desalination in the netherlands and beyond emily tenenbaum january 27 th 2011
Post on 23-Feb-2016
74 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Desalination in the Netherlands and BeyondEmily TenenbaumJanuary 27th 2011
Outline
Intro to Voltea & Capacitive Deionization Overview of Freshwater Scarcity in Europe Freshwater Scarcity in the Netherlands
• Desalination for agriculture• Desalination for municipal supply• Desalination for industry
Voltea & CapDI
Founded 2006, Netherlands-based Spin-off from Unilever Main activity: Develop and Commercialize
Capacitive Deionization technology (CapDI)
40 employees, growing rapidly CapDI basics
• Low feedwater pressure• Uses ion-exchange membranes• Treats tap to brackish water• Minimal pretreatment• No or little chemical use• Low energy use• Competitive with RO, EDR, ion exchange• Current commercial applications: cooling tower
make-up water, residential point-of-entry
Water Availability in Europe
World Resources Institute Water Stress Atlas, 2000
Desalination Capacity by Country
Water Availability in Europe
the Netherlands
BelgiumFrance
Significant freshwater scarcity in Northern Europe
Brackish Water in Netherlands
Depth of Brackish Water Interfacemeters below Normal Amsterdam Waterlevel (NAP) to reach [Cl-] = 1000 mg/L
Netherlands area = New Jersey + New Hampshire
Growing Problems:
• Coastal saltwater intrusion caused by depletion of fresh groundwater
• Inland brackish groundwater
Desalination Needs in the Netherlands
1. Agricultural – saltwater intrusion in greenhouse areas2. Municipal – increasingly brackish surface and groundwater3. Industrial – Strong financial incentive to reduce industrial water
use. Many solutions require desalination
Greenhouses near Rotterdam Tulip field near Voltea HQ
Desalination for Agriculture in Westland
Depth of Brackish Water Interfacemeters below Normal Amsterdam Waterlevel (NAP) to reach [Cl-] = 1000 mg/L
Westland Region, a.k.a. “Glass City”
Desalination for Agriculture in Westland
Westland Greenhouse Region
42% Dutch greenhouse sector
~1% National GDP Brackish surface and
groundwater Low-efficiency RO
systems treat groundwater for greenhouses
Deep injection of brine Upcoming government
ban on brine injection
Desalination for Agriculture in Westland
Harnaschpolder WWTP
Westland Greenhouse Region
Problem: brackish water challenge for greenhouses
Solution: reuse WWTP effluent for greenhouse irrigation
Parameter WWTP Effluent
Greenhouse max level
[Cl-] 135 mg/L 36 mg/L
[Na+] 100 mg/L 23 mg/L
~75% salt reduction needed
Pilot Testing for Wastewater Resuse
Long-term pilot testing underway of 3 desalination options:
UF/RO (Evides) Innovative RO train (Veolia) CapDI (Voltea)
Voltea engineer testing benchtop CapDI units at WWTP
Harnaschpolder WWTP
Pilot hall at Harnaschpolder WWTP
Desal for Municipal Water
Saline water from marine deposit layers and North Sea is seeping into drinking water sources
National drinking water chloride limit is 150 mg/L
Drinking water providers forsee difficulty in meeting the chloride limit
Some drinking water wells already shut down
Drinking water providers exploring brackish water desal options
All projects still in pilot phaseSource: Oasen Drinkwater
Desal for Municipal WaterVoltea Pilot in Rotterdam
• April - Nov 2011• Test CapDI on groundwater • Feed conductivity = 1.5 mS/cm• 6 L/min (0.36 m3/hr)• Oasen drinking water station• Results promising!
• 80% salt removal• 70% water recovery• 0.4 kWh/m3 pure • Stable operation
• Oasen interested in large-scale CapDI system as RO alternativeVoltea Capacitive Deionization System
Desal for Municipal WaterPURO Pilot
• Kickoff 2011• Place RO system 100 m below
ground• Reduced pumping energy• Anerobic process, no iron
removal pretreatment needed• Major maintenance challenges
with underground operation
Schematic of PURO pilot in Ridderkerk
Desalination for Industrial Water
Dutch tapwater is expensive (€1.75 /m3) Cost incentive for factories to find tapwater alternatives, or
reduce tapwater use
Wor
ld
Euro
pe -
Wes
t
Euro
pe -
East
Am
eric
a's
Asi
a
Aus
tralia
- N
Z
Afri
ca
Net
herla
nds
USA
Ger
man
y
€ -
€ 0.50
€ 1.00
€ 1.50
€ 2.00
€ 2.50
€ 3.00
Regional Water Costs TAPWATER
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE
Desalination for Industrial WaterVoltea CapDI in Cooling Towers
Use CapDI to desalinate feedwater to cooling towers
Rabobank HQ in Utrecht Increase cycles of recirculation in
cooling tower from 3 to 14 17% reduction tapwater use 68% reduction wastewater
discharge 75% reduction chemical usage
(antiscalents, corrosion inhibitors)
Capacitive Deionization System at Rabobank HQ. ~2 m3/hr capacity
Rabobank HQ in Utrecht
Take Home Message
Brackish ground and surface water is a growing problem in the Netherlands
Problem affects agriculture, drinking water supply, and industry
Desal will play a increasing role in the Dutch water industry t
Typical view from a window in the Netherlands
Desalination for Industrial WaterDow Chemical Plant
Evides chosen by Dow to design, build, finance, operate (DBFO) industrial water plant
Location with limited freshwater Plant produces process water, boiler
feed, cooling tower feed, ~3800 m3/hr Demi water initially from seawater RO –
major fouling problems (2000-2007 ) 2008 switched to MF/RO fed with
municipal wastewater Plan upgrade to membrane
bioreactor/RO fed with municipal wastewater
Section of water plant at Dow Chemical factory in Terneuzen
NaCl Drinking water limitations
Most drinking water is groundwaterDutch National limits on chloride are <150 ppm,
Na <120 ppmUS secondary DW standard is 250 ppmEU chloride <250 ppm, Na <200 ppm, EC <2500
microS/cm
WRI water risk index
The 3 dimensions (23 total indicators) of water-related economic risk were determined by WRI in collaboration with industry experts, financial analysts, and water specialists, and include:
Access and growth constraints: provides a measure of water risks driven by the physical availability and accessibility of water;
Cost risks: capture the cost risks faced by water users due to poor water quality, regulatory uncertainty, or high prices of water and its treatment; and
Disruption potential: provides a measure of the tensions and conflicts around water driven by social and regulatory concerns.
CapDI – How it Works
Desal for Municipal WaterVitens Pilot in Friesland
• Vitens-largest drinking water supplier in Netherlands
• Anerobic brackish water RO pilot in Friesland (feed = 2.6 mS/cm)
• Deep well injection of anerobic brine
• No antiscalents due to reinjection restrictions
• 70% recovery• Started in 2009• 50 m3/hr
RO equipment in Vitens pilot trailer in Noardburgum, Friesland
top related