corfu crucible
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Corfu, Crucible of Change:Corfu, Crucible of Change:
A Multicultural Island of Masonic Revolutionary SecretsA Multicultural Island of Masonic Revolutionary Secrets
Sasha ChaitowSasha Chaitow
BA Comm., MA Eng. Lit., MA Western EsotericismBA Comm., MA Eng. Lit., MA Western Esotericism
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C7C7thth BC: Gorgon pedimentBC: Gorgon pedimentOldest stone pedimentOldest stone pedimentin Greecein Greece
Views of theViews of theCitadelCitadel(Old Fortress(Old FortressC12C12thth-14-14thth))
Abraham Ortelius,Abraham Ortelius,Teatro del Mondo,Teatro del Mondo,15951595
Strada reale, 1839Strada reale, 1839
(central street of(central street ofthe old town)the old town)
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Names of Corfu since antiquityNames of Corfu since antiquity
CorcyraCo
rcyra:: A nymph, daughter of the river AsoposA nymph, daughter of the river Asopos
FaiakiaFaiakia (Lat. Phaecia): Faiax,son of Corcyra(Lat. Phaecia): Faiax,son of Corcyra
ScheriaScheria: In the Odyssey, home of Nausikaa: In the Odyssey, home of NausikaaKoryfoKor
yfo: Meaning peak for the jutting peninsula: Meaning peak for the jutting peninsulawhere thewhere the
Citadel now stands: Citadel now stands: CorfuCorfu derives from derives from
Koryfo.Koryfo.
For the fast ships of the Phaecians have neither rudder nor captain,For the fast ships of the Phaecians have neither rudder nor captain,
rather they follow the thought of man of their own accord...rather they follow the thought of man of their own accord...
Homer, Odyssey, rhaps. 7, verses 579-585Homer, Odyssey, rhaps. 7, verses 579-585
Bronze Age coins found in Corfu. The two facedBronze Age coins found in Corfu. The two faced
head is not the Roman Janus, but probably anhead is not the Roman Janus, but probably an
aspect of the Corfiot Mother-goddess Dionysia,aspect of the Corfiot Mother-goddess Dionysia,
facing both East and West.facing both East and West.
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Emperor of ByzantiumEmperor of Byzantium
Manuel Komnenus IManuel Komnenus I1143-11801143-1180
Used Corfu as anUsed Corfu as anarmy/navalarmy/naval
basebaseBuilt fortificationsBuilt fortificationsEstablished SacredEstablished Sacred
order oforder of33 + 33 provincial and33 + 33 provincial and
citycity
priests (Lefteriotes), whopriests (Lefteriotes), who
governed religious affairsgoverned religious affairs
andand
influenced politics untilinfluenced politics untilthethe
1919thth centurycenturyChurch of Iasonas and Sosipatros (built c. 1000Church of Iasonas and Sosipatros (built c. 1000ADAD))Contemporaries of St Paul who ChristianisedContemporaries of St Paul who Christianised
Corfu (40Corfu (40ADAD))This is the oldest church in Corfu (still in use) andThis is the oldest church in Corfu (still in use) and
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Philip Cluver,Philip Cluver, Introduction In Universam Geographiam,Introduction In Universam Geographiam,
London 1704London 1704
1818thth
century depiction of the West coastcentury depiction of the West coastof mainland Greece, Corfu, and the Ionianof mainland Greece, Corfu, and the Ionian
archipelagoarchipelago
Emblems of the seven islandsEmblems of the seven islands
Clockwise from top:Clockwise from top:
CorfuCorfu
Zakynthos (Zante)Zakynthos (Zante)IthacaIthacaCephalloniaCephalloniaLefkas (Santa MauraLefkas (Santa MauraPaxosPaxos
KytheraKythera
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Scuola GrecaScuola Greca
synagogue (c.synagogue (c.
