data analysis in social sciences

Understanding Data Analysis in Social SciencesPartiallybasedonPandyaK,et.al.,SPSSinSimpleSteps, Dreamtech Press, ISBN-13: 9!-93-"##$-%"1-9.&or: - 'hy data analysis(...re)*ired +no'led,e on the basic statistics&'hat are the -ario*s tests(...the ass*mptions behind each test&ho' to *se the tests(...an introduction to the fundamentals of data analysis for MBA students. %#1%, /arie 0nne 1osario, partially based on, and adapted 2rom Pandya K, et.al., SPSS in Simple Steps, Dreamtech Press.1P*rpose o2 Statistics13 4o describe a phenomena,%3 4oor,ani5eands*mmari5eo*rres*ltmore con-eniently and meanin,2*lly,33 4o ma+e in2erence or ma+e predictions,$3 4o e6plain, and"3 4o ma+e a concl*sion.. %#1%, /arie 0nne 1osario, partially based on, and adapted 2rom Pandya K, et.al., SPSS in Simple Steps, Dreamtech Press.%Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)4ypes o2 Statistics Descripti-eStatistics:4hee-entoro*tcomeo2e-entsisdescribed 'itho*tdra'in,concl*sions.Itisconcernedonly'iththecollection, or,anisation,s*mmarisin,,analysisandpresentationo2anarrayo2 n*merical)*alitati-eor)*antitati-edata.Descripti-estatisticsincl*de the mean, median, mode, standard de-iation, ran,e, percentile, +*rtosis, correlation coe7cient, proportions etc. In2erentialStatistics:4hisisb*iltonthedescripti-estatisticsby,oin,a step 2*rther to ma+e interpretation 'ith a -ie' to pop*lation *pon 'hich adecision'o*ldbebased.8alidandreliabledecisions,,eneralisations, predictions and concl*sions co*ld be dra'n *sin, this statistics tools s*ch asstochasticprocess,)*e*in,theory,,ametheory,)*alitycontrol,chi-s)*are, t-test, 2-test etc. 96perimentalStatistics:1elatestothedesi,no2e6perimentsto establishin,ca*sesande:ectso2s*chdesi,nsase6perimental,;*asi-e6periments etc. . %#1%, /arie 0nne 1osario, partially based on, and adapted 2rom Pandya K, et.al., SPSS in Simple Steps, Dreamtech Press.3$Nominal:Numbers assigned to runners7 11 3FinishFinishOrdinal:Rank Order of WinnersThird Placeecond PlaceFirst Place!nter"al:Performance Rating on a #$to$1# scale%&' (&1 (&)Ratio:Time to finish in seconds1*&' 1+&1 13&+,easurement scales. %#1%, /arie 0nne 1osario, partially based on, and adapted 2rom Pandya K, et.al., SPSS in Simple Steps, Dreamtech Press. Nominalvariablesallo'2oronly)*alitati-eclassihi-s)*are, binomial test Ordinal variables allo' *s to ran+ order the items 'e meas*re in terms o2'hichhaslessand'hichhasmoreo2the)*alityrepresentedbythe -ariable, b*t still they do not allo' *s to say ?ho' m*ch more.@ 0 typical e6ample o2 an ordinal -ariable is the socioeconomic stat*s o2 2amilies.Permissible Statistics:Descripti-e = percentile, medianIn2erential = 1an+-order correlation, Ariedman 0NB80. %#1%, /arie 0nne 1osario, partially based on, and adapted 2rom Pandya K, et.al., SPSS in Simple Steps, Dreamtech Press." Intervalvariablesallo'*snotonlytoran+ordertheitemsthatare meas*red,b*talsoto)*anti2yandcomparethesi5eso2di:erences bet'eenthem.Aore6ample,temperat*re,asmeas*redinde,rees Aahrenheit or >elsi*s, constit*tes an inter-al scale. Permissible Statistics:Descripti-e = ran,e, mean, S.DIn2erential = pearson correlation, t-tests, 0NB80, re,ression, 2actor analysis Ratio variables are -ery similar to inter-al -ariablesC in addition to all the propertieso2inter-al-ariables,they2eat*reanidentientral 4endencyE0-era,es- /ean- /edian- /ode/eas*res o2 Spread E Dispersion- 1an,e- 8ariance- S.D- I;1 /eas*re o2 0symmetry/eas*re o2 Pea+edness. %#1%, /arie 0nne 1osario, partially based on, and adapted 2rom Pandya K, et.al., SPSS in Simple Steps, Dreamtech Press.

/eas*res o2 >entral 4endency Bne o2 the main obFecti-es o2 statistical analysis is to ,et a sin,le -al*e that describes the characteristic o2 the entire data. S*cha-al*eiscalledthecentral-al*eandthemostcommonly*sed meas*res o2 central tendencies are 0rithmetic /ean, /edian and /ode. 4hey,i-e*sanideao2theconcentrationo2theobser-ationGdata3 abo*t the central part o2 the distrib*tion. 0rithmetic/eano2aseriesisde