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DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
American Sea Power
War of 1812, American Civil War, & the Development of Navy Theories
1812 - 1900
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Lesson Objectives
• Know significant milestones in the early history of the Navy
• Understand the role the US Navy played in US national strategies and policies during peacetime and war
• Recognize technological improvements of this period and understand how they change naval strategy
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
War of 1812
• Fought between Britain and US• Result of gradual escalations
– Impressment– Support for Native Americans– Seizure of Merchant ships
• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair– June 1807– Led to an embargo of all exports
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
War of 1812
• Treaty of Ghent– British tried to increase position
• Full blockade of East Coast in 1814• Entered Chesapeake Bay and Potomac
– Burned White House and Capitol
• Attempted Raid of Baltimore– Could not get past Fort McHenry
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
War of 1812
• Battle of Lake Champlain– British had 12,000 troops ready to invade the US from
Canada– US had 1,500 troops ready– Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough defeated
British– Turning point in the war, British reevaluated costs
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
War of 1812
• Treaty of Ghent– Signed Dec 24, 1814
• Did not address impressment or neutral rights
– Cease fire– Battle of New Orleans
• Fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed• Major General Andrew Jackson defeated British amphibious
landing
–
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
The Civil War: 1861- 1865
• Causes:– Southern secessionist movement
• Slavery • States’ rights
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
The Civil War: 1861- 1865
• Outbreak:– January 1861– Southern attack on
Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
The 1860’s
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
North – South Comparison
• Population• Exports• Shipyards• Industry• Transportation (railroads)• Military Leaders
Advantage• North• North• North• North• North• South
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
The Civil War: 1861- 1865
• Northern Naval Strategy– “Anaconda” plan, Navy’s role:
• Blockade Southern ports• Provide supporting gunfire for the army• Transport troops and equipment along coast and rivers• Use amphibious assaults to seize important ports
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Anaconda Plan
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
The Civil War: 1861- 1865
• Southern Naval strategy– Commerce raiding– Blockade running– Technological innovations
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
The Civil War: 1861- 1865
• Overview– Land campaigns in northern Virginia– Campaigns to shrink Confederate logistic base
• Blockade of Southern Ports• War in the West • North’s taking the Mississippi River split the South • Southern commerce raiding and blockade running
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Battle of the Ironclads
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Control of the Mississippi
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Admiral Farragut
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Steam and Sail
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
CSS Virginia
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
C.S.S. Alabama
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
The Civil War: 1861- 1865
• End of the War– General Lee’s surrender on April 9, 1865
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
The Civil War: 1861- 1865
• Technological developments– Ironclads: USS Monitor v. the CSS Virginia– Mines– Submarine: CSS Hunley
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Submarine: CSS Hunley
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
The Civil War: 1861- 1865
• Impact on the Merchant Marine– Commerce raiding devastated merchant marine– American shipping insurance and cost of carry cargo
rose drastically– American crew costs increased well beyond the crews
of European Empires– Most ships shifted to neutral (British) flags– Numerous ships pressed into the Union Navy
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Post Civil War
• Nation looked inward:– Rebuilding the south– Settlement of the West– Navy substantially reduced
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
“Father of Naval Theory”
• Alfred Thayer Mahan
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Naval Theory: Alfred Thayer Mahan
• Mahan originally thought America only needed to adhere to the Naval Doctrine of the time, coastal defense and commerce raiding.
• Believed that the US should avoid gathering overseas territories in order to prevent the need for a large navy.
• After assuming the duties as president of the Naval War College, his views changed
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Naval Theory: Alfred Thayer Mahan
• Mahan's lecture notes become basis for his book– The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, published in
1890.
– The book brought Mahan fame in his lifetime and ever since.
– Provided a powerful argument for achieving and preserving sea power during times of peace as well as war.
– Appealed to industrialists, merchants interested in overseas trade, investors, nationalists, and imperialists.
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Naval Theory: Alfred Thayer Mahan
• Elements of Sea Power– Geographic position – Extent of territory– Number of population– Character of the people– Character of the government
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Naval Theory: Alfred Thayer Mahan
• Requirements for a first-class Navy:– Battle fleets: – What type of ships? Battleships– Colonies for coaling stations for a steam-driven
battleship Navy. – Examples: Hawaii, Guam, Midway– An isthmus passage to allow massing of the “two-
ocean” navy: Panama Canal
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Naval Theory: Alfred Thayer Mahan
• Essence of Mahan: – A great navy is a mark and prerequisite of national
greatness– A great navy is one designed to fight an enemy in
fleet engagements or guerre d’escadre in order to win command of the sea, not one designed for commerce raiding or guerre de course.
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Critique of Mahan
• By the time he published his ideas, they were known internationally
• He discounted the effect of commerce raiding– proved very effective
• Technological changes– (airplanes, subs, mines)– enabled power projection over sea forces with few, if
any, capital ships
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Questions????
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