dr. amalm. moustafa, department of histology & cytology · 2011-06-19 · dr. amalm. moustafa,...
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Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
The BloodThe Blood
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
The BloodThe Blood• Definition:-• It is the viscid fluid, present in the closed
circulatory system.• Contents:1-blood cells:• They form about 45% of the blood volume.• The Blood cells are:-
– a- Red cells (erythrocytes).– b- White cells (leukocytes).– c- Blood platelets (thrombocytes).
2-Plasma: it forms 55% of the blood volume.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
The Blood CellsThe Blood Cells
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES (RBCS)Erythrocytes
• A- Shape of RBCs:-• They are rounded, biconcave
disc shape. • In slow blood stream and in blood
film they adhere together forming “Rouleaux” due to high surface tension.
• B- Size:-• Normal diameter:• 6-9 um • (average 7.5 um).
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
C- Colour:-• Fresh, single RBC is greenish
yellow due to minimal HB.• A drop of blood appears red as
it contains large number of RBCs.
• In stained sections, RBCs with normal HB appear acidophilic with pale centre (normochromic).
• D- Number:-• In males: 5 - 5.5 million /mm3. • In females: 4.5 - 5 million
/mm3.(due to loss of blood during menstruation and depression of bone marrow by female sex hormones).
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
E- Structure of RBCs:-• They are non nucleated cells (now called corpuscles).• They have no organoids but filled with HB.• They are surrounded by cell membrane, which is plastic and has selective
permeability.• They contain important enzymes e.g. carbonic anhydrase enzyme.• Adaptation of RBCs to its function:-• Its biconcave shape increases surface area for more gas
exchange. • Absence of nuclei and cell organoids allows more space to HB
for gas exchange. • Carbonic anhydrase enzyme plays an important role in
transportation of CO2 from tissues to the lung.• Selective permeability of the cell membrane allows easy
exchange of oxygen and CO2 but not HB.• Plastic cell membrane allows RBCs to be squeezed in narrow
vessels, then regain its normal shape in wide vessels thus prevent their rupture.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
LEUCOCYTES (WBCS)• - :Definition• They are true nucleated cells having cell
organoids, cell inclusions, but no hemoglobin.• :Colour• Single WBC is colourless (leucocyte) but when
aggregated, they appear white (WBCs).• :Number. 4000-11000/mm3
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Classification of leucocytes:
-1-Granular leucocytes:- 2- Non-granular:-a- Neutrophils. a- Lymphocytes.b- Eosinophils. b- Monocytes.
• c- Basophils.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Neutrophils)polymorphonuclear leucocytes(
• Percentage: 60-75% of total leucocytes.• Shape: spherical• Size: 10-12 um.• Nucleus:-• Single, dark stained and segmented (2-5
segments connected by fine chromatin threads.• About 60% of female nuetrophils have Barr
bodies attached to their nuclei.• Cytoplasm:- contains fine neutrophilic
granules.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
E/M:
• Few mitochondria and• endoplasmic reticulum.• Two types of granules are present:-• Specific granules:• Numerous & small in size.• Contain bacteriostatic and bactericidal substances. • Azurophilic granules:• Few in number & large in size.• Contain hydrolytic enzymes (lysosomes). • Life span: 1- 4 days.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
-Function:
• Defense against microorganisms.• When microorganism invades the surrounding tissue,
the neutrophils migrate from the capillaries and phagocytose it (so called microphages).
• They also secrete proteolytic enzymes.• During infections, they stimulate the bone marrow to
produce more leucocytes (neutrophilia).• They attract monocytes to the infected area.• Precipitate in pus formation.• They secrete trephone substances, that help in
healing of wounds.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Eosinophils• Percentage: 2- 5% of total leucocytes.• Shape: spherical• Size: 12-15 um.• Nucleus: Bilobed “horse shoe-shaped”.• Cytoplasm: contains acidophilic refractile
granules.• E/M:• Few mitochondria, rER, and Golgi. • Coarse ellipsoid granules, with electron dense
crystalloid core in the centre. • These granules contain histaminase and
sulphatase enzyme.• Life span: 8-12 days.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
-Function:1-In allergic conditions, the mast
cells attract eosinophils to the site of allergy to perform anti-allergic action through:
2-They can phagocytose the antigen-antibody complex.
