cs3430 lecture 16

Python & Perl

Lecture 16

Department of Computer ScienceUtah State University

Outline

● Identifiers and scopes● Arrays

Identifiers & Scopes

Scopes● An identifier's scope is the portion of the program

where the identifier can be referenced● Some identifiers can be referenced from anywhere in

the program● Other identifiers can be referenced from specific

sections of the program● In Perl, an identifier can have three scopes: global,

lexical, and dynamic

Global Scope● The keyword our defines a global variable● If there is no keyword in front of a variable, it becomes

global by default● Global variables exist for the entire execution of the

program and can be manipulated from anywhere in the program

● Examples:our $x = 10;

Lexical Scope● The keyword my defines a lexical identifier● A lexically scoped identifier exists only during the

block in which it is defined● Examples:

my $x = 10;

Dynamic Scope● The keyword local defines a dynamic identifier● Like a lexically scoped identifier, a dynamically scoped

identifier exists in the block in which it is created● In addition, dynamic identifiers are accessible to all

subroutines (Perl term for functions) called from that block in which they (identifiers) are defined

● Examples:local $x = 10;

Strict Variable Scoping● Place “use strict;” at the beginning of your Perl file

to make sure that all identifiers are explicitly scoped● Perl uses packages (Perl's term for namespaces) to

determine the accessibility of identifiers● Note that “use strict;” will cause some code not to

compile

Example: scoping_01.pl#!/usr/bin/perl

use warnings;

$str = 'rock violin'; ## there is no “use strict;”, the compiler is silent

print 'We like ' . $str . "\n";

{ ## entering a new scope

$str = 'classical violin'; ## $str is set to 'classical violin'

} ## leaving the scope

## global $str is still 'classical violin'

Example: scoping_01.pl

● The output of scoping_01.pl is as follows:

We like rock violin

We like classical violin

use warnings;

use strict; ## with this in place, the program does not compile.

$str = 'rock violin';

● The output of scoping_02.pl is as follows:Global symbol "$str" requires explicit package name at ./scoping_02.pl line 9.

Global symbol "$str" requires explicit package name at ./scoping_02.pl line 11.

Execution of ./scoping_02.pl aborted due to compilation errors.

use warnings;

use strict;

our $str = 'rock violin'; ## we add our and the program compiles.

We like rock violin

use warnings;

use strict;

our $str = 'rock violin'; ## $str is global

my $str = 'classical violin'; ## this $str is lexical

## global $str is still 'rock violin'

We like rock violin

Arrays

Arrays● Array variables are prefixed with the @ type identifier

● The most straightforward way to create an array is to define an array variable and to assign to it a list of values

● @a1 = ("file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt");

● In Perl, the lists are flattened when they are evaluated● @a2 = ("file1.txt", (("file2.txt")), "file3.txt");

● @a1 and @a2 are the same

Creation and Manipulation

● There are four basic ways to create an array in Perl:

Assign a list of values to an array variable Assign a value to a non-existing element

Use the qw operator

Use the range operator

Assigning a List of Values

● @numbers = (1, “one”, 2, “two”, 3, “three”);

● $numbers[0] refers to 1

● $numbers[1] refers to “one”

● $numbers[3] refers to “two”

● $numbers[5] refers to “three”

array_manip.pl

Example

Assign a Value to a Non-Existing Element

● When a value is assigned to a non-existing element, the array element is automatically created by Perl

● The same concept applies to adding new elements to an array that already exists

● Accessing an array element for which the value has not been provided returns undef

● It is possible to check if an array element is defined using the function defined

Use qw Operator

● The qw operator simplifies the creation of lists of strings with no spaces

● qw takes a list of alphanumeric character sequences separated by spaces and converts them into a list of strings

● Each alphanumeric character sequence is converted into a separate string

array_manip2.pl

Example

Use the range (x .. y) Operator● The range (x .. y) operator works on numeric and

string values ● The operator tries to generate all consecutive values

that start at x and end at y by using the increment operator

● Use of this operator is straightforward with numbers but may be tricky with strings

Numeric Ranges● @numbers = (1 .. 5); ● 1 is incremented to 2; 2 is incremented to 3; 3 is

incremented to 4, etc. ● (1 .. 5) is the same as (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)● These two statements are equivalent:● @numbers = (1 .. 5);● @numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

Numeric Ranges● @numbers = (-5 .. -1); ● The range boundaries can be negative so long as we

can get from the left boundary to the right one by increments

● (-5 .. -1) is the same as (-5, -4, -3, -2, -1)

● These two statements are equivalent:● @numbers = (-5 .. -1);● @numbers = (-5, -4, -3, -2, -1);

Numeric Ranges● @numbers = (-1 .. -10); ● If it is impossible to get from the left boundary to the

right boundary, the range is empty● (-1 .. -10) is the same as ()● These two statements are equivalent:● @numbers = (-1 .. -10);● @numbers = ();

Numeric Ranges● @numbers = (1.1 .. 3.1); ● The float boundaries are truncated● (1.1 .. 3.1) is the same as (1 .. 3)● These two statements are equivalent:● @numbers = (1.1 .. 3.1);● @numbers = (1, 2, 3);

String Ranges● @chars = ('F' .. 'I');