1717thth))
Interior ofInterior ofPantokratorPantokrator
churchchurch
(17(17thth century)century)
Catholic Duomo of St. James &Catholic Duomo of St. James &
St. Jacob (1632)St. Jacob (1632)Orthodox priests conducting processionOrthodox priests conducting procession
of St. Spiridion, Corfus patron saintof St. Spiridion, Corfus patron saint
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Aspects of the Venetian lion,Aspects of the Venetian lion,or Lion of St. Markor Lion of St. Mark
Views of the citadel (fortress)Views of the citadel (fortress)in 1486 and 1573in 1486 and 1573
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Early Eptanisiaki (Septinsular) School of ArtEarly Eptanisiaki (Septinsular) School of Art
Michael Damaskinos (1590) Nikolaos Doxaras (17th century)
The shift away from the traditional austere Byzantine style is evident in theuse
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Theatre of San GiacomoTheatre of San Giacomo(1661-93)(1661-93)
First used as the Loggia dei Nobili forFirst used as the Loggia dei Nobili for
private cultural and political discussionsprivate cultural and political discussions
among the nobilityamong the nobility
(1720) The first operas of the(1720) The first operas of the
Mediterranean were performed here and itMediterranean were performed here and it
became the centre of Corfus musicalbecame the centre of Corfus musical
traditiontradition
Corfu Town Hall since 1903Corfu Town Hall since 1903
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Adamantios Korais 1748-1833Adamantios Korais 1748-1833Scholar and writer, protagonist of
Revival and purification of the GreekLanguage. Almost single-handedly
inspired the Greek Enlightenment
Rigas Ferraios-VelestinlisRigas Ferraios-Velestinlis
1757-17981757-1798Scholar, poet, key figure of theScholar, poet, key figure of the
Greek Enlightenment andGreek Enlightenment andRevolutionary movement. WroteRevolutionary movement. Wrote
in the vernacular to get hisin the vernacular to get hismessage across to the workingmessage across to the working
classes.classes.
The GreekThe GreekEnlightenmentEnlightenment(Diafotismos)(Diafotismos)was more of awas more of a
Renaissance ofRenaissance ofideas,ideas,
philosophy andphilosophy andphilology:philology:EuropeanEuropean
EnlightenmentEnlightenmentprinciplesprinciples
merged withmerged withculturalcultural
patriotism.patriotism.
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NEWSPAPER,NEWSPAPER,being an ACCURATE ANTHOLOGY of the current, most worthybeing an ACCURATE ANTHOLOGY of the current, most worthy
and most accurate worldwide events, which with great effortand most accurate worldwide events, which with great effort
and care, and right judgement, have been gathered fromand care, and right judgement, have been gathered from
diverse sources, for the benefit of the curiosity of the manydiverse sources, for the benefit of the curiosity of the many
[readers] for whom we gladly publish.[readers] for whom we gladly publish.
Hermes theHermes the
ScholarScholarVienna, 1817Vienna, 1817
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Main European channels of influenceMain European channels of influence
Literary and Art Salons (Italy, France, Austria)Literary and Art Salons (Italy, France, Austria)
Masonic Lodges (esp. North-eastern Italy, Marseilles, and Russia)Masonic Lodges (esp. North-eastern Italy, Marseilles, and Russia)Quasi-Masonic patriotic organisations, including:Quasi-Masonic patriotic organisations, including:
Literary-Scholarly
(Masonic)
Rigas FeraiosVienna1790GoodCousins
Revolutionary
Masonic
Athanasios Tsakalof
Emmanuel Xanthos
Nikolaos Skoufas
Odessa1814Philiki Etaireia
(Society ofFriends)
Literary-Artistic-Patriotic
IoannisKapodistrias
Vienna1813PhilomuseSociety
Scholarly-Patriotic
GregoriosSalykas
Paris1809HotelHellenophon
e
CharacterFounder(s)CityDateName
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United States of the Septinsular Republic (1801-1807)United States of the Septinsular Republic (1801-1807)
Emblem and FlagEmblem and Flag
Ionian ParliamentIonian Parliament
BuildingBuilding
Ionian AcademyIonian Academy
Ionian BankIonian Bank
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Charter acknowledging the united lodgeCharter acknowledging the united lodgeBeneficenza & FilogeniaBeneficenza & Filogenia, 1815, 1815
Emblem of Phoenix Lodge (1818)Emblem of Phoenix Lodge (1818)
1815Pythagoras (English)
(1811) 1815Most Serene Grand Orientof Greece, Orient of Corfu
(1812) 1815National Grand Lodge ofGreece
