenalan
Udara terdiri daripada komposisi gas termasuk nitrogen
(lebih kurang 78.0 peratus), oksigen (lebih kurang
21.0 peratus) dan gas-gas lain (lebih kurang
1.0 peratus). Kesemua komponen ini memainkan
peranan penting dalam mengekalkan kehidupan.
Indeks Pencemaran Udara
Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) telah membangunkan
sistem indeks kualiti udara yang pertama dikenalisebagai Indeks Kualiti Udara Malaysia (IKUM) pada
1993. Sistem indeks memainkan peranan penting
untuk memaklumkan status kualiti udara sekeliling,
yang terdiri daripada Baik sehingga Berbahaya. Indeks
Pencemaran Udara (IPU) telah diperkenalkan setelah
JAS mengkaji semula sistem indeks ini pada 1996.
Bahan pencemar udara yang diambil kira untuk
mengira IPU adalah Ozon (O3), Karbon Monoksida
(CO), Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2), Sulfur Dioksida (SO2)
dan Habuk Halus bersaiz kurang dari 10 mikron (PM10).
Pencemar udara yang dominan dengan kepekatan
tertinggi diambil kira sebagai pencemar yang akan
menentukan nilai IPU. Pada lazimnya, kepekatan
Habuk Halus (PM10) adalah yang tertinggi berbanding
dengan pencemar yang lain dan ini menentukan
bacaan IPU.
IPU dikategorikan sebagai Baik, Sederhana, TidakSihat, Sangat Tidak Sihat dan Berbahaya [Lampiran 3]
seperti berikut:
B.1 Air qual i ty status
Introduct ion
Air consists of composition of gases including nitrogen
(about 78.0 per cent), oxygen (about 21.0 per cent) and
other gases (about 1.0 per cent). All these components
play an important role in sustaining lives.
Air Pol lutant Index
The Department of Environment (DOE) has developed
its first air quality index system, known as the MalaysianAir Quality Index (MAQI) in 1993. An index system
plays an important role in conveying the status of
ambient air quality, ranging from Good to Hazardous.
The Air Pollutant Index (API) was introduced when
DOE revised its index system in 1996.
The air pollutants which were counted in computing the
API are Ground Level Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide
(CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
and Particulate Matter of less than 10 microns in size
(PM10). Dominant of air pollutant with the highest
concentrations of pollutants are accounted for as that
will determine the value of API. In general,
concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM10) are the
highest as compared to other concentrations and this
determines the API readings.
The API is categorised as Good, Moderate, Unhealthy,Very Unhealthy and Hazardous [Appendix 3] as
follows:
Status Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU)Air Pollutant Index (API) status
IPU/API Status IPU/API status
050 Baik/Good
51100 Sederhana/Moderate
101200 Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy
201300 Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy
>300 Berbahaya/Hazardous
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3 (a hingga m) menunjukkan keseluruhan
status kualiti udara mengikut negeri. Berdasarkan
status IPU, keseluruhan kualiti udara pada 2013
menunjukkan status Baik dan Sederhana pada
kebanyakan masa. Daripada 52 stesen yang dipantau,
35 stesen mencatatkan status Tidak Sihat. Stesen
Tawau mencatatkan hari status Baik terbanyak (352)
manakala stesen Cheras, Kuala Lumpur mencatatkan
30 hari status Tidak Sihat.
Chart 1.3 (a to m) shows the overall air quality status
by state. Based on API status, the overall air quality in
2013 was between Good and Moderate for most of the
time. Of the 52 stations monitored, 35 stations recorded
Unhealthy status. Tawau station recorded the most
number of Good days (352) while Cheras, Kuala
Lumpur station recorded 30 Unhealthy days.