3-They secrete histaminase and sulphatase enzymes which destroy histamine and sulphatesubstances of allergy.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Basophils• Percentage: ½ - ١ % of .total leucocytes • Shape: spherical• Size: -١٠- ١٢ .um• Nucleus: .Large and irregular• -:Cytoplasm• Filled with large basophilic granules.• These granules can be stained metachromatic .• They also stained with Giemsa stain.• E/M• They contain coarse electron dense granules.• These granules contain histamine and heparin.• Life span ١٠-١٥ : .days• -:Function• They produce heparin and histamine during allergy.• They have minimal phagocytic activity.• They release eosinophil chemotactic factor.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Lymphocytes•Non granular leucocytes
Percentage: 25-30%.• Classification :1-Small sized lymphocytes: 4-7 um.2-Medium sized lymphocytes: 7-10 um.3-Large sized lymphocytes: 10-15 um. • Lymphocytes found in the blood are mainly
small and medium sized, while the lymphoid organs contain the three types.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
sized lymphocytes-Large or medium
• Percentage: 5-10%.• Size: ١٠ - ١٢ um .• Nucleus: Large, pale and
indented .• Cytoplasm: abundant, more
basophilic and non granular .• E / M - :• The cytoplasm contains
polyribosomes, numerous mitochondria, large Golgi and lysosomes.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Small Lymphocytes• Percentage: 15-20%.• Shape: spherical.• Size: 6-8 um.• Nucleus:-• Central, round and dark stained.• Surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. • Cytoplasm:- few in amount & pale
basophilic.• E/M:-• They have few ribosomes, few
mitochondria, a very small Golgi and few azurophilic granules.
• Classification:-• B. lymphocytes.• T. lymphocytes .
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
lymphocytes-B• :Development• U.M.C in the bone marrow colony forming cells … B .lymphoblast … B .lymphocyte.• Percentage: 30% .lymphcytes • Types:• B.lymphocytes of humoral immunity.• B.memory cells.• :Life span .3months• Function• 1- Humoral immunity:• When exposed to antigen, they are activated into medium sized lymphocytes.• Some of the active cells are differentiated into plasma cells which produce
antibodies.• This is called primary immune response.
2- Secondary response (B memory cells):• Some of the active cells are not changed into plasma cells but remain as memory
cells.• When exposed to the same antigen again, they produce more rapid and more
extensive humoral immune response.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
T. Lymphocytes• Development:• UMC in the bone marrow colony
forming cells which migrate to the thymus gland where they develop into T.lymphocytes (thymus dependent).
• :Percentage• ٧٠ % of small lymphocytes
• :Life span .years• :Types• T. killer cells: produce cytotoxic
substances.• T. memory cells• T. helper cells.• T. suppressor cells.• Lymphokines secreting cells.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
T. Lymphocytes•Function:
• Cell mediated immunity:-• When exposed to cellular antigen, the T-lymphocytes are activated and
come in contact with the antigen.• They secrete cytotoxic substance to destroy it. • Graft rejection cells in organ transplantation:• )by cell mediated immunity .(• T-memory cells:• Some of the activated T-cells remain in the body as memory cells, that
can attack the same antigen after a long period of time.• T-helper cells:-• T-lymphocytes, can help the B-lymphocytes to be activated by the
antigen.• .٥ Se cretion of lymphokines:• Interferon: antiviral.• Colony stimulating factor: stimulate bone marrow cells.• Macrophage factor: antibacterial. • ٦ . They act as macrophage attracting cells .