● 'F' is incremented to 'G'; 'G' to 'H'; 'H' to 'I'

● ('F' .. 'I') is the same as ('F', 'G', 'H', 'I')

● These two statements are equivalent:● @chars = ('F' .. 'I');● @chars = ('F', 'G', 'H', 'I');

String Ranges● @chars = ('ab' .. 'af'); ● When a string is incremented the last character in the

string is incremented● 'ab' is incremented to 'ac'; 'ac' to 'ad'; 'ad' to 'ae'; 'ae' to 'af'

● ('ab' .. 'af') is the same as ('ab', 'ac', 'ad', 'ae', 'af')

String Ranges● @chars = ('AZ' .. 'BG'); ● When the last character in the string cannot be

incremented, its value is wrapped around and the character to the left of the last one is incremented

● 'AZ' becomes 'BA'; 'BA' becomes 'BB'; 'BB' becomes 'BC', etc.

● ('AZ' .. 'BG') is the same as ('AZ', 'BA', 'BB', 'BC', 'BD', 'BE', 'BG')

Consecutive Array Slicing● If @a is an array, then @a[x .. y], for x <= y, is a consecutive

slice (sub-array) of @a that consists of $a[x], $a[x+1], $a[x+2], …, $a[y]

● If @a is an array, then @a[x .. y], for x > y, is empty● If @a is an array, then x or y in @a[x .. y] can be negative● Consecutive slices can be assigned new values

consec_array_slicing.pl

Example

Non-consecutive Array Slicing● If @a is an array, then @a[index_seq] is a non-consecutive

slice if index_seq is a comma separated sequence of indexes● Examples:

@a[1, 4, 5] @a[5, 1, 4] @a[-1, 3, 2]

● Non-consecutive array slices can be assigned new values

nonconsec_array_slicing.pl

Example

Array Functions push, pop, unshift, shift

Array Functions● push – inserts elements at the end of the array● pop – removes the last element from the array● unshift – inserts an element at the beginning of

the array● shift – removes and returns the element at the

beginning of the array

Example: pop & push● Display the following pattern of numbers

* * * *

* * * * *

* * * *

Example: pop & push● Pseudocode:

1. Use push to push '*' one at a time at the end of @asterisks

2. Display @asterisks after every push

3. Pop '*' one at a time from the end of @asterisks

4. Diplay @asterisks after every pop

push_pop.pl

Example

Example: shift & unshift● Display the following pattern of numbers

4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

4 3 2 1

Example: unshift & shift● Pseudocode:

1. Use unshift to insert numbers 1 through 5 one at a time at the front of @numbers

2. Print @numbers after every unshift

3. Use shift to remove elements one at a time from the front of @numbers

4. Print @numbers after every shift

unshift_shift.pl

Source Code

Array Manipulation

Three Cases of Array Assignment

● Case 1: Array has as many values as there are variables

● Case 2: Array has fewer values than there are variables

● Case 3: Array has more values than there are variables

Example

array_assignment.pl

Computing Array Length● Perl's function length returns the number of

characters in its string argument● So it can be used to compute the length of strings in

characters● This function cannot be used compute the length of

an array, because it returns the number of characters in the integer that denotes the length of the array argument

Computing Array Length● If @data is an array, $#data refers to its last index● If @data is (1, 2, 3), then $#data == 2

● If @data is an array, the length of @data is $#data + 1

● Another way to compute the length of @data is scalar @data

Example

array_length.pl

Iterating Through Arrays● You can use while loops to iterate through arrays● You can also use for and foreach loops to iterate

through arrays● If there is no control variable used, the array values

are assigned to $_

Examples

array_foreach.plforeach_expression.pl

Loop Control Statements

● Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence.

● When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed.

next statement

● Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and immediately retest its condition prior to reiterating

$a = 10;while( $a < 20 ){ if( $a == 15) { # skip the iteration. $a = $a + 1; next; } print "value of a: $a\n"; $a = $a + 1;}

value of a: 10value of a: 11value of a: 12value of a: 13value of a: 14value of a: 16value of a: 17value of a: 18value of a: 19

last statement

● Terminates the loop statement and transfers execution to the statement immediately following the loop.

$a = 10;while( $a < 20 ){ if( $a == 15) { # terminate the loop. $a = $a + 1; last; } print "value of a: $a\n"; $a = $a + 1;}

value of a: 10value of a: 11value of a: 12value of a: 13value of a: 14

EXIT & DIE

EXIT● As its name suggests, exit() exits a Perl program and

returns the value back to the calling program or the OS● The value of 0 means that the program terminated normally● A non-zero value, typically 1, signals an abnormal

termination● If no argument is provided, 0 is returned

DIE● The function die() is used for serious errors● die() takes a string and prints it to the standard error

output● die() calls exit() with a non-zero value● die() is a great debugging tool: it prints out the line

number of the program where it was executed

Reading & References● http://perldoc.perl.org/● James Lee. Beginning Perl, 2nd Edition, APRESS● Dietel, Dietel, Nieto, McPhie. Perl How to Program,

Prentice Hall

cs3430 lecture 16

classical violin

rock violin

global scope

global print

global symbol

use strict

new scope

dynamic scope

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