cong nghe xu ly ctr
Post on 15-Nov-2015
234 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
-
1BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
CNG NGH MI TRNG
(ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLO
GY)
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chn
g 4 X
L CHT
THI RN
4.1. i cn
g v CTR
4.2. Ph
ng ph
p ch
n lp CT
R4.3. Ph
ng ph
p t CTR
4.4. Ph
ng ph
p nhit ph
n4.5. Cc ph
ng ph
p xl kh
cCh
n
g 5 T
I CH
V
TI S
DNG CHT
THI RN
5.1. ngh
a ca
hot
ng ti ch
vti sd
ng5.2. Tch loi rc
5.3.
rc (com
posting)
5.4. Thu
hi vti ch
cht do
5.5 Th
u h
i vti ch
kim lo
i5.5 Th
u h
i vti ch
cc sn ph
m cao su
Ti liu
tham
kho:
T
ng Vn
on,Trn
c H. Kthut m
i trng. Nxb Gio d
c, 200
1.
Trn
Hiu Nhu
, ng
Qu
c Dn
g, Ngu
yn Th
Kim Th
i.Qu
n lsy cht th
i rn
. T
p 1. Ch
t thi rn
th. Nxb Xy dng
, HNi, 20
01.
G.Tchob
anog
lous et al.-
Integrated Solidwaste Man
agem
ent -En
gine
ering Principles And
Man
agem
ent Issues -McG
raw Hill, 19
93.
-
2BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
4.1. i cng vcht thi rn
Ch
t th
i rn
(CT
R) (Solid wastes): cc vt cht
dng
rn
do con
ngi lo
i bra tcc ho
t n
g sng
, sn xut
Theo ngu
n gc ph
t sinh
:
CTR sinh ho
t
CT
R cn
g ng
hip
CT
R xy dng
CT
R nn
g ng
hip
Theo m
c ng
uy hi
Ch
t th
i ngu
y h
i (Hazardo
us wastes)
Ch
t th
i kh
ng ngu
y h
i (Non
-hazardo
us wastes)
CTR
th(Mun
icipal solid waste, MSW
): CTR
ph
t sinh
tcc ho
t
ng
trn a bn
th;
c qua
n tm nhiu
nh
t.Vit Nam
: d
n s thchim
24%
nh
ng l
ng CT
R chim 50%
-
3BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
4.1.1. Ngu
n v ln
g CTR
thpht sinh
Cc ng
un ph
t sinh:
Kh
u dn c (h
gia nh, chu
ng c)
Cc trung
tm
th
ng mi (ch, siu th,
)
Cc cn
g s, trn
g h
c,
Cc dch v th(bn xe, sn ba
y, nh
ga,
)
Cc hot
ng cn
g ng
hip
Cc hot
ng xy dn
g (nh
ca, cu
ng,
)
Cc bn
h vin
, c sy t
Cc hthn
g x
l n
c thi vthot n
c th.
Ln
g MSW
ph
t sinh
c tnh:
T
mc ph
t sinh
u
ng
i (kg/ng
i/ng
y) vdn s
Mc ph
t sinh ty thu
c mc sng
, tp qu
n x h
i, mc
ti
ch,
khc nha
u cc n
c, cc thn
h ph
( Bn
g 4.1,
4.2).
T
ng l
ng ph
t sinh CT
R rn
th
Vit Nam
nm
200
3 l
khong
8,2 tri
u tn
-
4BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
1,36
Thi Lan
(200
2)**
0,7
0,45
0,63
2,0
Mc ph
t sinh,
kg/ng
i/ng
y
Vit Nam
(200
3)**
*n
(200
2)**
Trun
g Qu
c (200
2)**
M
(200
0)*
Nc
Ngu
n:
* W.F.Che
n an
d J.Y.R.Liew
. The
Civil En
gine
ering Han
dboo
k, CRC
(20
03).
**AIT. Mun
icipal Solid W
aste M
anagem
ent in Asia, 200
4**
* Bo co hin trn
g mi trn
g Vit Nam
200
4.
