detectors at synchrotron sources now and in the future
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PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Detectors at Synchrotron Sourcesnow and in the future
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
The Detector Challenge:
1900 1960 1980 2000
Diffractionlimit
Second generation
First generation
X-raytubes
ESRF (future)
ESRF (2000)
ESRF (1994)
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
ESRF (1994)
2ème generation
1ère génération
Tubes àrayons X
Années
ESRF (futur)
Limite de diffraction
ESRF (2000)3èmegeneration
Lasers àélectrons libres
Rayonnementsynchrotron
1020
1018
1016
1014
1012
1010
108
1021
1022
1023
1019
1017
1015
1013
1011
109
107
106
Brillance(photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%B.F.)
Synchrotron Sources
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
The Detector Challenge:
ID1 Anomalous scatteringID2 Small-angle scatteringID3 Surface diffractionID8 Spectroscopy using polarised
soft X-raysID9 Biology / High pressureID10 MultipurposeID11 Materials scienceID12 Circular polarisationID13 MicrobeamID14 Protein crystallographyID15 High energyID16 Inelastic scatteringID17 MedicalID18 Nuclear scattering
ID19 Microtomography - TopographyID20 Magnetic scatteringID21 X-ray microscopyID22 MicrofluorescenceID24 Dispersive EXAFSID26 Spectroscopy on ultra-dilute
samplesID27 Industry ID28 Inelastic scatteringID29 Biology MADID30 High pressureID32 Surface EXAFS - PhotoemissionBM5 OpticsBM16 Powder diffractionBM29 Absorption spectroscopy
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Situation now
Large area CCD systems, mainly for PX
ADSC, California, USA
– Indirect detection ==> losses & spreading
– Integrating detector==> noise & information loss
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Situation now
High resolution imaging with CCD’s
Scintillator
Beamstop
Reflectingobjective
X-raybeam
Eyepiecex2Tube lens
ESRF Freloncamera
Intermediateimage
Visible lig
ht
Visible light
First mirrorSimple concave surface
Second mirrorSmall convex surface
Scintillator is very inefficient Full tomo dataset in 10 sec.
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Situation now
Gas filled detectors, parallel readout
Window
10m Anode wires
20mm
0.5mm
0.8mm
GRP PC Board
0.8 mm
Copper tracks
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Situation now
Gas filled detectors, parallel readout
X B
TL
Bus
X Fine PositionLook-Up TableADC
Clock and SyncGenerator
Y B
TL
Bus
Coarse +/- 1
Timing
X P
osition
Histo
gram
min
gM
em
ory
Y Fine PositionLook-Up Table
Coarse +/- 1
Timing
Y P
osit
ion
Hit Count
Hit Count
Counter
FP
GA
Y DPRAM
X/Y Posn.
X DPRAM
Pulse Height
Position
Timing
16 channelsper board8 boards
ADC
FP
GA
Pulse Height
Position
Timing
16 channelsper board8 boards
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Detectors for now and the future
X-ray photonDirect conversion of X-rays to electrical signalSi, GaAs, Cd(Zn)Te,…best spatial resolution
ASICS with intelligent pixels, single photon processing:counting, energy coding.No noise, no information loss
3D connectix for 4-side buttable
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Really low noise:
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Problems to overcome:
Radiation tolerance Charge sharing Yield 4 side-butting (3D connectivity) High Z sensors (GaAs, CdZnTe) This can all be overcome by enough
critical mass COLLABORATION! Limited energy resolution
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Energy Resolving Detectors Silicon Drift Detectors:
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Energy Resolving Detectors Silicon Drift Detectors:
Advantages: - energy resolution 130 eV- Fast: 100 kcps per pixel- 2D systems possible- Large drive by space research- Well adapted to 12 keV and lower.- Advanced technology - Canberra and MPI-Munich/Milan poly technique
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
X-ray Beam
Fast Detectors:AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE
Avalanche region Drift region
Real device “Reach-Through” APD
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE
Energy range : 3 keV < EX-ray < 30 keV (limited by thickness)
Counting rate: ~ 107 cps
Dark noise: ~ 0.01 cps Energy resolution: 20 % @ 24keV
39% @ 12keV
Time resolution: ~ 1ns
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE
Acquisition system : ACE (APD Controller Electronic) Principle of use: amplitude (mV) energy(eV)
1 counter, 2 thresholds (high and low) for level discrimination
Counter with low level only = integral counter. Counter with low-high level = counter in energy range.
