developmental dysplasia of the hip (ddh). definition dysplasia of the hip that develop during fetal...

Developmental dysplasia of the hip(DDH)

• Definition• Dysplasia of the hip that develop during fetal life

or in infancy.• It ranges from dysplasia of the acetabulum

(shallow acetabulum) to subluxation of the joint to complete dislocation.

• The old name was ‘‘congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH).’’ The name has changed to indicate that not all cases are present at birth and that some cases can develop later on during infancy and childhood

• Types:• DDH is classified into two major groups :• Typical and teratologic . • Typical DDH occurs in otherwise normal patients or

those without defined syndromes or genetic conditions.

• Teratologic hip dislocations usually have identifiable causes such as arthrogyposis or a genetic syndrome and occur before birth.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

1. Complete hip dislocation.2. Partial hip subluxation.3. Hip dysplasia (incomplete development).

Incidence

• Most newborn screening studies suggest that some degree of hip instability can be detected in 1/100 to 1/250 babies, actual dislocated or dislocatable hips are much less common, being found in 1-1.5 of 1000 live births.

• There is marked geographic and racial variation in the incidence of DDH.

• More inidence of DDH IN Sweden,Yugoslavia and Canada.

• African and Asian caregivers have traditionally carried babies against their bodies in a shawl so that a child ’s hips are flexed, abducted, and free to move.

• This keeps the hips in the optimal position for stability and for dynamic molding of the developing acetabulum by the cartilaginous femoral head.

• Children in Native American and Eastern European cultures, which have a relatively high incidence of DDH, have historically been swaddled in confining clothes that bring their hips into extension.

• This position increases the tension of the psoas muscle-tendon unit and might predispose the hips to displace and eventually dislocate laterally and superiorly.

RecommendedNot recommended

Etiology• A positive family history for DDH is found in 12-33%

of affected patients. • DDH is more common among female patients

(80%). This is thought to be due to the greater susceptibility of female fetuses to maternal hormones such as relaxin, which increases ligamentous laxity

• Primigravida.• Breech presentation(2-3%).• Oligohydramnios ,primi gravida and large baby

( crowding phenomenon ).• Adduction and Extension postnatally.

• Torticollis• metatarsus adductus• calcaneovalgus feet

Associated conditionsAssociated conditions

• The left hip is the most commonly affected hip• In the most common fetal position, this is the hip

that is usually forced into adduction against the mother’s sacrum.

• Girls are affected 5 times more than boys.

CLINICAL FINDINGS

• IN NEWBORNS• Usually asymptomatic and must be screened

by special maneuvers• 1) Barlow test.It is a provocative test that attempts to dislocate

an unstable hip.- Flexion ,adduction, posteriorly.- “Clunk”

Clinical Features : Neonates

BARLOW’S TEST ( bahar lo)

Clinical Features : Neonates

BARLOW’S TEST ( bahar lo)

• 2) Ortolani test It is a maneuver to reduce a recently

dislocated hip.• Flexion, abduction, anteriorly. • We can`t use X-rays because the acetabulum

and proximal femur are cartilaginous and wont be shown on X-ray.

• US is the best method to Dx.

Clinical Features : Neonates

ORTOLANI SIGN

Clinical Features : Neonates

ORTOLANI SIGN

Clinical Manifestations• In infants:• As the baby enters the 2nd and 3rd months of

life, the soft tissues begin to tighten and the Ortolani and Barlow tests are no longer reliable.

• Shortening of the thigh, the Galeazzi sign , is best appreciated by placing both hips in 90 degrees of flexion and comparing the height of the knees, looking for asymmetry

• Asymmetry of thigh and gluteal skin folds.

•The most diagnostic sign is Ortolani’s limitation of abduction.•Abduction less than 60 degrees is almost diagnostic.•X-rays after the age of 3 months can be helpful esp. after the appearance of the ossific nucleus of the femoral head•US is 100% diagnostic.

Limitation of Abduction

MOST RELIABLE SIGN

Galeazzi’s Sign

Asymmetric gluteal, thigh, labial folds

In walking child

• In older children: Complaints of limping, waddling (bilateral DDH),

lumbar lordosis, limitation of hip abduction, toe-walking, wide perineum, etc…

Screening

• All neonates should have a clinical examination for hip instability

• Risk factors :– breech presentation– family history– torticollis– oligohydramnios– metatarsus adductus

USG SCREENING

CLINICAL USG

normal normal

&

normal ABnormal

REPEAT AT 6 WKS

normalABnormal

REPEAT AT 3 & 6 WKS

Clinical & USG normal

ABnormal

Closed / open reduction

F/U till maturityABnormal

DIAGNOSIS• 1. ULTRA SOUND• In the Graf technique, the transducer is placed over

the greater trochanter, which allows visualization of the ilium, the bony acetabulum, the labrum, and the femoral epiphysis

• The angle formed by the line of the ilium and a line tangential to the boney roof of the acetabulum is termed the α angle and represents the depth of the acetabulum.

• Values > 60 degrees are considered normal, and those < 60 degrees imply acetabular dysplasia.

• The β angle is formed by a line drawn tangential to the labrum and the line of the ilium; this represents the cartilaginous roof of the acetabulum.

• A normal β angle is < 55 degrees, as the femoral head subluxates, the β angle increases.

Graf classification of DDH [ simplified]

class Alpha angle Beta angle description

1 >60 <55 normal

2 43-60 55-77 Delayed ossification

3 <43 >77 lateralization

4 unmeasurable unmeasurable dislocated

X-ray

von rosen view:hips abducted 45º &medially rotated.Anteroposterior.We draw a line through the central axis of the

femoral shaft. in normal hip ( ossific nucleus )will be inside

the acetabulum. in dislocated hip it will be above acetabulum.

