completing the revolution, 1789-1815 (c) 2003 wadsworth group all rights reserved chapter 8

Completing the Revolution, 1789-1815

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Chapter 8Chapter 8

Establishing the Government

• George Washington, 1789

• Inaugurated as first President

• New York City

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The “Republican Court”

• George Washington: Mr. President• Vice-President John Adams • Importance of Presidential pomp and

circumstance• Thomas Jefferson: lone democrat in the

administration

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The First Congress

• James Madison, author of the Constitution

• Bill of Rights

• Judiciary Act of 1789

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Hamiltonian Economics: The National Debt

• Alexander Hamilton– Secretary of Treasury– Report on Public Credit (1790)

• Foreign debt paid promptly and fully

• Domestic debt—government issue securities to debtholders that pay 4% interest

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Hamiltonian Economics: The Bank and the Excise Tax

• Bank of the United States– Handle government revenue and disbursements– Privately owned and controlled– Carbon copy of Bank of England

• Taxes– Excise taxes: alcohol, tea, coffee, etal.– Whiskey tax to set precedent of federal

government imposing and collecting internal tax

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The Rise of Opposition

• Madison led congressional opposition to Hamilton’s proposals

• Jefferson joins Madison’s opposition

• Compromise reached:– In exchange for accepting Hamilton’s proposals

on the debt, the permanent capital of the United States would be located on the Potomac River

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Jefferson versus Hamilton

• Jefferson and strict constructionism

• Hamilton and loose constructionism

• Federalists

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The Republic in a World at War, 1793-1800

• French Revolution erupts • France is at war with Austria and Prussia• France declares war on Britain and kill its

king• A war between French republicanism and

British-led reaction• Ends in French defeat, 1815

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Americans and the French Revolution

• Americans sympathetic to French Revolution– Jeffersonian Republicanism– Grateful for French help in American revolution

• Washington declares American neutrality• U.S. commerce and financial health depended on

good relations with Great Britain• Jefferson and Madison lead French sympathizers

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Citizen Genêt

• Citizen Edmond Charles Genêt

• British Orders in Council

• French ignored neutrality of the U.S.

• British engaged in overt and covert acts of war

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Western Troubles

• Shawnee attack frontier settlers• “Mad” Anthony Wayne and the Battle of Fallen

Timbers (1794)• Whiskey Rebellion• George Washington orders militia troops against

Whiskey Rebellion

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The Jay Treaty• Jay’s Treaty

– British agree to abandon forts on U.S. soil

– U.S. grants Britain Most-Favored-Nation trading status

– Nothing said of impressment or other British violations

– New England and port cities for it

– South opposed

• Pinckney Treaty – Thomas Pinckney

– Favorable Florida border

– Americans can use Mississippi River and port of New Orleans

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Washington’s Farewell

• Set 2-term limit• Secured U.S. control of West• Farewell address warnings

– “entangling alliances”– “factions”

• Democratic Republicans

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The Election of 1796

• John Adams, Federalist candidate

• Thomas Jefferson, Democratic Republican candidate

• John Adams won Presidency

• Thomas Jefferson won Vice-Presidency

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Troubles with France, 1796-1800

• France breaks off relations because of Jay’s Treaty

• XYZ Affair

• France vs. U.S. in the Caribbean

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The Crisis at Home, 1798-1800

• Federal property tax

• Alien and Sedition Acts– William Duane of the Philadelphia Aurora– Matthew Lyon

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

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The Politicians and the Army

• Federalists implemented request that Congress create standing army

• Adams becomes suspicious of Hamilton and “High Federalists”

• Adams negotiates peace with France

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The Election of 1800

• Many believe Federalist using war with France to impose their rule and destroy opposition– Alien and Sedition Acts– Federalist military buildup– Crushing of Fries Rebellion

• Democratic-Republicans--Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

• Federalists: John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney• Result: Jefferson and Burr tie• Congress chooses Jefferson

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The Jeffersonians in Power:The Republican Program

• Plea for unity, “we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

• Jefferson’s “wise and frugal government”

• Simplified social tone of administration

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Cleansing the Government

• Reduced size and expense of government

• Substantial cuts in military

• Jefferson dismantled repressive apparatus of Federalist state

• Reduced government expenditures and debt

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The Jeffersonians and the Courts

• Jefferson distrusted Federalists controlled Judiciary

• John Marshall

• Judiciary Act of 1801 and the “midnight judges”

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The Impeachments of Pickering and Chase

• John Randolph

• John Pickering

• Samuel Chase

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Justice Marshall’s court• Marbury v. Madison (1801)

– William Marbury– judicial review

• Burr’s trial for treason– Burr kills Hamilton in a duel– Burr’s conspiracy and trial– Marshall acquits Burr

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Louisiana

• Purchase of Louisiana Territory from France, 1803

• New Orleans

• Dilemma for Jefferson: he had no constitutional power to buy the territory, but offer could not be refused

• Jefferson easily reelected in 1804

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The Republic and the Napoleonic Wars, 1804-1815

• Napoleon Bonaparte declared war on Great Britain, 1803

• 11-year war dominated national politics of the United States

• Americans wanted neutrality

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The Dilemmas of Neutrality

• Britain’s Essex Decision (1805)

• Congress retaliates with Non-importation Act

• Napoleon’s Berlin and Milan Decrees

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Trouble on the High Seas

• Impressment and naval seizures– 6000 Americans impressed by British– Chesapeake Affair

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Embargo

• Embargo Act (1807) – peaceable coercion • Embargo hurt American commerce

– 1807-1808, exports dropped from $108 million to $22 million

– Unemployment in port cities

• James Madison, elected President, 1808• Federalists gain ground in some states

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The Road to War

• Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

• Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)

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The War Hawk Congress, 1811-1812

• Democratic Republicans divided• War Hawks

– Henry Clay– John C. Calhoun

• Madison sends list of grievances against Britain

• Close vote, but war declared against Britain

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War Hawks and the War of 1812

• War Hawks declared war to defend:– Sovereignty– Western territory– Maritime rights of United States

• Invasion of Canada

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The War with Canada, 1812-1813

• Detroit – William Hull– Isaac Brock

• Queenston Heights

• Canada saved

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Tecumseh’s Last Stand

• Red Stick Creeks– Fort Mims Massacre

• Put-in-Bay (1813)– Oliver Hazard Perry

• Battle of the Thames (1813)

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

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The British Offensive, 1814

• British burn Washington D.C.• Francis Scott Key

– “Star Spangled Banner”

• British offensive in Great Lakes stalls• Andrew Jackson

– Battle of New Orleans (1815)– Gives U.S. national pride and a national hero

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The Hartford Convention• New Englanders felt victimized by

Democratic Republican trade policies• New England congressmen had voted

against going to war• British continue to trade with New England• Talk of Federalist New England secession• Federalists called Hartford Convention,

1814• Hartford Convention demands drowned out

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The Treaty of Ghent

• British defeat Napoleon

• War reached a stalemate

• By 1814, both sides withdrew their demands to end the war

• U.S.- Canadian border remained as it was in 1812

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Conclusion

• Federalist power grab thwarted

• Jefferson’s yeoman farmer dream shattered

• Republican congress - headed towards a market society and capitalist democracy

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