Carta 1.3a: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Johor, 2013
Chart 1.3a: Air quality status by station, Johor, 2013
Carta 1.3b: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Kedah dan Perlis, 2013
Chart 1.3b: Air quality status by station, Kedah and Perlis, 2013
1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment
Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems
0
50
100
150
200
250
Kota Tinggi Larkin Muar Pasir Gudang
201213
193
160153143
160
194
9 7 8 82 2 2 12 2
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat Sangat Tidak Sihat Berbahaya
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Alor Setar Langkawi Sungai Petani Kangar
292303
141
241
7362
223
124
1
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat
Bilangan hari
Number of days
Good Moderate Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (201-300) (>300)
Bilangan hariNumber of days
Good Moderate Unhealthy
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200)
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3c: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2013
Chart 1.3c: Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2013
Carta 1.3d: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2013
Chart 1.3d: Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2013
Carta 1.3e: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2013
Chart 1.3e: Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2013
1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Air quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment
Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Kota Bharu Tanah Merah
263
122100
242
2 1
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Bandaraya Melaka Bukit Rambai
114
21
222
325
9 152 42
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat Sangat Tidak Sihat Berbahaya
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Nilai Port Dickson Seremban
100114 111
256237 236
9 11 18
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat
Good Moderate Unhealthy
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200)
Bilangan hariNumber of days
Good Moderate Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (201-300) (>300)Bilangan hariNumber of days
Good Moderate Unhealthy
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200)
Bilangan hari
Number of days
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3f: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2013
Chart 1.3f: Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2013
Carta 1.3g: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Perak, 2013
Chart 1.3g: Air quality status by station, Perak, 2013
Carta 1.3h: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2013
Chart 1.3h: Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2013
1
Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment
Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Balok Baru Jerantut Kuantan
244
342
242
115
23
118
6 5
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Pegoh, Ipoh Seri Manjung Taiping Tanjung Malim Tasek, Ipoh
58
251
284
222
142
302
10578
127
219
4 5 316
41
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat Berbahaya
0
50
100
150
200
250
Perai Seberang Jaya USM
216
155
127147
206
236
2 4 2
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat
Good Moderate Unhealthy
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days
Good Moderate Unhealthy Hazardous
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (>300)
Bilangan hariNumber of days
Good Moderate Unhealthy
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3i: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2013
Chart 1.3i: Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2013
Carta 1.3j: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2013
Chart 1.3j: Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2013
Carta 1.3k: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2013
Chart 1.3k: Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2013
1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment
Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Keningau Kota Kinabalu Sandakan Tawau
331308
342 352
3357
23131
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat
0
100
200
300
400
241
342310 293
337 326
260230
316 324
124
2348
72
24 39102
134
48 401
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Banting Klang Kuala Selangor Petaling Jaya Shah Alam
5768
275
134122
288 286
85
222 228
187 2 6
132 2 2 12 1
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat Sangat Tidak Sihat Berbahaya
Good Moderate Unhealthy
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days
Good Moderate Unhealthy
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days
Good Moderate Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (201-300) (>300)Bilangan hariNumber of days
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3l: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Terengganu, 2013
Chart 1.3l: Air quality status by station, Terengganu, 2013
Carta 1.3m: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013
Chart 1.3m: Air quality status by station, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013
1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment
Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems
Carta 1.4menunjukkan bilangan hari bagi status kualiti
udara Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen pemantauan JAS
pada 2013. Stesen Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
mencatatkan bilangan hari Tidak Sihat terbanyak (30).
Stesen Keningau, Sibu, Sungai Petani dan Tanah
Merah masing-masing mencatatkan satu hari status
Tidak Sihat.
Chart 1.4shows the number of days for Unhealthy air
quality status by DOE monitoring station in 2013.
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur station recorded the most
number of Unhealthy days (30). Keningau, Sibu, Sungai
Petani and Tanah Merah stations recorded one day
Unhealthy status respectively.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Kemaman Kuala Terengganu Paka
139120
315
219243
47
6 2 31
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat Sangat Tidak Sihat
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Batu Muda,Kuala Lumpur
Cheras, KualaLumpur
Labuan Putrajaya
9675
334
119
248 260
31
237
21 309
Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat
Good Moderate Unhealthy Very Unhealthy
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (201-300)Bilangan hari
Number of days
Good Moderate Unhealthy
(0-50) (51-100) (101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.4: Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara1Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen pemantauan,
Malaysia, 2013Chart 1.4: Number of days for Unhealthy air quality status by monitoring station, Malaysia, 2013
1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment
B.2 Bahan pencemar udara
Bahan pencemar udara merupakan bahan kimia di
udara yang boleh membahayakan manusia dan alam
sekitar. Bahan pencemar boleh berbentuk partikel,
titisan cecair atau gas.
Terdapat enam bahan pencemar utama iaitu O3,
Plumbum (Pb), CO, SO2, NO2 dan PM10. Pencemaran
udara berlaku apabila bahan pencemar ini hadir di
atmosfera. Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara
kepada manusia dan tumbuhan ditunjukkan seperti di
Lampiran 4.
B.2 Air pol lutant
Air pollutant is a substance in the air that can be
harmful to human beings and the environment.
Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid
droplets or gases.
