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ContentsFibre Laser (and Sensor)
Technologies
Lorinda Wu
CSIR National Laser Centre
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NLC: Novel Laser Sources Group
• Conducts R&D into novel laser sources, with a focus on mid-IR.
• Developed a number of high power solid state laser sources for clients.
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What is a Fibre Laser?
LaserFibre
Fibre Guided Laser
Laser
Fibre Laser
Laser
Traditional LaserLaser Beam
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n1
n2
n1 < n2
Optical Fibre Properties
Properties
• Total internal reflection light guide
• Light scattering and absorption
Types of fibres
• Single mode (9/125m) vs multimode
• Step index vs specialty fibres
• Core doped with rare-earth material to lase at
particular wavelength
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Fibre Lasers > Other Industrial Lasers
Compact Rugged
High Efficiency
Cost EffectiveFL
CO2
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6 Zervas & Codemard, IEEE JSTQE (2014)
Comparison of Laser Technologies
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Fibre Lasers have better beam quality
Zervas & Codemard, IEEE JSTQE (2014)
BPP = Beam Parameter Product (beam quality)
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Fibre Laser Building Blocks
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Maximum Power Achieved to Date
Zervas & Codemard, IEEE JSTQE (2014)
Power Evolution of Yb-doped Fibre Lasers
NLC R&D in“Eye Safe” region
Commercial SystemsIPG – 10 kW @ 1 mIPG – 200W @ 2 m
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NLC: Establishing R&D Activities in Fibre Lasers
Mid-IR Fibre Lasers
Fibre Components (MFA, tapers,
combiners)
Tm-doped
CW Polarised Pulsed Tuneable MOPA
Ho-doped
• Develop characterisation tools for fibre components and fibre lasers.
We have established expertise in mid-IR high power
lasers, using commercial fibre lasers as pump (energy)
sources
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NLC Research: Mid-IR Fibre Lasers
• Initial results:
– >70 W output (Tm-doped fibre laser)
– >2 W output (Ho-doped fibre laser)
• Passive fibre components for 2m fibre lasers
are not readily available.
• Commercial fibres, sourced from overseas.
Limited in design, restricted in applications.
• Collaborator on Ho-doped fibres.
LD
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Fibre Laser Applications
Deliver beam directly to location of interest.
• Industrial materials processing
– Project Aeroswift uses IPG 5 kW 1m fibre laser for additive manufacturing.
• Instrumentation and sensors
• Medical and aesthetic
• Automotive
• Consumer products
• Microelectronics
• Aerospace and defence
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Current Fibre Laser Challenges:
Towards even higher power
• Nonlinear effects
– Stimulated Brillouin scattering
– Stimulated Raman scattering
– Self-phase modulation
• Photonic crystal fibres/ Larger core
• Spatial beam combining
• Coherent beam combining
• Spectral beam combining
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30 kW Fibre Laser Weapon System
• Spectrally beam combined single mode Yb-doped fibre laser
• Laser weapon system ATHENA (Advanced Test High Energy Asset)
prototype
• Developed by Lockheed Martin
• Target over 1 mile away (March 2015)
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Source: Industrial Laser Solutions (1/1/2013)
Global Laser Market
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
CO2 Solid State Fibre Other
An
nu
al R
eve
nu
e
($ M
illio
ns)
2011
2012
2013(F)
Market Leaders in Fibre Lasers:IPGRofinTrumpf …?
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Laser Market Share per Industry
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
CO2 Solid state Fibre
An
nu
al R
eve
nu
e (
$ m
illio
ns)
Laser Marking/Engraving
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
CO2 Solid state Fibre Other
An
nu
al R
eve
nu
e (
$ m
illio
ns)
Micro Materials Processing (< 1kW)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
CO2 Solid state Fibre Other
An
nu
al R
eve
nu
e (
$ m
illio
ns)
Macro Materials Processing (> 1kW)
2012
2013
2014 (F)
Source: http://www.industrial-lasers.com/articles/print/volume-29/issue-1/features/fiber-laser-revenues-boost-the-2013-laser-market.html
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Other Fibre Optic Technologies
• Optical Communications (E.g. signal amplifiers)
• Physical sensors
– Pressure/acoustic, rotation, displacement, bending/torsion, temp
erature, current/voltage
• Chemical and biological sensors
• Many applications in
health, agriculture, environment, security and defence
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Fibre Sensor Applications
Distributed
motion sensors
Distributed
temperature, strain or
pressure sensors
Gyroscopes
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Optical Fibre Sensors: Fibre Bragg Gratings
• Discrete sensor
• Advantages:
– Immune to EM interference
– Work in harsh environments
– Corrosion resistant
– Reliable >25 years
– Small/compact (can be embedded)
– Multiplex (time, wavelength) large number of sensors onto a single
fibre.
University of Johannesburg
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How Does Fibre Bragg Grating Sensor Work?
Chemical and biological sensors –coat FBG with selected material.
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Distributed Fibre Sensors
• Fibre is the sensor !
• Rayleigh backscattering
– influenced by acoustic waves in fibre environment
• Brillouin backscattering
– frequency shift temperature, strain
• Optical pulse sent down fibre, time of flight of
backscattered light monitored distance.
• Real time monitoring
• Tens of kms with metre resolution
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Communications
• NMMU – High speed
optical
networks, clock
timing (SKA)
• NMISA – optical
frequency systems
• Wits – modal
multiplexing in free
space & fibre
Fibre Sensors
• UJ – Fibre Bragg
gratings for sensor
applications
Fibre Optics R&D in South Africa
Fibre Lasers
• CSIR-NLC – mid-
infrared high power
fibre lasers
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Conclusions and Future Outlook
• Fibre lasers
• Cost effective, energy efficient
• Fibre competing with solid-state and CO2 lasers.
• Applications in many manufacturing industries: metals & plastics processing
• Technology in mid-IR not yet mature, need further R&D.
• Fibre Sensors
• Physical sensor technology fairly mature and gradually coming into commercial use.
• Significant R&D still taking place, esp. chemical and biological sensors.
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Thank you for
your attention!
Lorinda Wu (lwu@csir.co.za)
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