0,7
TB ton quc
0,9
1,0
1,3
Mc ph
t sinh,
kg/ng
i/ng
y
Nn
gHNi
Tp.HCM
th
Bn
g 4.1. Ph
t sinh
MSW
mt squ
c gia kh
c nh
au
Bn
g 4.2. Ph
t sinh
MSW
mt s
th
Vit Nam
Ngu
n: B
o co hin
trng
mi trn
g Vit Nam
200
4.
-
5BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
4.1.2. Thn
h phn
, c im CTR
Cc th
nh ph
n ca CTR
th th
ng g
m:
CTR th
Thn
h phn
hu c
Thn
h phn
v c
Ch
t th
i th
c ph
mGiy
Carton
Ch
t do
S
i, vi
Cao su
Da
Ch
t th
i v
nG
Cc ch
t h
u c kh
c
Th
y tinh
V
hp kim lo
iNh
mt ct, snh
s, tro
bi,
Thn
h phn
hu c = chy c
(com
bustible wastes)
Thn
h phn
v c = khn
g chy c
(non
comustible wastes)
-
6BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
Bng
4.3. Th
nh ph
n in hnh
ca
CTR
th(%)
0 1
1 5
1 5
Nh
m
20
458 30
1 -10
Giy
0 -10
1 30
1 40
t ct, tro b
i,
2 8
Vh
p kim lo
i4 12
1-10
1 10
Thy tinh
1 4
G
10
201 10
1 5
Cht th
i vn
0 2
Da
0 2
1 4
1 5
Cao su
2 6
2 10
1 5
Si, vi
2 -8
2 6
1 5
Cht do
20
65
Cc n
c thu
nh
p TB
5 15
Carton
6 30
40
85Ch
t th
i th
c ph
m
Cc n
c thu
nh
p cao
Cc n
c thu
nh
p th
pTh
nh ph
n
-
7BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
Cc c trng ca CTR
Khi l
ng rin
g: th
ng t
180 42
0 kg/m
3 , trung
bnh 30
0 kg/m
3 .
m
: ln
g n
c m
t i khi sy
105oC tron
g 1 h; th
ng t
15
40%.
Cht hu c ba
y hi:ph
n m
t i khi nun
g (sau
khi sy) 95
0oC; thn
g t
40
60 %
.
tro:
phn
cn
li sau
khi nun
g 95
0oC; th
ng 4 -15
%.
Nhit tr:Nhit l
ng to thn
h khi
t ch
y CT
R; xc nh
bn
g bo
m nhit
ln
g k hay c tnh d
a trn
th
nh ph
n ng
uyn
t; th
ng t
9.30
0
14.000
kJ/kg.
c tnh nh
it trthe
o cng
th
c Dulon
g:
C, H, O, N, S: th
nh ph
n cc ng
uyn
ttron
g CT
R, %
Chuyn
i n
v:1 Btu/lb x 2,326
= 1 kJ/kg
NS
OH
C10
40
)81
(610
145
Btu/lb
++
+
=
c trng CTR th
Vit Nam
C
c cht hu c = 50 60
% (khcao!)
Kh
i l
ng ri
ng = 420
58
0 kg/m
3(kh
cao!)
m
= 30 45
% (cao!)
Nhit tr= 380
0 kJ/kg (kh
thp
!)
-
8BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
S cc b
phn
cu
thn
h mt hthn
g qu
n l CTR
vmi
quan
hgia
ch
ng nh
hnh
4.1.
Cc yu
cu
c bn ca
hthn
g qu
n l CTR
:
Thu go
m, vn chuyn
h
t CT
R
Hiu qu
kinh
t(thu
go
m, x
l tt nh
t vi
chi p
hthp
nh
t)
p dn
g cng
ngh
,
thit b
tin ti
n.