1818
1843
St John and the PhoenixPhoenix (Greek)
(1813) 1815Bienfaisance et PhilogenieReunies (Greek)
(1807-1818)La Paix (French-Greek)
1809St. Napoleon (French)
1807Philogenie (French)
1741, 1782,
1806
Beneficenza (Italian)
The first Corfu Lodges*The first Corfu Lodges*
*Multiple dates indicate regularity issuesMultiple dates indicate regularity issues
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Ledger of members andLedger of members and
initiation certificates frominitiation certificates fromBienfaisance/PhilogenieBienfaisance/Philogenie
United lodge & La Paix lodge.United lodge & La Paix lodge.Members include prominentMembers include prominentand influential figures of theand influential figures of the
Corfiot sociopolitical sceneCorfiot sociopolitical scene
bl d b ld f h d ( b
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Emblems and buildings of the Reading Room* (Library,Emblems and buildings of the Reading Room* (Library,est. 1834) & Philharmonic Societyest. 1834) & Philharmonic Society,,* (est. 1840)* (est. 1840)
Organisations established, financed, supported andOrganisations established, financed, supported andrun by Corfiot Freemasons in an attempt to educaterun by Corfiot Freemasons in an attempt to educate
and cultivate the population:and cultivate the population:
1877Theosophical Society in Greece
1805
1881*
Public Academy of Fine Arts
(Public Art School)
1859Ionian Society (Arts, Letters & Sciences)
1881*Night school for illiterate children
1927*Astronomical Society of Corfu
1845Friends of Learning (Scientific)
1849Panhellenic Society (Literary)
1952*Society for Corfu Studies
1819Biblical Society
1816Society for the promotion and cultivationof the Greek Language
1807*Ionian Academy (University)
*still active*still active
d d h h l b f
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Count Dionysios RomasCount Dionysios Romas1771-18571771-1857
First Grand Master of theFirst Grand Master of theGrand Lodge of GreeceGrand Lodge of Greece
(Orient of Corfu)(Orient of Corfu)
I considered that the liberation of aI considered that the liberation of aClassical Nation, once the cradle of lightClassical Nation, once the cradle of lightand brightest civilisation, from the shame ofand brightest civilisation, from the shame ofsuch a long and humiliating enslavement,such a long and humiliating enslavement,would be the work of a brave soul, and awould be the work of a brave soul, and atrue Mason.true Mason.
Retrospective report toRetrospective report tothe GOdF, Zante, 1843the GOdF, Zante, 1843
Le Senateur DeputLe Senateur Deput desdesles ioniennes,les ioniennes,membre de la Legion dhonneur et. exmembre de la Legion dhonneur et. ex
Venerable, et envoyVenerable, et envoy extraordinaire de laextraordinaire de laRes:. L:. La BienfaisanceRes:. L:. La Bienfaisance
From a letter to the GOdF. 1811From a letter to the GOdF. 1811
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Count Ioannis CapodistriasCount Ioannis Capodistrias1776-18311776-1831
Minister of the Septinsular RepublicMinister of the Septinsular Republic(1802-1807)(1802-1807)
Foreign Minister of Russia(1813-1822)Foreign Minister of Russia(1813-1822)First Governor of Greece (1828)First Governor of Greece (1828)
Assassinated:Assassinated:NavplionNavplion
18311831
Signature inSignature inletter to aletter to a
fellow-Masonfellow-Mason
His homeHis homein Corfuin Corfu
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Vienna CongressVienna Congress of members of the Concert of Europe,of members of the Concert of Europe,18141814
Positions on the Ionian question:Positions on the Ionian question:
Trying to maintain balance, quietly supportive of giving theislands to Great BritainRussia
Saw possession of the islands as a major diplomatic problemItaly
Agreed to islands remaining a protectorate under Turkishsuzerainty; but considered giving them independence acasus belli
Turkey
Pressed for independence and eventually agreed to Britishrule on condition of Russian support
Greece
(Capodistrias)
Give the islands to the Kingdom of Sicily they saw theislands as a major diplomatic and administrative problem
Great Britain
Give the islands to Great Britain, or to Austria as part ofpreviously Venetian territories
Austria
Give the islands to the Order of the Knights of MaltaFrance
The Vienna Congress ended in a stalemate. A reluctant Great Britain wasThe Vienna Congress ended in a stalemate. A reluctant Great Britain wasconvinced to take on the islands as a protectorate in 1815convinced to take on the islands as a protectorate in 1815
