do now 2 list at least 3 major functions of the skeletal system agenda do now objectives bones...

Do Now 2

List at least 3 major functions of the skeletal system

AgendaAgenda

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Objectives

Bones Intro

Functions

Bone Tissue

Shapes of bones

Anatomy of long bones

Changes

Cells

Closing

Skeletal System - Do Now 3

What is the most dangerous bone to break?

What is the most commonly broken bone(s)?

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Bones Intro

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Bone Tissue

Shapes of bones

Anatomy of long bones

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Closing

Skeletal System - Do Now 4

What do you understand by the expressions:Bone tired?Dry as a bone?Bag of bones?

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Shapes of bones

Anatomy of long bones

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Skeletal System - Do Now 5

Where are the majority of our bones?In our head, hands, feet, or vertebra?

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Shapes of bones

Anatomy of long bones

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Over half your bones are found in your hands and feet. There are 26 bones in each foot and 27 in each hand.

26 x 2 = 5227 x 2 = 54_________ 106 (total bones: 206 – 106 =

100)

Skeletal System - Do Now 6

How well do you know the major bones?

What is the best way to remember them?

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Anatomy of long bones

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Skeletal System Write a quiz for your partner and score

a pre and post grade.

Based on your notes, please write down the 20 major bones labeled on the skeleton handout

Write a pneumonic device to remember the major bones of the body.

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Skeletal System - Do Now

How are you memorizing the bones?

How are bones differentiated from one another?

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Bones Intro

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Skeletal System - Do Now

Without looking at your notes – Please list the 7 main bones of our legs and the 6 major bones in our arms!

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Skeletal System - Do Now 1

What is the most painful injury you have ever had?

Have you ever broken a bone?

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ObjectivesContent: Identify the subdivisions of the

skeleton as axial or appendicular. Name the four kinds of bones. Label the major anatomical areas of

long bones.

Language: List three functions of the skeletal

system

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Bones Intro

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Shapes of bones

Anatomy of long bones

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You already know a lot!!!

You are probably aware of many functions for the skeletal system!

For example: What does it do? What can go wrong? Where are our bones?

The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system

Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments

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The Skeletal System Divided into two divisions

Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

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AXIAL SKELETON

THE AXIAL SKELETON FORMS THE LONG AXIS OF THE BODY AND INCLUDES THE BONES OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THE RIB CAGE.

AXIAL SKELETON

GENERALLY THESE BONES ARE MOST INVOLVED IN PROTECTING, AND SUPPORTING.

AXIAL SKELETON

AXIAL SKELETON

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSISTS OF THE BONES OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS, AND THE GIRDLES THAT ATTACH THE LIMBS TO THE AXIAL SKELETON.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSISTS OF 126 BONES. IT FUNCTIONS TO HELP IN MOVEMENT.

AXIAL and APPENDICULARSKELETONS

Functions of Bones 1. SUPPORT 2. PROTECTION 3. MOVEMENT 4. MINERAL STORAGE 5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION

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1. Support The bones of the legs, pelvic girdle,

and vertebral column support the weight of the erect body.

The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth.

Other bones support various organs and tissues.

2. Protection The bones of the skull protect the

brain. Ribs and sternum (breastbone)

protect the lungs and heart. Vertebrae protect the spinal cord.

3. Movement

4. Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue 99% of the body’s calcium is

stored in bone. 85% of the body’s phosphorous is

stored in bone. Adipose tissue is found in the

marrow of certain bones.

5. Hematopoiesis A.k.a. blood cell formation. All blood cells are made in the

marrow of certain bones.

Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has 206

bones Two basic types of bone tissue

Compact bone Homogeneous

Spongy bone Small needle-like

pieces of bone Many open spaces

Figure 5.2b

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Scene 3 (1)1. What is a parry fracture? What does that

mean? 2. How could Sheila know that the ulnar

fractures are several years old? 3. What are osteophytic reactions? Could this

have something to do with abuse? 4. What causes bone to become ridged and

grooved 5. What is an avulsion fracture?

Parry Fracture Monteggia's

fracture  one in the proximal half of the shaft of the ulna, with dislocation of the head of the radius.

Osteophytic :A small, abnormal bony outgrowth.

An avulsion fracture is a bone fracture which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma.

Scene 3 (2)6. What is remodeling? 7. What is a long bone? Why would these be

particularly robust? 8. What are other kinds of bones? 9. What does lumbar mean? 10. Why are the lumbar verts osteophytic? 11. Why is what Theo’s guardians do for a living

relevant?

CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BY SHAPE

THE BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETON COME IN MANY SIZES AND SHAPES.

BONES CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE INTO:

LONG; SHORT; FLAT; IRREGULAR.

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tomy of long bones

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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1

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Classification of Bones Long bones

Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone

Examples: Femur, humerus

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LONG BONES

Long bones are longer than they are wide.Long bones have 2 epiphyses, and a diaphysis.All of the bones of the limbs, except the patella, ankle, and wrist, are long bones.