Head = APD + Pre-amplifier
Acq
uisi
tion
syst
em
ACE (APD Controller Electronic)
•Hamamatsu• 5x3mm2 135 m available
=3mm 135m (proto)
•EGG • 5x5mm2 110m
•10x10mm2 110 m
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Fast parallel readout CCD’s
CCD 1 CCD 2
CCD 3 CCD 4
ROI
ROIROI
ROI
Voie 4Voie 3
Voie 2Voie 1
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Fast CCD-based Systems for Detection of X-rays and Electrons
H. A. Padmore1, C. Bebek2, M. Church1, P. Denes3, J. Glossinger1,S. Holland2, H. von der Lippe3 and J. P. Walder3
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1 ALS, 2 Physics and 3 Engineering Divisions
- CCDs for synchrotron radiation x-ray research
- Development of optical CCDs at LBNL
- Column Parallel CCDs
- Status report
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Shut
ter
36 CCDs/36 HgCdTe
Front-End Electronic
s
Spectrograph +Electronics
Light from Light from telescopetelescope
Thick, deeply depleted, back illuminated CCDsand CMOS CCD readout used in SNAP
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Prototype (almost) Column Parallel CCD Readout Structure
51 channel aCP-CCD output
51 channel aCP-output
N-CRIC 1
N-CRIC 2
FPGA
FPGA
- image correction
- image compression
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
“New” developments summary
Pixel Detectors: Asics and sensors Silicon Drift Detectors Avalanche Photodiodes Parallel readout CCD’s
Plus others: high resolution phosphors, flat panel imagers, diamond detectors, ...
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Characteristics of XFEL radiation Photon energy X-rays: 3 up to 15 keV
soft X.: 200 up to 2000 eV Photon per pulse 1012 up to 1014
Divergence <1 up to few 10 µrad Source appearance ~ 100 µm (diffraction limited) Bandwidth ~ 0.1 %
Pulse duration 100 – 300 fs (probably decreasing) Repetition rate Macro-Bunch (MB): 10 – 120 Hz
single bunch within MB: ~ 10MHz
Short pulse high energy radiation from spontaneous emission Photon energy 100 – 400 keV Photons per pulse ~108 / 0.1%bw
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Accelerator time pattern
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Time-resolved pump-probe experiments
Use X-rays and optical laser to pump/probe the investigated system. Both systems will be referenced timewise to the RF signal of the accelerator. Laser-to-RF jitter X-ray-to-RF jitter Path length instabilities
Time delay of Pump and
Probe varies (~ ps) determines overall t
detectionsystems
samplepump beam
probe beam
adjustable delay
RF
A solution: Sample data at pump/probe frequency
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Single molecule diffraction
Detector
Particle selection
X-rays
structure solution without phases by collecting slices in q-space, accumulation of identical orientations, followed by crystallographic
procedures 3D structure solution by oversampling and reconstruction methods
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy
Spatial correlations
Temporal correlations
x-ray pulse
x-raybeamsplitter delay: ns – ps
sample
1 ps = 300 µmprecision 0.3µm = 1 fs
t=0
t=
From LCLS scientific case
qx
qysample
x-ray pulse
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Summary of requirementsGeneral
Single-photon counting detectors seem impossible Energy resolution (10%) for background suppression High quantum efficiency Very low noise due to dark current Homogenity and distortions must be minimized
Data acquisition Enable readout/storage at repetition rate Correlate with photon beam parameters and diagnostics Software integrated into data acquisition system
Time related requirements Fast readout 10 – 100 Hz Noise due to readout must not exceed dark current
PSD-7; Liverpool; 14 September 2005Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France
Conclusion
Detector developers will have a lot to do in the years to come
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