There are six main pollutants namely O3, Plumbum
(Pb), CO, SO2, NO2 and PM10. Air pollution occurs when
these pollutants are present in the atmosphere. The
sources and effects of air pollutants on human and
plants are shown in App endix 4.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
13
15
16
18
21
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Keningau, Sibu, Sungai Petani, Tanah Merah
Kota Bharu, Kuala Selangor, Kuala Terengganu, Perai, USM
Paka, Taiping
Pegoh, Seberang Jaya, Tasek
Kuantan, Seri Manjung
Balok Baru, Kemaman, Petaling Jaya
Klang, Larkin
Muar, Pasir Gudang
Kota Tinggi, Melaka, Nilai, Putrajaya
Port Dickson
Shah Alam
Bukit Rambai
Tanjung Malim
Banting, Seremban
Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
Bilangan hariNumber of days
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Ozon
Ozon (O3) merupakan gas yang mengeluarkan bau
yang tidak menyenangkan, tidak berwarna dan
bertoksik. Pada lewat tengahari atau awal petang,
lazimnya kepekatan O3adalah tinggi dan mendominasi
bacaan IPU di sesetengah kawasan. Di bawah
pengaruh cahaya matahari, Nitrogen Oksida (NOx) dan
Sebatian Organik Meruap (VOC) yang dilepaskan dari
ekzos kenderaan bermotor dan industri akan
bertindakbalas bagi membentuk O3 di permukaan
bumi.
Kepekatan tertinggi bagi O3 dicatatkan di kawasan
bandar iaitu sebanyak 0.046 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan
industri, 0.042 ppm dan kawasan subbandar
0.037 ppm. Kepekatan di kawasan backgroundadalah
0.034 ppm. [Carta 1.5]
Ground Level Ozone
Ground Level Ozone (O3) is a pungent, colourless and
toxic gas. By the late afternoon or early evening, O3
concentrations are typically high and dominates the API
readings in some areas. Under the influence of sunlight,
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs) emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and
industry react to form O3in the earth's surface.
The highest concentration of O3 recorded at urban area
at 0.046 ppm followed by industrial area, 0.042 ppm
and suburban area, 0.037 ppm. Background area
recorded concentration at 0.034 ppm. [Chart 1.5]
Carta 1.5: Purata tahunan kepekatan Ozon mengikut l and use, Malaysia, 2013Chart 1.5: Average annual concentration of Ground Level Ozone by land use, Malaysia, 2013
Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
Kawasan Industri Bandar Subbandar
0.042
0.046
0.037
0.034
BackgroundIndustrial area Urban Suburban
ppm
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: O3 tidak melebihi 0.1 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: O3not exceeding 0.1 ppm
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Plumbum
Plumbum (Pb) adalah bahan pencemar yang wujud
dalam bentuk wap atau partikel halus. Ia hadir secarasemula jadi di alam sekitar. Bagaimanapun,
kebanyakan kepekatan Pb yang ditemui di persekitaran
adalah hasil daripada aktiviti manusia.
Stesen IPD Butterworth mencatatkan kepekatan Pb
tertinggi iaitu 0.0252 g/m3 pada 2013 diikuti oleh
stesen Dewan Bandaraya dan Pudu masing-masing
dengan 0.0171 g/m3dan 0.0025 g/m
3. [Carta 1.6]
Lead
Lead (Pb) is a pollutant which exists in the form of
vapour or particles. It occurs naturally in theenvironment. However, most Pb concentrations that are
found in the environment are a result of human
activities.
IPD Butterworth station recorded the highest
concentration of Pb at 0.0252 g/m3in 2013 followed by
City Hall and Pudu station at 0.0171 g/m3and 0.0025
g/m3respectively. [Chart 1.6]
Carta 1.6: Purata tahunan kepekatan Plumbum di udara, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan Pulau Pinang, 2009-2013Chart 1.6: Annual average concentration of Lead in the air, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Pulau Pinang, 2009-2013
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: Pb tidak melebihi 1.5 g/m3 Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: Pbnot exceeding 1.5 g/m3 Source: Department of Environment
0.0613 0.06100.0583
0.0405
0.0025
0.02250.0263
0.0207
0.0118 0.0171
0.0610 0.06100.0580
0.0286 0.0252
0.0000
0.0100
0.0200
0.0300
0.0400
0.0500
0.0600
0.0700
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Pudu Dewan Bandaraya IPD Butterworth
TahunYear
g/m City Hall
-
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Karbon Monoksida
Karbon Monoksida (CO) merupakan gas yang tidak
berwarna dan tidak berbau, tidak merengsa tetapi amat
beracun. Kepekatan semula jadi CO di udara adalah
sekitar 0.2 ppm, dan jumlah itu adalah tidak berbahaya
kepada manusia. Pelepasan daripada ekzos
kenderaan, proses industri dan aktiviti pembakaran
terbuka merupakan sumber utama CO di kawasan
bandar.