Classification of Bones Short bones

Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone

Examples: Carpals, tarsals

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SHORT BONES

Short bones are cube shaped, nearly equal in length and width.The bones of the wrist and ankle are examples of short bones.

Classification of Bones

Flat bonesThin and flattenedUsually curvedThin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy boneExamples: Skull, ribs, sternum

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FLAT BONES

Flat bones are thin, flattened, and a bit curved. The sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most of the bones of the skull are flat bones.

Classification of Bones

Irregular bonesIrregular shapeDo not fit into other bone classification categoriesExample: Vertebrae and hip

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IRREGULAR BONES

Irregular bones havecomplicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes.The vertebrae, the bones of the hip, and some facial bones.

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis

Shaft Composed of

compact bone Epiphysis

Ends of the bone Composed mostly of

spongy bone

Figure 5.2a

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Structures of a Long Bone Periosteum

Outside covering of the diaphysis

Fibrous connective tissue membrane

Sharpey’s fibers Secure periosteum

to underlying bone Arteries

Supply bone cells with nutrients

Figure 5.2c

Structures of a Long Bone Articular cartilage

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses

Made of hyaline cartilage

Decreases friction at joint surfaces

Figure 5.2a

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Structures of a Long Bone Medullary cavity

Cavity of the shaft Contains yellow marrow

(mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow (for

blood cell formation) in infants

Figure 5.2a

Bone Markings Surface features of bones Sites of attachments for muscles,

tendons, and ligaments Passages for nerves and blood vessels Categories of bone markings

Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface

Depressions or cavities – indentations

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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Osteon (Haversian System)

A unit of bone Central (Haversian) canal

Opening in the center of an osteon Carries blood vessels and nerves

Perforating (Volkman’s) canal Canal perpendicular to the central canal Carries blood vessels and nerves

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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3

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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Lacunae

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)

Arranged in concentric rings

Lamellae Rings around the

central canal Sites of lacunae

Detail of Figure 5.3

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Canaliculi

Tiny canals Radiate from the

central canal to lacunae

Form a transport system

Detail of Figure 5.3

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Skeletal System - Do Now

List at least three problems that can occur in the skeletal system (from what we have seen as see what your own experience).

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Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily

hyaline cartilage During development, much of this

cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas

Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints

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Bone Growth Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

long bone during childhood New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified

Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage

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Bone Growth Bones are remodeled and lengthened

until growth stops Bones change shape somewhat Bones grow in width

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Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4b

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With a partner One person, please list all 7 the

major bones in the leg The other person, please list the 6

major bones in the arm Between the two of you, please

describe the four kinds of bones, and give examples of each.

Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes

Mature bone cells Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for

remodeling and release of calcium Bone remodeling is a process by

both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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OSSIFICATION

THREE TYPES OF CELLS ARE INVOLVED IN BOTH MECHANISM OF OSSIFICATION:

1. OSTEOBLASTS 2. OSTEOCLASTS 3. OSTEOCYTES

BONE GROWTH

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF BONE GROWTH: 1. LONGITUDINAL--LENGTH 2. APPOSITIONAL--DIAMETER

LONGITUDINAL BONE GROWTH

Epiphysealplate

APPOSITIONAL BONE GROWTH

Osteoblast

BONE GROWTH

CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS FACTORS OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS: 1. HORMONES 2. VITAMIN D—MILK 3. CALCIUM—MILK 4. VITAMIN A—CARROTS 5. PHOSPHORUS—MEAT

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

RICKETS 1. DISEASE OF CHILDREN DUE TO

LACK OF VITAMIN D. 2. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED. 3. BOWING OF THE BONES.

Rickets

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEMOSTEOMALACIA 1. RICKETS IN ADULTS 2. DUE TO A LACK OF VITAMIN D 3. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED IN BONE. 4. MAIN SYMPTOM IS PAIN WHEN WEIGHT

IS PUT ON THE AFFECTED BONE.

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OSTEOPOROSIS

1. BONE REABSORPTION IS GREATER THAN BONE DEPOSITION. 2. CAUSES: A. LACK OF ESTROGEN B. LACK OF EXERCISE C. INADEQUATE INTAKE D. LACK OF VITAMIN D

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEMOSTEOPOROSIS 3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: A. SPONGY BONE OF THE SPINE IS MOST

VULNERABLE. B. OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN

POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN. C. BONES BECOME SO FRAGILE THAT

SNEEZING OR STEPPING OFF A CURB CAN CAUSE FRACTURES.

4. TREATMENT A. CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS. B. HORMONE REPLACEMENT TREATMENT C. INCREAE WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISE.

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Closing/HomeworkCan you do this now?Content: Identify the subdivisions of the

skeleton as axial or appendicular. Name the four kinds of bones. Label the major anatomical areas of

long bones.

Language: List three functions of the skeletal

system

AgendaAgenda

Do Now

Objectives

Bones Intro

Functions

Bone Tissue

Shapes of bones

Anatomy of long bones

Changes

Cells

Closing