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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN
PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT STUDENTS:
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Holly Dudash, PA-S
Mary Guay, PA-S
December 10, 2008
Study Purpose
The purpose of this study is to assess emotional
intelligence in physician assistant students
matriculating in an educational program as a
predictor of future success
Study Hypothesis
The hypothesis of this study is that a
combination of both an objective and
subjective measure will best evaluate the
applicants‟ emotional intelligence and provide
a better screening method when accepting
applicants.
Emotional Intelligence (EI)
Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to
monitor one‟s own and others‟ emotions, to
discriminate among them, and to use the
information to guide one‟s thinking and
action.1
History of EI23
1900-1969
Intelligence and emotion separate fields
Intelligence research: Testing for psychological testing for intelligence developed during
this time.
Darwin argued that emotions evolve across species
A search for social intelligence emerged as well
1970-1989
Precursors to emotional intelligence; field of cognitive and affect emerged
Nonverbal communication: scales were developed to measure non verbal
communication
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
1990-1993
Emergence of Emotional Intelligence
Mayer and Salovey first define emotional intelligence
First ability measure of emotional intelligence was published
Emotional intelligence was argued to be a true intelligence
1994-1997
Popularization and Broadening
Goleman published the popular book Emotional Intelligence
The term “EQ” was used; became infused in the mainstream culture
Multiple personality scales were published, under the name emotional intelligence
1998-
Present
Research on and institutionalization of Emotional Intelligence
Introduction of new measures of emotional intelligence
First peer-reviewed research articles on the subject
Review of Literature
EI shown to be a predictor of success in medical students and medical doctors9
Doctors who possessed a higher EI during school experienced more success while in school and into their profession, including a positive provider-patient relationship
Higher overall EI and increased ability to handle themselves in stressful environment
Review of Literature
Emotional Intelligence can be measured objectively during an admissions process for medical students. 7
No definitive conclusions were made between EI and OSCE success8
EI was one of the “most essential competencies for leaders to succeed in academic institutions.” 13
Types of EI27,29
Performance Based
Cognitive Ability
Mod – Strong Correlations to IQ
MSCEIT
Atypical scoring process
Resistant to faking
Self Report
Personality Trait
Uncorrelated to IQ
TEIQue
Standardized
scoring process
Susceptible to
faking
Ability Trait
Methods: Survey
The Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire
(TEIQue)31
Measures global EI, 4 factors,15 subfacets of
EI
153 questions, 25 minutes
Likert scale 1 – 7
Survey Population
Shenandoah University Physician Assistant
matriculating class of 2010
Methods: Statistics
Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Global Trait EI, 4 factors, 15 subfacets
GRE, GPA, healthcare experience, interview score
One way ANOVA
Global EI VS Age
T-test
Global EI VS Gender
Class of 2010 EI scores VS Normative scores
Results
Homogeneous population of participants
PA EI Scores higher than Normative Scores
Moderate Correlations
Global Trait EI VS Interview Score
Global Trait EI VS Experience Score
Figure 1: Demographics of SUPA
population
Population Demographics
Total participants 39
Gender
Male
Female
9
30
Age
22 – 25
26 – 30
31 and above
27
11
1
Healthcare Experience (years)
0 -1
1- 2
2 or more
32
6
1
Cumulative GPA
3.00 – 3.50
3.51 – 4.00
22
17
EI Subfacets PA Mean EI Score Norm EI Score
Adaptability 4.32 4.17
Assertiveness 4.72 4.62
Emotion Perception 5.10 4.57
Emotion Regulation 4.55 3.94
Emotion Expression 5.10 4.45
Emotion
Management
4.84 4.67
Impulsivity 4.95 3.94
Relationships 5.99 5.17
Self Esteem 5.31 4.49
Self Motivation 5.14 4.32
Social Awareness 5.00 4.66
Stress Management 4.68 4.17
Empathy 5.56 4.63
Happiness 6.11 5.23
Optimism 5.67 4.94
Figure 2: PA Emotional Intelligence Population Mean VS
Norm Score
EI FactorPA Mean EI
Score
Norm EI
Score
Emotionality 5.44 4.71
Self Control 4.73 4.01
Sociability 4.86 4.65
Well Being 5.70 4.89
Global Trait EI 5.13 4.53
Figure 2: Continued
EI SubfacetExperience
ScoreInterview Score
Emotion Regulation -0.361 -----
Emotion Perception 0.368 0.326
Emotion
Management0.367 -----
Social Awareness 0.345 0.331
EI FactorExperience
ScoreInterview Score
Emotionality 0.376 -----
Sociability 0.382 0.361
Figure 3: Pearson Correlation Coefficient:
EI Score VS Experience and Interview Score
Discussion
SUPA EI scores > Normative scores
If higher EI, able to deal with stress and result in less anxiety
Correlations found include EI abilities needed for good interview skills
Unclear if EI abilities should be present at matriculation OR can be learned and improved
Research Limitations
1. Number of participants
2. Age variability
3. EI survey instrument
4. Population normative EI data
Future Research
Longitudinal EI measures
Matriculating students Completion of
didactic year Completion of clinical year
Compare EI survey options
Ability vs Trait
EI scores of other PA programs
Conclusion
Components of EI already integrated into
SUPA admissions process
Unable to determine if objective measure
more efficient than subjective measure of EI
Possibility of profound impact on PA
admissions process and successful PA
career
Acknowledgements
Raymond Eifel, M.S., PA-C, Major Advisor
Anthony Miller, M.Ed., PA-C
SUPA Class of 2010
Dr K.V. Petrides, Dept of Psychology,
University College London
References
1. Salovey P, Mayer J. Emotional Intelligence. Imag Cogn Pers. 1990;9:185-211.
2. Mayer J, Salovey P.What is emotional intelligence? In Salovey P, Sluyter D, Eds. Emotional
Development and Emotional Intelligence: Implications for Educators. New York, NY: Basic
Books;1997:3-31.