Kawasan industri mencatatkan kepekatan CO tertinggi
iaitu 0.767 ppm. Ini diikuti oleh kawasan bandar
(0.742 ppm) dan kawasan subbandar (0.601 ppm).Bagi kawasan background, kepekatan yang dicatatkan
adalah 0.290 ppm. [Carta 1.7]
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colourless and odourless,
non-irritating but very poisonous gas. The natural
concentration of CO in air is around 0.2 ppm, and that
amount is not harmful to humans. Emissions from motor
vehicle exhausts, industrial process and open burning
activities are the main sources of CO in urban areas.
Industrial area recorded the highest level of CO
concentration at 0.767 ppm, followed by urban areas
(0.742 ppm) and suburban areas (0.601 ppm). For
background area, the concentration recorded was at
0.290 ppm. [Chart 1.7]
Carta 1.7: Purata tahunan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013Chart 1.7: Average annual concentration of Carbon Monoxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013
Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
Kawasan Industri Bandar Subbandar
0.7670.742
0.601
0.290
BackgroundIndustrial area Urban Suburban
ppm
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: COtidak melebihi 9 ppmNote: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: CO not exceeding 9 ppm
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Sulfur Dioksida
Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) adalah sejenis gas reaktif yang
tidak berwarna, mempunyai bau yang tajam, merengsa
serta mudah larut dalam air. Sumber utama SO2 di
udara ialah aktiviti industri yang memproses bahan
yang mengandungi sulfur, contohnya penjanaan
elektrik daripada arang batu, minyak atau gas yang
mengandungi sulfur.
Kepekatan tertinggi SO2 direkodkan di kawasan industri
iaitu 0.0022 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan bandar
(0.0020 ppm) dan subbandar (0.0013 ppm). Kawasan
backgroundmencatatkan kepekatan pada 0.0005 ppm.[Carta 1.8]
Sulphur Dioxide
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is a colourless, pungent, irritating
and water-soluble reactive gas. The main source of SO2
in the air is industrial activity that processes materials
that contain sulphur, e.g the generation of electricity
from coal, oil or gas that contains sulphur.
The highest level of SO2 concentration recorded at
industrial area which accounted for 0.0022 ppm
followed by urban areas (0.0020 ppm) and suburban
areas (0.0013 ppm). Background area recordedconcentration at 0.0005 ppm. [Chart 1.8]
Carta 1.8: Purata tahunan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013Chart 1.8: Average annual concentration of Sulphur Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013
Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment
Nitrogen Dioksida
Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) terbentuk di persekitaran
udara melalui pengoksidaan Nitrogen Monoksida (NO).
Gas bertoksik berwarna merah keperangan inimempunyai bau yang kuat dan tajam.
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is formed in the ambient air
through the oxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide (NO). This
reddish brown toxic gas has a sharp and pungentodour.
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
Kawasan Industri Bandar Subbandar
0.0022
0.0020
0.0013
0.0005
BackgroundIndustrial area Urban Suburban
ppm
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: SO2tidak melebihi 0.04 ppmNote: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: SO2not exceeding 0.04 ppm
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B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.9 menunjukkan bacaan purata tahunan
kepekatan NO2mengikut land usepada 2013. Purata
kepekatan bagi kawasan industri merupakan yang
tertinggi iaitu 0.011 ppm. Sementara itu, kawasanbandar dan subbandar masing-masing mencatatkan
purata kepekatan pada 0.010 ppm dan 0.008 ppm.
Purata tahunan kepekatan di kawasan background
adalah 0.002 ppm.
Chart 1.9 shows the reading of average annual
concentration of NO2by land use in 2013. The average
concentration for industrial areas was the highest
at 0.011 ppm. Meanwhile, urban area and suburbanarea recorded average concentration at 0.010 ppm and
0.008 ppm respectively. The average annual
concentration at background area was 0.002 ppm.
Carta 1.9: Purata tahunan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013Chart 1.9: Average annual concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013
Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment
Habuk Halus
Habuk Halus (PM10) adalah istilah yang digunakan bagi
partikel terampai berukuran kurang daripada diameter
10 mikron. PM10 boleh berbentuk pepejal atau cecair
dan ia termasuk aerosol, debu, asap dan debunga.
Partikel ini berpunca daripada stesen janakuasa, proses
industr
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