daniel malacara optical testing

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 1/79

OPTICAL TESTING

, . .

eptem er,

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 2/79

TESTING OPTICAL ELEMENTS

¾Plane surfaces

¾Spherical surfaces

•Concave

•Convex

¾Aspherical surfaces

•Concave•Convex

¾Lenses and prisms

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 3/79

can be made only asgoo as you can es

Modern Instruments require

complicated shapes and deviations

 of the wavelength of light

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 4/79

OPTICAL TESTING METHODS

 •

Newton and Fizeau• wyman- reen

•Lateral Shearing

•

er ear ng•Multiple Beam

lass cal eometr c ests•Foucault•Ronchi

•Wire

•

Hartmann•Optical and Mechanical Profilometry

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 5/79

Newton and Fizeau

Interferometers

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 6/79

Tested and Reference

Interfering Wavefronts

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 7/79

Field due to interference between a

a) Wavefront under test and a

b) Reference flat wavefront

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 8/79

Irradiance in an interference pattern

a) Wavefront under test and a

b Reference flat wavefront 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 9/79

Newton Interferometer 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 10/79

Fizeau Interferometer 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 11/79

Optical Path Differencein a Fizeau Interferometer 

t = Physical path difference

=

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 12/79

Testin Concave Surfaces

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 13/79

Lon itudinal Modes in a Laser with Cavity Length L

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 14/79

Visibilit in an Interferometer vs. OPD

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 15/79

Tw man-Green

Interferometer Twyman (1918)

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 16/79

Twyman-Green Interferometer 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 17/79

in a Twyman-Green

t = Physical path difference

=

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 18/79

Coherence in a Twyman-Green Interferometer 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 19/79

in a Twyman-Green Interferometer 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 20/79

in a Twyman-Green Interferometer 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 21/79

-

Interferograms

of 

 r mary

Aberrations

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 22/79

a era ear

Other Shear

Interferometers

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 23/79

Wavefronts in Shear Interferometers

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 24/79

Interferometer 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 25/79

 Optical Path Difference

in a Lateral Shear 

t = Physical path difference

=

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 26/79

For a small shear S

the optical path difference is

Hence radial shear interferometers

Measure the wavefront tilt in the shear direction

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 27/79

Wavefront Evaluation in Lateral Shear 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 28/79

Murty Lateral Shear Interferometer 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 29/79

Testing Concave Surfaces in

Murty Lateral Shear Interferometer 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 30/79

Interferograms

of 

Aberrations

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 31/79

Foucault TestFoucault (1858)

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 32/79

Foucault or Knife Edge Test

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 33/79

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 34/79

Pattern

of anAs herical

Wavefront

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 35/79

Shape of Aspheric Wavefront

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 36/79

Ronchi Testonc

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 37/79

Ronchi Test

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 38/79

Ronchi Test

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 39/79

Ronchigram of Aspherical Surface

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 40/79

Hartmann TestHartmann (1900)

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 41/79

Hartmann Test

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 42/79

pattern of a

mirror 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 43/79

Wavefront Slope and Ray Tranverse Aberration

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 44/79

Relation between the wavefront slopes and the

ray transverse aberrations TA

 = s ance rom wave ron o

measuring plane

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 45/79

Calculation of wavefront deformations from

 ay ransverse a erra ons or 

wavefront slopes

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 46/79

Newton Interferometer 

 Twyman-Green interferometer 

Tests that measure wavefront slope

Lateral Shear interferometer 

Ronchi Test

Hartmann test

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 47/79

Increasing PrecisionMultiple Beam

Interferometry

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 48/79

Two beam interferogram Multiple beam interferogram

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 49/79

Increasing Precision

Phase Shifting

Interferometry

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 50/79

Phase Shifting Interferometry

with a Twyman-Green Interferometer 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 51/79

 rra ance vs. ase erence

in Phase Shifting Interferometry

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 52/79

Interferograms in Phase Shifting Interferometry

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 53/79

Detuning Insensitive Phase Shifting Algorithm

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 54/79

Phase Shifting Interferometry Mathematics

Phase

equa on:

 amp ng

functions:

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 55/79

Detuning Insensitive Phase Shifting Algorithm

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 56/79

Wrapped Phase Obtained in

Phase Shifting Interferometry

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 57/79

Unwrapped Phase from

Phase Shifting Interferometry

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 58/79

TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES

Autocompensating Configurations

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 59/79

Autocollimating Configurations

For Conic Surfaces

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 60/79

Testing of Aspherical Convex Surface

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 61/79

Testing of Convex Hyperboloids

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 62/79

TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES

Null Compensators with

Lenses

Diffracting Elements

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 63/79

Interferograms of As herical Wavefronts

-

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 64/79

Dall Compensator 

For Parabolic Mirrors

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 65/79

Lens Offner Compensator 

for Parabolic Mirrors

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 66/79

Mirror Offner Compensator 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 67/79

Wyant Hologram Compensator 

for Aspherical Surfaces

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 68/79

TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES

Non-Null Tests

Phase Shifting Interferometry

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 69/79

d

Interferogram

(Nyquist limit

Exceeded)

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 70/79

with three different reference

spheres

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 71/79

Aspherical wavefront slopes

with three different reference spheres

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 72/79

For different

focus settings

(Different 

spheres)

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 73/79

 with a

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 74/79

Without linear carrier With linear carrier 

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 75/79

TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES

Non-Null Tests

Infrared Interferometry

 White Light Interferometry

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 76/79

Group formed by two waves

with different wavelengths

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 77/79

Group Length formed by two waves

with two different wavelengths

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 78/79

Conclusion:

Optical testing is an old but exciting field

 of a tremendous practical importance.

many new developments are expected andur entl needed.

7/30/2019 Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/daniel-malacara-optical-testing 79/79

GGracias por suAtencion !dmalacara@cio.mx

www.cio.mx