data link protocols asynchronous protocols synchronous protocols –character-oriented protocols...
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Data Link Protocols• Asynchronous Protocols
• Synchronous Protocols– Character-Oriented Protocols– Bit-Oriented Protocols
Data Link Protocol Categories
A protocol in data communications is the set of rules or specifications used to implement one or more layers of the OSI model.
A protocol in data communications is the set of rules or specifications used to implement one or more layers of the OSI model.
Data link protocol is a set of specifications used to implement the data link layerData link protocol is a set of specifications used to implement the data link layer
Asynchronous protocols- treat each character in a bit stream independently - use start and stop bits to frame the data units- inexpensive- used primarily in modems
Synchronous protocols- take the whole bit stream and chop it into characters
of equal size- faster than asynchronous transmission
Data Link Protocol Categories
Asynchronous Protocols
XMODEM Frame
- half-duplex stop-and-wait ARQ protocol- half-duplex stop-and-wait ARQ protocol
SOH –Start of Header (1 byte)CRC - Cyclic Redundancy CheckSOH –Start of Header (1 byte)CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Check
Signal from receiver side - ACK - NAK - CAN (cancel)
Signal from receiver side - ACK - NAK - CAN (cancel)
• YMODEM– similar to XMODEM– Major differences
• Data unit = 1024 bytes• CANs = 2• Multiple files can be sent simultaneously
• ZMODEM– Combining features of both XMODEM and YMODEM
• BLAST (Blocked asynchronous transmission)– More powerful than XMODEM.– Full-duplex
• KERMIT– Most widely used asynchronous protocol
Synchronous Protocols
Character-oriented protocols (or byte-oriented protocols)- the frame or packet is interpreted as a series of characters
Character-oriented protocols (or byte-oriented protocols)- the frame or packet is interpreted as a series of characters
Bit-oriented protocols- the frame or packet is interpreted as a series of bits
Bit-oriented protocols- the frame or packet is interpreted as a series of bits
Character-Oriented Protocols
Binary Synchronous Communication (BSC)
Supports half-duplex transmissionUses stop-and-wait ARQ flow control and error correction Supports half-duplex transmissionUses stop-and-wait ARQ flow control and error correction
- the best-known character-oriented protocol- the best-known character-oriented protocol
Data Frame
BSC Frame with Header
Multiblock Frame
Simple Data Frame
SYN – 0010110STX – 0000010ETX – 0000011
SOH – 0000001ITB – 0011111
Multiframe Transmission
ETB – 0010111ETB – 0010111
BSC Control Frames
BSC Control Frames cont…
SDLC – Synchronous Data Link ControlHDLC – High-Level Data Link ControlLAPs – Link Access ProtocolsLAN – Local Area Nelwork
IBM ISO ITU-T IEEE
Bit-Oriented Protocols
HDLC
Supports half/full duplex communications over point to point or multipoint links
Characterized by: station types, configuration, response modes
Station Types: Primary – issues commands Secondary – issues responses Combined – issues both command & response
HDLC Configuration
HDLC does not support balanced multipointHDLC does not support balanced multipoint
Figure 11-15
HDLC ModesWho controls the link
NRM – Normal Response Mode ( unbalanced configuration)ARM – Asynchronous Response ModeABM – Asynchronous Balanced Mode
* Mode for symmetrical & balanced can be set using U-frames
HDLC Frame Types
Unnumbered frameUnnumbered frame
Information frameInformation frame
Supervisory frameSupervisory frame
HDLC Flag F& FCS field
HDLC Address Field
HDLC Control Field
Code (S-frame) – carry coded flow and error control informationCode (U-frame) – identify the type of U-frame and its functionCode (S-frame) – carry coded flow and error control informationCode (U-frame) – identify the type of U-frame and its function
Use of P/F Field
U-Frame Control Field
U-Frame Control Field
Set NRMSet NRM (extended)Set ARMSet ARM (extended)
Set NRMSet NRM (extended)Set ARMSet ARM (extended)
Unnumbered infoDisconnectRequest disconnectSet initialization modeUnnumbered poll
Unnumbered infoDisconnectRequest disconnectSet initialization modeUnnumbered poll
Frame rejectExchange IDResetRequest information mode
Frame rejectExchange IDResetRequest information mode
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