drosophila as a model
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Drosophila melanogaster�as a model organism�
The essentials of Drosophila: �History, Development, Jargon, �
Reagents, Genetic tricks, and Tools�
Drosophila melanogaster�as a model organism: historical perspective�
Drosophila melanogaster�as a model organism: historical perspective�
Chromosome theory and Mendelian genetics: establishing a�physical basis for heredity �
Thomas Hunt Morgan �
Nobel prize 1933 �
Drosophila melanogaster�as a model organism: historical perspective�
Cytological/genetic map: � The physical position of genes on the chromosomes were mapped relative to �the banding pattern of polytene chromosomes. Cytological maps generated by�Calvin Bridges are still in use today.�X: "1-20 �2L: "21-40 �2R: "41-60 �3L: "61-80 �3R: "81-100 �4: "101 �
Drosophila melanogaster�as a model organism: historical perspective�
Segmental patterning �
cubitus interruptus, wingless, gooseberry, hedgehog, fused, patch, paired, even-skipped, odd-skipped, barrel, runt, engrailed, Kruppel, knirps, and hunchback in 1980 Nature paper
Nobel prize 1995 �
Drosophila melanogaster�as a model organism: historical perspective�
Homeotic genes�
Nobel prize 1995 �
Ed Lewis�
Drosophila melanogaster�as a model organism: historical perspective�
Behavioral genetics�
Seymour Benzer�
Genetic basis of: time (circadian rhythms - ex: period), �love (sexual behavior - ex: fruitless), memory (associative �learning defect ex: dunce).�
Drosophila melanogaster�
-Flies are easy and cheap to rear.�
-10 day life cycle.�
-Can get several hundred progeny per female.�
-No meiotic recombination in males.�
-Only four chromosomes and about 15,000 genes.�
-Many embryonic and adult features provide visible markers for genetic and developmental studies.�
-Genome of melanogaster and 12 related species complete.�
A very practical choice�
The Drosophila melanogaster life cycle�
A very concise description of Drosophila development �
A very concise description of Drosophila development �
14 mitoses without cytokinesis �
A very concise description of Drosophila development �
Cellularization �(conversion of multi-nuclear syncitium into �
cellular blastoderm)�
A very concise description of Drosophila development �
Gastrulation �(formation of germ layers)�
A very concise description of Drosophila development �
Organogenesis�(example: tracheal development)�
A very concise description of Drosophila development �
Metamorphosis�(Imaginal disks and histoblasts)�
Drosophila nomenclature�Male�Female�Virgin �
Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote�recessive mutations and capitol letters denote dominant mutations.� examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st)�
" "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd)�" "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd)�" "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd) �
Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on �different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome�are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a �bar or division symbol. � example: "w; Sp/CyO; sr, e�
Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: � Deficiencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 � Balancers -- ""multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive�
"" "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3 �
Drosophila nomenclature�Male�Female�Virgin �
Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote�recessive mutations and capital letters denote dominant mutations.� examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st)�
" "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd)�" "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd)�" "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd) �
Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on �different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome�are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a �bar or division symbol. � example: "w; Sp/CyO; sr, e�
Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: � Deficiencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 � Balancers -- ""multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive�
"" "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3 �
Drosophila nomenclature�Male�Female�Virgin �
Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote�recessive mutations and capital letters denote dominant mutations.� examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st)�
" "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd)�""Curly (Cy) - have curly wings�" "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd)�" "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd)�
Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on �different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome�are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a �bar or division symbol. � example: "w; Sp/CyO; sr, e�
Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: � Deficiencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 � Balancers -- ""multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive�
"" "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3 �
Drosophila nomenclature�Male�Female�Virgin �
Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote�recessive mutations and capital letters denote dominant mutations.� examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st)�
" "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd)�""Curly (Cy) - have curly wings�" "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd)�" "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd)�
Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on �different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome�are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a �bar or division symbol. � example: "w; Sp/CyO; sr, e�
Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: � Deficiencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 � Balancers -- ""multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive�
"" "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3 �
Drosophila nomenclature�Male�Female�Virgin �
Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote�recessive mutations and capital letters denote dominant mutations.� examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st)�
" "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd)�""Curly (Cy) - have curly wings�" "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd)�" "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd)�
Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on �different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome�are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a �bar or division symbol. � example: "w; Sp, + ; sr, e�
"" + , Cy �
Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: � Deficiencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 � Balancers -- ""multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive�
"" "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3 �
Drosophila nomenclature�Male�Female�Virgin �
Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote�recessive mutations and capital letters denote dominant mutations.� examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st)�
" "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd)�""Curly (Cy) - have curly wings�" "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd)�" "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd)�
Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on �different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome�are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a �bar or division symbol. � example: "w; Sp, + ; sr, e�
"" + , Cy �
Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: � Deficiencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 � Balancers -- ""multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive�
"" "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3 �
Drosophila nomenclature�
gene names are italicized, Proteins are capitalized�
Certain gene names indicate something specific about gene function: �
fs = female sterile, ex: fs(1)k10 �
l = lethal, ex: l(3)ry82 �
e = enhancer, ex: en(spl)�
su = suppressor, ex: su(H)�
All molecularly defined gene models (predicted genes) have an �“annotation ID”: CG + a number for protein coding genes�CR + a number for non-protein coding genes.�
Drosophila nomenclature�
gene names are italicized, Proteins are capitalized�
Certain gene names indicate something specific about gene function: �
fs = female sterile, ex: fs(1)k10 �
l = lethal, ex: l(3)ry82 �
e = enhancer, ex: en(spl)�
su = suppressor, ex: su(H)�
All molecularly defined gene models (predicted genes) have an �“annotation ID”: CG + a number for protein coding genes�CR + a number for non-protein coding genes.�
Drosophila nomenclature�
gene names are italicized, Proteins are capitalized�
Certain gene names indicate something specific about gene function: �
fs = female sterile, ex: fs(1)k10�
l = lethal, ex: l(3)ry82 �
e = enhancer, ex: e(S)�
su = suppressor, ex: su(H)�
All molecularly defined gene models (predicted genes) have an �“annotation ID”: CG + a number for protein coding genes�CR + a number for non-protein coding genes.�
Making transgenic Drosophila melanogaster�P-element transposable element �
Making transgenic Drosophila melanogaster�P-element transposable element �
Alan Spradling and Gerry Rubin �
Gene expression tools: �
Gal4/UAS �
Enhancer trap �
Gene expression tools: �
Gal4/UAS �
Enhancer trap �
Drosophila: understanding crosses and screens�
Maintaining a recessive lethal mutation as a self-perpetuating stock �
dead- homozygous�Balancer�
or female-sterile�on X�
alive- heterozygous�Stock�
dead - homozygous�mutant �
Drosophila: understanding crosses and screens�
Complementation tests: are two mutations alleles of the same gene?�
a� b �
a�b �
dead- homozygous�balancer�
alive- heterozygous�a or b/balancer�
dead - mutations in same gene�alive - mutations in different genes�
Drosophila: understanding crosses and screens�
Mutagenesis strategies: the first decision to make in planning a screen �
Chemical - EMS�"Pros: unbiased, point mutations, high efficiency of mutagenesis�"Cons: must map to identify gene affected�
Transposon insertion - P element (piggyBac, Minos)�"Pros: easy to clone the gene�"Cons: site of insertion bias, often don’t disrupt gene function �
Irradiation - X-rays, gamma-rays�"Pros: often generate null alleles (deletions, etc.)�"Cons: sledgehammer approach often compromises gene function for�""multiple genes or causes chromosomal aberrations.�
Drosophila: understanding crosses and screens�
EMS = chemical mutagen �DTS: dominant temperature sensitive�
Heat shock �
P�
F1 �
F2 �
F3 �
? - homozygous�mutant �
F3 Screen �
alive - heterozygous�Use to make a stock �
dead - homozygous�balancer�
Permits screening and recovery of recessive lethal mutations�
Drosophila: understanding crosses and screens�
EMS = chemical mutagen �DTS: dominant temperature sensitive�
Heat shock �
P�
F1 �
F2 �
F3 �
? - homozygous�mutant �
F3 Screen �
alive - heterozygous�Use to make a stock �
dead - homozygous�balancer�
Drosophila: understanding crosses and screens�
EMS = chemical mutagen �DTS: dominant temperature sensitive�
Heat shock �
P�
F1 �
F2 �
F3 �
? - homozygous�mutant �
F3 Screen �
alive - heterozygous�Use to make a stock �
dead - homozygous�balancer�
Drosophila: understanding crosses and screens�
EMS = chemical mutagen �DTS: dominant temperature sensitive�
Heat shock �
P�
F1 �
F2 �
F3 �
? - homozygous�mutant �
F3 Screen �
alive - heterozygous�Use to make a stock �
dead - homozygous�balancer�
Drosophila: understanding crosses and screens�
Mis-expression screens�
Identify genes based on an over-expression phenotype.�Can be combined with a sensitized genetic background to �
identify enhancers and suppressors.�
Drosophila: understanding crosses and screens�
Mis-expression screens�
Drosophila: understanding crosses and screens�
Several other screening strategies are possible (and comparatively easy) including �mosaic and maternal/zygotic screens, but these will be covered in future seminars.�
Drosophila melanogaster: Reverse genetic approaches�
What if you are starting with a human gene of unknown function and want to use�Drosophila to figure out what it does?�
Drosophila melanogaster: Reverse genetic approaches�
Imprecise P element excision �
RNAi - injection, UAS-hairpin �
Homologous recombination �
Drosophila melanogaster: Reverse genetic approaches�
Imprecise P element excision �
RNAi - injection, UAS-hairpin �
Homologous recombination �
UAS-InR RNAi�α-InR �
α-InR �
Drosophila melanogaster: Reverse genetic approaches�
Imprecise P element excision �
RNAi - injection, UAS-hairpin �
Homologous recombination - knock out �
Drosophila melanogaster: Reverse genetic approaches�
Imprecise P element excision �
RNAi - injection, UAS-hairpin �
Homologous recombination - knock out �
Homologous recombination and Phi/att - knock in �
Drosophila melanogaster: Mapping and cloning mutants�
Transposable elements: inverse PCR �Chemical mutants: positional cloning �
Drosophila melanogaster: Mapping and cloning mutants�
Transposable elements: inverse PCR �Chemical mutants: positional cloning �
Drosophila melanogaster: Mapping and cloning mutants�
Transposable elements: inverse PCR �Chemical mutants: positional cloning �
meiotic recombination mapping - visible markers�"" "" SNPs �"" �
complementation tests " - mutants in candidate genes�"" "" Deficiency strains (chromosomal deletions)�
male recombination " - mapping relative to P elements of known �"" "" position �
"sequence analysis of candidate genes�
"rescue of mutant phenotype with transgene�
http://flybase.org/ �
Flybase: a community resource�
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