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Nikolaos SkoufasNikolaos SkoufasEmmanuel XanthosEmmanuel Xanthos
Athanasios TsakalofAthanasios Tsakalof
Founders of Society of FriendsFounders of Society of FriendsOdessa 1814Odessa 1814
(clockwise)(clockwise)
Code used byCode used bymembersmembers
Banner and oathBanner and oath
(Freedom or Death)(Freedom or Death)Secret passwordsSecret passwords
Passwords andPasswords andoath remarkablyoath remarkably
similar to Masonicsimilar to Masonic
11stst DegreeDegree
(P i ) Al d Y il ti(P i ) Al d Y il ti
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White= Innocence (righteous cause)White= Innocence (righteous cause)& Brotherhood& Brotherhood
Black= Self-Sacrifice/Patriotic deathBlack= Self-Sacrifice/Patriotic death
Red= Independence and joy in battleRed= Independence and joy in battlefor the resurrection of the nationfor the resurrection of the nation
The Sacred BandThe Sacred Band
In this sign shallIn this sign shallwe prevailwe prevail
From our ashesFrom our ashesshall we riseshall we rise
Shown here in Sacred Band uniformShown here in Sacred Band uniform
Elected head of Filiki EtaireiaElected head of Filiki Etaireia(Society of Friends)(Society of Friends)
Leader of Sacred BandLeader of Sacred BandCoordinated early war effortCoordinated early war effort
(Prince) Alexandros Ypsilantis(Prince) Alexandros Ypsilantis1792-18281792-1828
Battle of Dragasani, 1821Battle of Dragasani, 1821(led by Ypsilantis)(led by Ypsilantis)
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Images of the RevolutionImages of the RevolutionCorfu ,1860sCorfu ,1860s
(Late Septinsular School)(Late Septinsular School)
Spiridon ProsalendisSpiridon Prosalendis
Warrior of 1821Warrior of 1821
Georgios MiniatisGeorgios MiniatisSouliotisses (Women of Souli)Souliotisses (Women of Souli)
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Europe in 1600Europe in 1600
Ottoman Empire (mauve)Ottoman Empire (mauve)
at its greatest expanse,at its greatest expanse,bordering with Austriabordering with Austria
Europe in 1914,Europe in 1914,
showing borders of 1912showing borders of 1912and Balkan aspirationsand Balkan aspirations
Corfu town Square 1821Corfu town Square 1821
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Corfu town Square, 1821Corfu town Square, 1821
Corfu Esplanade, 1935Corfu Esplanade, 1935
Corfu traditional bridalCorfu traditional bridaldressdress
Corfu townspeople, 1870Corfu townspeople, 1870
Corfu Crucible of Changes:Corfu Crucible of Changes:
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Sasha ChaitowSasha Chaitow
BA Comm., MA Eng.,Lit.,BA Comm., MA Eng.,Lit.,MA Western EsotericismMA Western Esotericism
Corfu, Crucible of Changes:Corfu, Crucible of Changes:A Multicultural Island of Masonic Revolutionary SecretsA Multicultural Island of Masonic Revolutionary Secrets
w.sashanonserviat.netw.sashanonserviat.net
shanonserviat@yahoo.comshanonserviat@yahoo.com
Selected Bibliography:
Anto nio s Ag io us, The U n i f ic a t i o n o f t h e Se ve n I sl and s withG ree ce (Co rfu: S tamouli s, 20 06)Co nstantin id i- Bib ico u H., 1953 . Les Orig ines d uphil hell ni sme fra na is , LHel l nisme Co nt emporain, VII/3John Fo rte, The Pa la ce o f St. M i chael and St . Ge o rg e: AnAnthol o g y (Co rf u: 1 994 )Mathie u G re net , La l oge e t l trang er : le s Gre cs dans laFr anc-mao nneri e mar se ill ais e au d b ut du X IX e s., Cahi ers d ela Med i teran nee , vol. 7 2 | 2 006Odysseus- Ch arl es Kl imis , The Hi sto ry o f C or f u (Co rf u:Typ othito , 2 002 )Dino s Konomo s, Dio nys ios R omas and the Hell eni c Up r isi ng , (Athens: 1 972)El eni Koukkou , Histo r y of the S even I s land s fro m 17 97 untilBriti sh R ul e: F i r s t Dip l omatic achie vemen ts o f Io an n i sKap od i str ias (Athen s, P apa dimas: 2001)Kourkou melis N iko s: Ed ucatio n i n Co r f u d uri ng B ri t i sh rul e ,(Athens: P ap ad imas, 20 02)Pana gio tis Kr itiko s, On Fre emaso ns, F re emaso nr y , and thei rSer v i ce to the Strug g le s o f the N atio n (Athens : 1971)Evstathi os Liako pou lo s, Fre emaso nry i n G re ece: A cri si s o fIdentity (Ar etha: 19 89; Co rfu: Io ni an P ub lishi ng , 2 009)Chri sto s & Antre as Ri zo poulo s, Ph ilh ell ene and He lle ne Maso nsin 18 21 , (Tetr ak tys 1 993; Athen s, Tetra ktys 20 08)Tzia tzio s E.St., 1 939. Le M ac don ien Grg o ir e Za li k i s e t la
Unp ub lish ed l etters ,documents and p hoto grap hs
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