corrections chapter 10 ppt
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Reentry into the Community
Chapter 10
The Origins of Parole
PAROLE
The conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of
the prison sentence has been served
The Origins of Parole
Alexander Maconochie- developed the parole concept Classification procedure through stages of increasing
responsibility and freedom:
Strict imprisonment Labor on chain gangs Freedom within a limited area Ticket-of-leave or parole with conditional pardon Full restoration of liberty
The Origins of Parole
Crofton Progress through prison and ticket-of-leave
linked
Parole included a series of conditions Report monthly to police
The Origins of Parole
United States
Zebulon Brockway
Elmira Reformatory
Parole followed indeterminate sentencing
By 1900, 20 states had parole systems
The Origins of Parole
By 1925, 46 states had parole systems
1910—each federal prison had a parole board (warden, medical officer, superintendent of prisons for Dept. of Justice)
U.S. Board of Parole was developed
Release from One Part of the System to Another
Most Inmates Eventually Released into Society Over three-fourths will be on parole
Parole- a form of conditional release Grace or privilege Contract of consent Custody
Release from One Part of the System to Another
Number of Adults under Parole Supervision, 1980-2007.
Discussion Question
Imagine you are an 88 year old man who has served the last 50 years in prison for a murder you committed. Your release date is upon you… how do you think you will adjust to society?
Release Mechanisms
Methods of Release from State Prison
© Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Release Mechanisms
Discretionary Release- discretion of parole board with boundaries set by the sentence and law
Mandatory Release- inmate served time equal to the sentence minus “good time” as specified by law
Expiration Release- released from further correctional supervision and cannot be returned to prison for their current offense
Release Mechanisms
Probation Release- release from incarceration to probation supervision as required by the sentencing judge
Reinstatement Release- offenders return to parole after serving a time in prison for a parole violation
Other Conditional Releases- used to get around mandatory sentencing and release to community under supervision
The Decision to Release
Procedure Eligibility
Sentence Statutory criteria Conduct prior to incarceration Often minimum sentence minus good time Parole board discretion One-third to one-half of the maximum sentence
The Decision to Release
Release Criteria Normally include at least eight factors
Offense & inmate attitude towards offense Prior criminal record Attitude toward family, victim, authority Institutional adjustment/participation/progress History of community adjustment Physical, mental, and emotional health Insight into causes of past criminal conduct Adequacy of parole plan
The Decision to Release
Release Criteria Discretionary
Moral judgments Culpability Adequacy of sentence DNA Legal and ethical issues
The Decision to Release
Structuring Parole Decisions Parole guidelines
Three criteria Substantial observance of institutional rules Release will not devalue seriousness of offense or
promote disrespect for the law Release will not jeopardize public welfare
The Decision to Release
The Impact of Release Mechanisms
Shorten a sentence
Encourages plea bargaining
Mitigates the harshness of the penal code
Reduce prison populations
Discussion Question
Discuss the release of inmates, take into consideration that for many violent crimes, such as rape and murder, inmates serve only a portion of their sentence. Do you feel parole is fair to the victims of crime? Or is it a necessary evil? What factors do you consider when thinking about this issue?
Release to the Community
Second Chance Act of 2007 Provides federal grants to states and
communities to support reentry initiatives Employment Housing Substance abuse Mental health treatment Children and family services
Release to the Community
Community Supervision Conditions of release- 80% of inmates are
released under conditions Abstain from alcohol
Stay away from undesirable associates
Maintain good work habits
Do not leave the community without permission
Release to the Community
Revocation Parole can be revoked for two reasons
Committing a new crime Violating conditions of parole (technical violation)
In practice Usually requires persistent non-compliance or Arrest on a serious charge
Supreme Court requires a two-stage parole-revocation hearing
Release to the Community
Revocation Percentage of Prison Admissions Who are Parole Violators
© Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Discussion Question
What if you were recently release from prison on parole, and the only job that pays a salary you can live on requires you to attend college and earn an associate’s degree in accounting; is this something you really want to do? You have no money and you cannot get student loans. Would you consider a life of crime to earn money illegally to pay for school to better yourself down the road?
Agents of Community Supervision
Parole Officer Surveillance
Restriction Enforcement Revocation
Assistance Jobs Families Human service agencies
The Offender’s Experience of Postrelease Life
The Strangeness of Reentry Changes
Unfamiliar freedom
Supervision and Surveillance Not really free
Rules to follow and authority to heed
The Problem of Unmet Personal Needs Education Money Job Drug and alcohol problems Mental health Housing
The Offender’s Experience of Postrelease Life
Barriers to Success
Civil disabilities- right to vote/hold public office
Employment
Conviction viewed as untrustworthy Statutory bars on specific jobs
Expungement
Pardon
The Offender’s Experience of Postrelease Life
Barriers to Success Civil disabilities
Right to vote and hold public office “War on Drugs”
Access to public assistance and food stamps Living in public housing Having a driver’s license Being a foster parent or adopting children Receiving student loans
The Offender’s Experience of Postrelease Life
Discussion Question
Discuss if it’s fair to punish inmates once they are released with additional sanctions, such as voting rights and student loans.
The Elements of Successful Reentry
Pardons serve 3 main purposes:
Remedy a miscarriage of justice Remove the stigma of a conviction Mitigate a penalty
The Elements of Successful Reentry
Four Factors necessary for successful reentry:
Get substance abuse under control.
Get a job.
Develop a support group of family and friends.
Get a sense of “who I am.”
The Elements of Successful Reentry
Reentry Courts Judicial supervision Emphasis on involvement of judicial and
correctional officials in Prerelease needs of prisoner Linkages to family Social services Housing Employment
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