3. Elam CL. Use of “Emotional Intelligence” as one measure of medical school applicants‟
noncognitive characteristics. Acad Med. 2000;75:445-446.
4. Goleman D. What makes a leader? Harv Bus Rev. 1995;76:93-102.
5. Freshman B, Rubino L. Emotional Intelligence: a core competency for health care administrators.
Health Care Manag (Frederick). 2002;20:1-9.
6. Jensen AR, Wright AS, Lance AR, et al. The emotional intelligence of surgical residents: a
descriptive study. The American Journal of Surgery. 2008;195:5-10.
7. Carrothers RM, Gregory SW Jr, Gallagher TJ. Measuring emotional intelligence of medical school
applicants. Acad med. 2000;75:456-463.
8. Stratten TD, Elam CL, Murphy-Spencer AE, Quinlivan SL. Emotional intelligence and clinical skills:
preliminary results from comprehensive clinical performance examination. Acad Med.
2005;80(suppl-10):S34-37.
9. Hughes P. Can we improve on how we select medical students? J R Soc Med. 2002;95:18-22.
10. Lurie SJ, Nofzinger AC, Meldrum S, Mooney C, Epstein RM. Effects of rater selection on peer
assessment among medical students. Medical Education. 2006;40:1088-1097.
References (continued)
11. Austin EJ, Evans P, Magnus B, O‟Hanlon K. A preliminary study of empathy, emotional intelligence and examination performance in MBChB students. Medical Education. 2007;41:684-689.
12. Story A, Mercer A. Selection of medical students: an Australian perspective. Internal Medicine Journal. 2005;35:647-649.
13. Lobas JG. Leadership in Academic Medicine: Capabilities and conditions for organization success. American Journal of Medicine. 2006;119(7):617-624.
14. Epstein RM, Hundert EM. Defining and assessing professional competence. JAMA. 2002;287(2):222-235.
15. Maudsley G, Williams EM, Taylor DCM. Junior medical students‟ notions of a „good doctor‟ and related expectations: a mixed methods study. Medical Education. 2007;41:476-486.
16. Satterfield JM, Hughes E. Emotion skills training for medical students: a systemic review. Medical Education. 2007;41:935-941.
17. Grewal D, Davidson HA. Emotional intelligence and graduate medical education. JAMA. 2008;300(10):1200-1202.
18. American Academy of Physician Assistants. The competencies page. Available at: www.aapa.org/gandp/competencies.htm Accessed May 6, 2008.
19. Accreditation Review Commission for the Physician Assistant. The ARC-PA standards and competencies page. Available at: www.arc-pa.org/Standards/StdsandCompetencies3.24.06.pdf. Accessed May 6, 2008.
20. Cawley JF. No longer invisible: Challenges to PA education. Journal of Physician Assistant Education. 2007;18(4):6-8.
References (continued)
21. Miller AA, Glicken AD. The future of physician assistant education. Journal of Physician Assistant Education. 2007;18(3):109-116.
22. Physician Assistant Education Association. 2007 Health Update page. Available at: www.PAEAonline.org. Accessed May 6, 2008.
23. Mayer JD. A Field Guide to Emotional Intelligence. In Ciarrochi J, Forgas JP, Mayer JD, eds. Emotional intelligence and everyday life. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2001:3-24.
24. Emotional Intelligence Consortium. The reports page. Available at: http://www.eiconsortium.org/reports/what_is_emotional_intelligence.html. Accessed April 6, 2008.
25. Mayer JD, Caruso DR, Salovey P. Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence. 2000;27(4):267-298.
26. Goleman D. Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York, NY. Bantam Dell;1995.
27. Petrides KV, Furnham A, Mavroveli S. Trait Emotional Intelligence: Moving forward in the field of EI. In Matthews G, Zeider M, and Roberts R, Eds. Emotional Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007:151-166.
28. Mayer JD, Salovey P, Caruso DR, et al. Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT. V2.0. Emotion. 2003;3:97-105.
29. Petrides KV, Furnham A, Frederickson N. Emotional Intelligence: an argue for a trait approach to the misunderstood construct. Psychologist. 2004;17(10):574-577.
30. Trait Emotional Intelligence Research Program. The TEIQue Version 1.50 page. Available at: http://www.psychometriclab.com/Default.aspx?Content=Page&id=12. Accessed April 15, 2008.
31. Petrides KV. Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue). In Stough C, Saklofske DH, eds. Advances in the measurement of emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Springer. in press 2009.
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