culture and history of africa part i
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U N I T 6
CULTURE AND HISTORY OF AFRICA PART I
WARM UP
•Grab all 4 items from the back desk•Turn in Composition Notebooks on the stool
PRIOR TO THE BERLIN CONFERENCE
• Central Africa• Bantu Migrations- mass
migration from Nigeria into the rest of Africa because of land shortage. (Beginning in 2000 BCE)• Q1: What would this
cause?• Spread of languages and
culture
PRIOR TO THE BERLIN CONFERENCE
• East Africa
• Early civilizations began here
• Established as a trading empire with Arab, Persian, and Indian traders
PRIOR TO THE BERLIN CONFERENCE
• West Africa• Long history of trading
empires (800- 1500)• Mali, Ghana, Songhai-
major products were gold and salt
• Stateless societies: one in which people rely on family lineages to govern themselves, rather than elected government or monarch
DJENNE MOSQUE, MALI
PRIOR TO THE BERLIN CONFERENCE
• North Africa• Early Egyptian
civilizations began around the Nile River
• Q2: Why would the Nile River Valley be an excellent place to begin civilization?• Excellent soil!
THE SLAVE TRADE• Q3: Why did Europeans
need slaves?• Plantations in the
Americas
• European traders went to Africa for slaves
• African merchants brought potential slaves to them
• Q4: Why would African merchants bring slaves to these Europeans?• Guns and other goods
THE SLAVE TRADE• Many Africa rulers
participated (have been doing this for years- sold to Arabs and other Africans)
• By the end of the slave trade (1870s) millions of Africans had been transported to Americas and Europe
COLONIALISM BEGINS
• Europeans involved in Africa since the mid-15th century
• Q5: Why did Europeans mainly stay on the coast of Africa?• Rugged interior of Africa/
elevation/cataracts
• King Leopold II of Belgium• Developed an interest in the Congo• Wanted to open African interior to
European trade• Paved way for European colonialism
BERLIN CONFERENCE (1884-1885)• Q6: What was the goal of the Berlin
Conference?• Prevent European wars over African territory
• No African ruler was invited to this conference
• By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia remained independent
• Divided Africa without regard to where African ethnic or linguistic groups lived
• Q7: What kind of problems would this cause?• Combined peoples who were traditional
enemies-
WARM UP #8• 1. Why did King Leopold II of Belgium spark an interest in the
Congo?• No European power had expanded yet into the interior of the continent• Economic gain
• 2. What important event/ meeting changed African history forever in the 1880s?• Berlin Conference
• 3. What did this event establish?• European domination of the continent
• 4. What problems were caused when Europeans divided territory lines in Africa without consideration to ethnic or linguistic divisions?• Led to later tensions/divisions and civil wars
• 5. How does #4 tie into the movie Hotel Rwanda?• The division between the Tutsi and Hutu was created by Europeans• Civil war erupted because of the legacy left over by European colonization
HISTORY AND CULTURE (ECONOMY) PART II
• What has happened after European colonization?
EAST AFRICA• 1970s - Most of East Africa
gained its independence from Europe
• Internal disputes and civil wars became a problem• Q1: WHY?• Ethnic boundaries created by
Europeans• Rwanda- genocide in the
1990s• Economy still centered on
tourism and farming• Q2: Why is the economy still
centered on tourism and farming?• Cash crops- such as coffee, tea,
sugar was a focus for Europeans• Q3: Why would relying on cash
crops be a problem?• Price of crops change depending
on the world market
NORTH AFRICA• Q3: What is Arab Spring• Revolutions/protests in the Arab
world• Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria,
Morocco• Islam• Major religion of the region
• Economy• Began with an economy based on
agriculture• Evolved into mining and the
discovery of oil• Unemployment still remains a
problem• Women• Households centered around men• Roles for women are changing• Increased penalty for spousal abuse• Allowing them to have professional
jobs
WEST AFRICA• Economy• Trade still important today• Wide variety of economies• Ghana- export gold, and
diamonds. More stable• Sierra Leone- worst
economic conditions. 31% literacy rate. Civil wars and political instability.
• Q4: What accounts for these differences?• Who did Europeans leave
in charge?• Is there political
corruption? • Etc.
CENTRAL AFRICA• New African governments
were forced to govern a diverse population.
• Inexperienced leaders often corrupt and abused power
• Economy• Only economic infrastructure
they developed was to remove raw materials during colonialism
• Q5: Why would this cause problems?• No roads for trade, dependency
on raw materials instead of industry, few schools, etc.
SOUTHERN AFRICA
• 1948- white minority instituted policy of apartheid• Complete separation of the races• Banned social contact between
blacks and whites• African National Congress• Founded by blacks of South
Africa• Nelson Mandela emerged as a
leader (later imprisoned)• Elected president in 1994• 1996- passed new democratic
constitution that guaranteed the rights of all citizens
SOUTHERN AFRICAN ECONOMY
• South Africa• Apartheid led to poor
education of blacks• 2 economies exist: • Upper-middle class
economy (like the US)• Low economy –
shantytowns, poverty-stricken
• Botswana• Unequal distribution of
wealth from diamond business
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