X-rayHorizontal line of Hilgenreiner: drawn between upper ends of tri-radiate cartilage

of the acetabulum.Vertical line of perkins: drawn from the lateral edge of the acetabulum

vertical to horizontal line.4 quadrants:Normal hip: the ossification center of the femoral

hip lower medial quadrant.Dislocated hip: upper lateral quadrant.

Pe

X-ray

Acetabular index: angle between horizontal line of hilgenreiner

and the line between the two edges of the acetabulum.

normal hip 20º30 dilocated or dysplastic hip ≥ 30ºShenton’s line: semicircle between femoral neck and upper

arm of obturator foramen, in dislocated hip this line is broken.

Treatment

• The earlier the better.• Best time for treatment is in newborn period.• It depends on the device and age of the

patient.• Goal is to:1.Flex and abduct hips.2.Reduce femoral head and maintaining it.

• The goals in the management of DDH are to obtain and maintain a concentric reduction of the femoral head within the acetabulum to provide the optimal environment for the normal development of both the femoral head and acetabulum.

• The later the diagnosisof DDH is made, the more difficult it is to achieve these goals, the less potential there is for acetabular and proximal femoral remodeling, and the more complex are the required treatments

Treatment

• From (1-6 months) use Pavlik Harness.• From 6 months -2 year use hip spica.• From the age of >2 year traction , adductor tenotomy , surgical closed

reduction, salter innominate osteotomy.

Infant 1 – 6 months of Age

First choice is PAVLIK harness

Ensure hip > 90 degrees flexion

Infant 1 – 6 months of age

weekly clinical examination & USGBy 3 weeks stable reduction mustContinue till radiographs show normal

acetabulum

Results : 95% of initially dysplastic hips normal 80% dislocated and not initially reducible were successfully reduced Higher dislocations had a higher failure rate The rate of AVN was 2.38%.

Pavlik harness

Standard of treatment worldwideUpto 6 months Contraindicated when there is major muscle

imbalance (myelomeningocele,ligamentous laxity)

Complications of Pavlik Harness

• AVN• Failure to reduce• Femoral nerve

neuropathy• Inferior dislocation• Pavlik’s disease (flattening

posterolateral acetabulum)

Von Rosens splint

Child 6 months to 2 years of age

• Closed or open reduction + adductor tenotomy

• If closed reduction fails then surgeon should be prepared for an open procedure

Closed reduction

Force should be avoided

Check for safe zonePost reduction:

Spica change every six weeks plus stability check

Continue spica for 3-4 months

Safe Zone

20 to 30 degrees frommaximum abduction

extended to below 90 degrees

without redislocation

Safe zone can be improved

with adductor tenotomy

Management of DDH – Guidelines

0 to 6 months

Pavliks Harness

6 to 18 months 18 to 36 months 3 to 8 years

Traction Closed reduction

Hip spica

Open reduction

Pri. open reduction

Pelvic osteotomy

Pri, open reduction with

Femoral shortening

6 weeks no reduction

ArthrographyNo reduction >1/3rd head

visible

• A 6-week-old female infant is referred to your practice for concerns of developmental dysplasia of the hip. On physical exam, you note a positive Ortolani test on the left side. Pavlik harness treatment is initiated. Which of the following imaging modalities should be utilized at the two week follow-up visit?

•1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• 2. Computed Tomography (CT)• 3. Ultrasound (US)• 4. Plain Radiographs• 5. Arthrogram and Dynamic Fluroscopy•

Which of the following concepts regarding pediatric hips is true? Review Topic•

1. The proximal femoral physis and greater trochanteric apophysis develop from different cartilaginous physes• 2. The proximal femoral physis grows at a rate of 9 mm per year• 3. Normal infant femoral anteversion is between 10-20 degrees• 4. The ossific nucleus of the proximal femur is visible on radiographs by 6 months of age in most children• 5. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) typically occurs through the zone of proliferation

• Failure to achieve reduction of a dislocated hip in an otherwise healthy 4 month old infant which did not reduce after 3 weeks in a Pavlik harness and 3 weeks in an abduction brace is best treated with which of the following? Review Topic

•1. Adjusting the harness to 75 degrees of abduction and maintaing 90 degrees of hip flexion

• 2. Adjusting the harness to 75 degrees of abduction and increasing hip flexion to 120 degrees• 3. Closed reduction with hip arthrogram, adductor tenotomy if necessary, and hip spica casting• 4. Open reduction and femoral shortening osteotomy• 5. Open reduction, femoral shortening osteotomy, and pelvic acetabular osteotomy

• In patients older than 12-months of age with developmental dysplasia of the hip, all of the following physical exam findings are likely present EXCEPT? Review Topic

•1. Limited hip abduction

• 2. Positive Ortolani maneuver• 3. Abnormal leg lengths on Galeazzi testing• 4. Trendelenburg gait• 5. Pelvic obliquity•

n infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), anatomic closed reduction may be prevented by all of the following anatomic structure EXCEPT. Review Topic

•1. Interposition of gluteus medius

• 2. Limbus formed by fibrous tissue and hyaline cartilage• 3. Ligamentum teres and prominent fibrofatty pulvinar tissue• 4. Contracted transverse acetabular ligament• 5. Inverted acetabular labrum

• A five-year-old boy with cerebral palsy presents to the clinic with a dislocated right hip, what quadrant of the acetabulum is most likely deficient? Review Topic•

1. Anterior-inferior• 2. Anterior-superior• 3. Posterior-superior• 4. Posterior-inferior• 5. Anterior-inferior and anterior-superior•