B
o
m tt nh
t sc
khe cn
g
ng
Bo
m m
qu
an
Pht sinh CT
R
Tch lo
i, lu tr, x
l ti ni ph
t sinh
Thu go
m
Trun
g chuyn
, vn chuyn
Tch, x
l, ch
bin
CTR
Xl sau
cn
g
Hnh 4.1. S
tng
qu
t mt hthn
g qu
n l CTR
4.1.3. S lc vqu
n l CTR
-
9BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
Cc gii p
hp qu
n l, x
l CTR
the
o trnh t u ti
n:
Chn
lp
t
Ti
ch,
Ti sd
ngGim
pht
sinh
Hnh 4.2. S
bc than
g cc gii ph
p qu
n l, x
l CTR
-
10
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
-
11
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
4.2. Phng php
chn lp CTR
4.2.1. i cn
gCh
n lp vn l ph
ng ph
p ph
bin
x
l sau
cn
g
i vi CTR
Vic rc tp trun
g thn
h
ng hha
y chn
lp khn
g h
p v
sinh
:
Gy nhim
nc m
t, n
c ng
m do n
c rrc
T
o cc dch bn
h
Gy nhim
kh
ng kh
do m
i hi th
i, do
cc kh
CH4, H
2S,
i hi phi chn
lp hp
vsinh
Bi ch
n lp h
p v
sinh
:
bi
c quy hoch, thit k
theo tiu chu
n
vn h
nh ch
n lp theo quy trn
h ti
u chu
n
CTR c ch
n n
n, ph
lp b
mt tng
vph
t sau cng
n
c rrc vkhrc c thu
gom
vx
lS
phn
hy cc ch
t h
u c trong
CTR
qu
a 2 ph
a: hiu kh(ng
n, ba
n
u)
kkh(d
i)
tron
g ph
a k
kh: giai on 1 (to acid)
giai
on (to m
etan
)
to n
c rrc = n
c tron
g CT
R + n
c thm
tb
n ng
oi +
n
c to
ra tph
n hy
to khrc = khto th
nh tqu
trnh ph
n hy: CH
4, CO2, H
2S,
-
12
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
Hnh 4.3.C
c pha
ph
n h
y cht hu
c tron
g b
i ch
n lp CT
R
-
13
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
4.2.2. Cu
to vvn hn
h bi chn
lp hp
vsinh
Cu
to bi ch
n lp h
p v
sinh
y
bmt
Hnh 4.4. S
cu to b
i ch
n lp h
p v
sinh
-
14
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
-
15
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
Vn h
nh bi ch
n lp
Tu
n ttheo tng
ch
n lp
Mi : rc thu go
m
vo chn
lp
ri
u
[phu
n chph
m]
n
n cht
phlp
t h
ng ng
y.
Khi b
i h
t cng
su
t, ph
bng
cc l
p (t di ln): st
mn
g chn
g thm
t bo v
lp
t cui cn
g; trng
c ln trn
.
Nc rrc thu
the
o h
thn
g thu
y v bm
hay cho
ch
y v
hcha
i xl.
Kh
rc thu
the
o mn
g cc n
g chn
trong
cc ,
c thu
gom
vx
l, thu h
i hay t b.
Mt syu cu b
i ch
n lp:
C
ch khu
dn
c > 500
m
Cch ngu
n nc cp
> 100
0 m
t nn
kh
ng c th
m nc
Mc n
c ng
m cch mt t > 2 m
Ph
i tnh ton
c
thi hn
sd
ng 15-20
nm
.Cc vn
mi trn
g cn kim
sot khi
ang vn hnh
v sau
ng
ca
Nc rrc
Kh
rc
-
16
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
Nc rrc
thn
h ph
n ph
c tp, m
c
gy nh
im cao, khx
l
(xem
bi tp
nh
m)
Bn
g 4.3.
Thn
h ph
n in hnh
ca
nc rrc
-
17
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
4.3. Phng php t CTR (Incineration)
4.3.1. Ngu
yn l v c im
Ngu
yn l: cc cht hu
c b
oxy h
a ph
n hy
nhit
cao trong
iu
kin c
mt ca
oxy kh
ng kh
to thn
h cc khvcn li p
hn
tro khn
g chy.