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Classification of lymphocytes
Types :
Cell mediated immunity
Humoral immunity Function :
years ٣ months Life span
٧٠ %30%Percentage :
In the thymusIn bone marrow Development:
T. lymphocytesB. lymphocytes
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Monocytes• Percentage : 3-8%.• Size : ١٥ um .• Nucleus : .large, pale and kidney shaped• ytoplasmC: .abundant and appears pale blue *• .• M/E -:• Many microvilli and pinocytotic vesicles near the cell surface.• Few cell organelles, small Golgi and azurophilic granules
(lysosomes).• Life Span 3 Days• Function -:• Monocytes can penetrate through capillaries and venules to
reach the C.T. where they can be transformed into macrophages.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
(THROMBOCYTES)PLATELETS
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
(THROMBOCYTES)PLATELETS • : Definition• They are fragments of cytoplasm covered with
membrane but have no nucleus (not true cells).• Origin : .in the red bone marrow megakaryocytes• Size : 2 - 4 .m�• Shape : .oval or rounded discs• Number: ١٥٠٫٠٠٠ - ٤٠٠٫٠٠٠ / mm3.• L / M :• Appear as oval or rounded non nucleated discs.• Their outer part appears transparent and pale blue
(called hyalomere). • Their central part contains dark stained granules
(called granulomere).
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
E/M:1-Cell membrane:-Irregular and covered witha thick cell coat. 2- Hyalomere:- contains Tubules & vesicles invaginatedfrom the cell membrane. Actin-like mirofilaments andmicrotubules to maintain the
ovoid shape of the platelet. 3- Granulomere: (chromomere): Contains:-Alpha granules: contain fibrinogen. Beta granules: mitochondria .Delta granules: contains serotonin, ATP, ADP and calcium. Lambda granules: lysosomes.Glycogen granules.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Life span: ١٠-٥ days .• Function - :• Stop bleeding (haemostasis) through : 1-Secretion of serotonin � vasconstriction �
decrease blood loss .2-The platelets adhere to the inner wall of the
injured blood vessels forming platelet aggregation or white thrombus.
3-Then, they secrete thromboblastin � change prothrombin into thrombin � change fibrinogen into fibrin network � attract RBCs
to form red thrombus (coagulation )which close blood vessels and stop bleeding.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
ThrompocytopeniaPlateletMonocytosis:Monocytes
:LymphocytosisLymphocytes
Basophilia:Basophils
:EosinophiliaEosinopenia:Eosinophils
Neutrophilia:Neutropenia:Neutrophils
Polycythaemia Anaemia or:(oligocythemia)
RBCs
Number
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
• 1- Anaemia or oligocythemia• Decease in number is
caused by:-• A - Deficiency of iron،
vit.B 12 ،proteins، copper.• b- Defect in bone marrow �
aplastic anaemia .• c- Haemorrhage �
haemorrhagic anaemia .• d- Haemolysis � haemolytic
anaemia .• Causes of haemolysis
are -:• Incompatible blood
transfusion. • Acids and alkalies. • Bacterial toxins and viruses. • Snake venom.• Hypotonic solutions and fat
solvents.
• 2- PolycythaemiaHaemoconcentration):
• The actual number of RBCs does not increase but the volume of plasma is reduced.
• Occurs in cases of dehydration due to vomiting, diarrhea or polyuria.
• -b Compensatory polycythaemia :
• There is actual increase in production of RBCs from bone marrow.
• Occurs as compensatory to hypoxia as in:-
• The foetus due to intrauterine anoxia.
• High attitude in low O2.• Severe muscular exercise ��
need for O٢.• Congenital heart diseases � mixed
blood .• Chronic lung conditions � impaired
oxygenation of blood .
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
•:aNeutrophili• It is an increase
of neutrophilsabove 75%.
• It occurs in:–Pyogenic
infections: e.g. tonsilitis, appendicitis
–Myocardial infarction.
• Neutropenia:• It is a decrease of
neutrophils below 60%.
• It occurs in:• Influenza, measles ,
starvation, severe poisoning, chronic
infections eg .Typhoid &TB.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
:
• Eosinophilia:Allergic diseases.Parasitic infections e.g. bilharziasis.
•E osinopenia :It occurs after:-Prolonged steroid therapy.
• Basophilia
Allergic diseases. Parasitic diseases. Liver cirrhosis.
• Lymphocytosis:• Whooping cough.• TB.• Syphilis.• Glandular fever
• Monocytosis:• Malaria.• Typhus.• TB.• Syphilis.• Glandular fever.
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Practical CessionPractical CessionBlood
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
RBCsPLATELETSPLATELETS
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
NeutrophilsNeutrophils..
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
Dr. Dr. AmalAmal M. M. MoustafaMoustafa, Department of Histology & Cytology, Department of Histology & Cytology
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