complexworld phd project: modeling interlevel relations within atm nataliya m. mogles vu university...

ComplexWorld PhD Project:

Modeling Interlevel Relations within ATM

ComplexWorld PhD Project:

Modeling Interlevel Relations within ATM

Nataliya M. Mogles

VU University

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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OverviewOverview

• Background

• Proposed Approach

• Conclusions

ComplexWorld PhD ProjectsComplexWorld PhD Projects

• Sponsored by ComplexWorld Network

(One of the SESAR WP-E Networks)

• Coordinated by the Innaxis Foundation

BackgroundBackground

• SESAR Programme envisions:

‘an affordable, seamless European ATM system, enabling all categories of airspace users to conduct their operation with minimum restrictions and maximum flexibility’

• Complete Process ‘from early planning through flight execution to post flight activities’

• Complex System (of human/automated agents)

• Optimal Performance with Minimal Chance for Hazards

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Example ScenarioExample Scenario

Example ScenarioExample Scenario

“During taxiing an aircraft moves from one sector of the airport to another, until it reaches the runway designated for takeoff. The crew of the aircraft consists of the pilot-in-command and the second pilot. The monitoring and control over the traffic in each sector is performed by a dedicated ground controller. Furthermore, the control over the aircraft on the runway and in its surroundings is performed by a dedicated runway controller. These controllers are situated in different towers at the airdrome, each of which is guided by a Tower Controllers Supervisor. During taxiing, control over the aircraft is handed over from one controller to another, depending on the physical position of the aircraft. Before crossing the runway on its way, the crew of the taxiing aircraft requests the controller responsible for the runway for clearance. When the clearance is provided, the aircraft is allowed to cross.”

Processes at Different LevelsProcesses at Different Levels

Global Level:

• Successful and Safe Taxiing of the Aircraft from Sector A to B

Local Level:

• Decision Making Processes of Individuals

• Communication between Individuals

• Interpretation of Communicated Information

• Effects of Emotions, Stress and Workload

Typical QuestionsTypical Questions

• How can descriptions at a global level of the system be related to descriptions at local levels and the organization of interactions?

• How does a change in the behavior of a local component or of the interaction organization impact the behavior of the global system?

• Can descriptions be found of the behavior at the global level that approximate the behavior of the local elements combined, but abstract from the local details?

Typical QuestionsTypical Questions

• How can descriptions at a global level of the system be related to descriptions at local levels and the organization of interactions?

• How does a change in the behavior of a local component or of the interaction organization impact the behavior of the global system?

• Can descriptions be found of the behavior at the global level that approximate the behavior of the local elements combined, but abstract from the local details?

Proposed Solution: Interlevel Relations

3D Classification Scheme3D Classification Scheme

behavioural process

abstraction level

cognitive process

abstraction level

physiological process

abstraction level

temporally local level

temporally global level

individual agent cluster level

global agent cluster level

temporal dimension

process abstraction dimension

cluster dimension

Descriptions at the Behavioural Leveldirect reactive behaviour

(relating received input to an immediate response)

Descriptions at the Cognitive Levelcognitive states (e.g., desires, beliefs, levels of trust, …)affective states (e.g., emotions, stress, …)learning states

Descriptions at the Physiological Levelactivation states of neurons and connections between neurons levels of adrenalin or blood sugar

Process Abstraction DimensionProcess Abstraction Dimension

Descriptions at the Temporally Local Levelrelating states of a process over small time steps basic mechanismsoften used for simulation

Descriptions at the Temporally Global Leveldescriptions of a process over longer time periodsemerging patternsoften used as requirements

Temporal DimensionTemporal Dimension

Descriptions at the Individual Agent Leveldescribing characteristics of each agent separatelyoften considered more realistic

Descriptions at the Agent Cluster Leveldescribing multiple agents with the same characteristic as a

single entity or clusterusing sub-populationslower computational complexity

Agent Cluster DimensionAgent Cluster Dimension

behavioural process

abstraction level

cognitive process

abstraction level

physiological process

abstraction level

temporally local level

temporally global level

individual agent cluster level

global agent cluster level

temporal interlevel relations

process abstraction interlevel relations

cluster interlevel

relations

3D Classification Scheme3D Classification Scheme

Interlevel relations for process abstraction levels describe how a more abstract (global) process description can be related to less abstract (local) descriptions.

Interlevel relations for temporal levels describe how a temporally more global description can be related to temporally more local descriptions.

Interlevel relations for agent cluster levels describe how descriptions of a cluster relate to descriptions of its elements.

Interlevel RelationsInterlevel Relations

Techniques:quantitative methods

(e.g., mathematical analysis to establish numerical properties)

qualitative methods(e.g., logical analysis to prove entailment relations)

Goal:Gain more insight into desired properties at local levels to ensure

desired behavior at a global level:

Which characteristics are required for (human and software) agents in ATM processes, to ensure optimal performance with minimal errors?

Interlevel Relations - MethodologyInterlevel Relations - Methodology

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Interlevel relationsInterlevel relations

Within the area of Agent-Based Modeling, many different types of models exist Cognitive Models Emotion Models Social Models Neurologically Inspired Models …

More structure is useful for classification

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Relating Models at Different LevelsRelating Models at Different Levels

Example:

Two models at different points within one dimension may refer to the same process

Question: can we define an explicit relation between these models?

Unified specification format for such relations

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Elements in Interlevel RelationsElements in Interlevel Relations

1. An ontology mapping to relate basic state properties

2. A dynamic property mapping * extending the basic ontology mapping to dynamic properties

3. Logical relations between dynamic properties

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Example

a2 it is cold and dry (e.g., colddry)

b2 it is warm (e.g., warm)

a1 the molecules have a certain low level of movement and not many water molecules are present

(e.g., lowmovenowater)

b1 the molecules have a certain high level of movement

(e.g., highmove) (a2) = a1

(b2) = b1

Elements in Interlevel RelationsElements in Interlevel Relations

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a2 b2

a1 b1

higher level ontology

lower level ontology

Elements in Interlevel RelationsElements in Interlevel Relations

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Extended mapping for dynamic properties

To define interlevel relations from dynamic properties of the higher level model to dynamic properties of the lower level

Elements in Interlevel RelationsElements in Interlevel Relations

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(b2)

(a2)

b2 a2

*higher level

lower level

*(a2 b2) =

*(a2) *(b2)

Elements in Interlevel RelationsElements in Interlevel Relations

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Logical Relations between dynamic properties

Relationships based on valid logical implications that indicate how mapped higher level dynamic properties can be related to dynamic properties from the lower level model.

Elements in Interlevel RelationsElements in Interlevel Relations

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a1 b1 c1 d1b1 c1

a1 d1

a1 b1 & b1 c1 & c1 d1 a1 d1

Elements in Interlevel RelationsElements in Interlevel Relations

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ConclusionConclusion

Advantages within analysis and design of complex systems:

Conceptual clarificationComplexity managementCommunication with non-expertsTop-down design approachesInsight in weaknesses and bottlenecks in

organizationIncreasing resilience of a complex system

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Thank you!