CTR
+ O
2,to
Kh +
Hi n
c + Tro + Nhit
c im:
Gim thiu
ln
g cht rn
ch
n lp
X
l tri
t
cc cht nhim
C
ththu h
i nn
g ln
g
Chi p
h u
t cao, k
thu
t ph
c tp
C
thph
t sinh sn ph
m kh c hi nh
dioxin.
i tn
g p dn
g:
CTR sinh ho
t (cc n
c ph
t trin)
CT
R y t
CT
R ngu
y h
i
-
18
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
4.3.2. Cn
g ngh
v
thit b t
Cc cn
g o
n trong
t CTR
gm
:
Tip
nh
n, ch
a CT
R
X l s b
(ph
n loi, ct, trn)
t (s cp
, thcp)
Lm ngu
i vx
l kh
thi
Hnh 4.5. S
in hnh
cn
g ng
h t rc
-
19
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
Cc d
ng l
t
(Incinerator)
L vi sn
chu
yn
ng
L qua
y
L t tn
g si
Hnh 4.6. L
t rc vi sn
chuyn
n
g1.
Phu
np
rc
2.iu khin n
p rc
3.S
n cha rc chuyn
n
g4.
Bun
g cha tro
5.L t
6.Th
it b
lm nn
g s b
khn
g kh
7.C
p kh (d
i ng
n la)
8.C
p kh(trn
ng
n la)
-
20
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
4.3.3. Kim sot N khn
g kh
Kh
th
i sinh ra t l t cthcha
: B
i, NO
x, SO
2, CO
2, HCl, cc
dioxin vfuran
Cc ch
t nh
im th
ng th
ng
c xl bn
g:
cc thit b
lc b
i (ti vi, lc tn
h in
)
bh
p thkhvi cc dun
g dch ha ch
t
Vi d
ioxin v
furan, ch
yu kim
sot qu
trnh
t.
Nhit tron
g bu
ng
t ph
i ti thiu
l98
0oC v
khth
i ph
i
c l
u nh
it
ny
ti thiu
1 giy trc khi
ra kh
i bu
ng t.
Hnh 4.7.
nh hn
g nh
it
t n
mc
phn
hy cc ch
t h
u c c hi
-
21
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
4.4. Phng php
nhit phn
(Pyrolysis)
4.2.1. Ngu
yn l
Di tc dn
g ca nh
it, trong
iu kin
kh
ng coxy, cc ch
t h
u c trong
CTR
sb
phn
hy th
nh cc sn
ph
m dng lng
, khvrn (tha
n).
Phn
lng
(cc hydrocarbo
n mch d
i, cc dn xut alcol, acid), c
thchy v sinh
nn
g ln
g nh
nhin
liu
du
m-cn g
i l
du
rcha
y du
sinh h
c(bio-oil).
Nh
ng im kh
c gia
t vnh
it ph
n:
t
Nhit ph
nc
oxy
khn
g c
oxy
nhit
cao (>
890oC)
nhit
thp hn
(45
0 60
0oC)
Ngo
i M
SW, nh
it ph
n cn
p du
ng xl cc ch
t thi cn
g ng
hip
luyn d
u, cn
g ng
hip
luyn than
,
t nh
im du
,
-
22
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
Hnh 4.8. S
hthn
g nh
it ph
n xl M
SW
4.4.2. Cn
g ngh
v
thit b
S in
hnh mt hthn
g nh
it ph
n CTR
nh
hnh
4.8.
Cc thit b
nhit ph
n cn
g c
thl
thit b
l qua
y, thit bkiu tng
si,..
c gia nhit tb
n ng
oi
-
23
BM KTM
T - Kho
a Mi trn
g Trn
g HKH Hu
Phn
B.CNG NGHXL
CHT THI RN
Chng 4. X
L CHT THI RN
4.4.3. Thu
hi nhit
Nhit nn
g ca cc ph
n sn
ph
m thu
tnh
it ph
n CTR
:
Phn
tha
n = 20.91
6 kJ/kg
Ph
n du
= 27
.900
kJ/kg
Ph
n kh
= 22.35
6 kJ/m
3 .
Hn
chca d
u thu
c l
m
cao.
4.5. Cc phng php
xl
khc
Khh
a CTR
:
t tron
g iu
kin
gii h
n oxy; cng
cho
cc
sn ph
m kh
cths
dng
lm nhin
liu
t
ng tnh
it
phn
.p
th
nh vt liu
dn
g tron
g xy d
ng.
top related