early africa 1
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EARLY AFRICAN
CIVILIZATIONS
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Development of Civilizations
After Asia, Africa is the largest of the
continents.
It stretches nearly 5,000 miles and is almost
completely surrounded by 2 oceans and 2 seas
As diverse as it is vast, Africa includes several
distinct geographical zones.
The northern fringe, on the coast washed by the
Mediterranean Sea, is mountainous.
South of the mountains lies the largest desert on
Earth, the Sahara.
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The Land of Africa
South of the Sahara
is divided into anumber of majorregions.
In the west is the so-called hump of Africa,which juts out into the
Atlantic Ocean. Here the Sahara
gradually gives way tograsslands in theinterior and then totropical jungles along
the coast.
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The Land of Africa
Far to the east is a very
different terrain of snow-capped mountains, uplandplateaus, and lakes.
A distinctive feature is theGreat Rift Valley, wheremountains loom over deepcanyons.
Further to the south lies
the Congo Basin, with itsdense vegetation wateredby the Congo River. The tropical rain forests of
this area then fade into thehills, plateausand desertsto the south.
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The Climate of Africa
Africa includes 4 climate zones, which help
explain the different lifestyles of the peoples
Africa.
A mild climate zone stretches across the northe
coast and southern tip of Africa.
Moderate rainfall and warm temperatures resul
fertile land that produces abundant crops.
This crop production can support large populations.
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The Climate of Africa
Deserts form
another climatezone.
The Sahara in the
north and the
Kalahariin the
south are the twolargest deserts.
Altogether, deserts
cover about 40% of
Africa.
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The Climate of Africa
A 3rdclimate zone is the
rain forest thatstretches along theequator and makes upabout 10% of thecontinent. Heavy rains and warm
temperatures produce
dense forests wherelittle farming and littletravel are possible. The rain forest is also
home to disease-carrying insects, such asthe tsetse fly, whichinfects both animals andhumans with sleeping
sickness.
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The Climate of Africa
A final climate zone consists of the savanna
broad grasslands dotted with small trees andshrubs.
Savannas stretch across Africa both north and
south of the rain forest and cover around 40% o
Africas land area.
The savannas receive enough rainfall to allow for
farming and the herding of animals, but the rain is
unreliable.
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Emerging Civilizations
By 2000 B.C., a busy trade
had arisen between Egyptand the area to the south
known as Nubia.
Egyptian merchants
traveled to Nubia to obtain
ivory, ebony, frankincense
and leopard skins.
Although Nubia wasunder Egyptian control
for many centuries, it
feed itself around 1000
B.C. and became the
independent state of
Kush.
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Kush
In 750 B.C., Kush conquered Egypt.
In 663 B.C., however, the Kushites, who were
still using bronze and stone weapons, were
overwhelmed by the Assyrians, who were arme
with iron spears and swords.
The Kushites, driven out of Egypt, returned to their
original lands in the upper Nile valley.
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The Rise of Axum
Kush flourished from about
250 B.C.-150 A.D., butdeclined because of the rise
of a new power in the region.
This new power, known as
Axum, was located in the
highlands of what is now
Ethiopia.
Axum exported ivory,frankincense, myrrh, and
slaves.
It imported textiles,
metal goods, wine and
olive oil.
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The Rise of Axum
For a time, Axum
competed with theneighboring state of
Kush for control of the
ivory trade.
Probably as a result of
this competition, in the
4thcentury A.D., KingEzana, The Axumite
ruler, launched an
invasion of Kush and
conquered it.
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The Rise of Axum
Perhaps the most distinctive feature of
Axumite civilization was its religion.About 330, King Ezana converted to Christianit
which was 1stbrought to Axum by shipwrecked
Syrians.
The king made Christianity the official religion of
Axum.
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Kingdoms of Africa
Ghana, the 1stgreat
trading state in WestAfrica, emerged as
early as 500 A.D.
Most of the people
in the area were
farmers living invillages under the
authority of a local
ruler.
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The Kings of Ghana
The kings of Ghana were strong rulers who
governed without any laws. They played active roles in running the kingdom
and their wealth was vast.
To protect the kingdom and enforce their wishes,
Ghanaian kings relied on a well-trained regular arm
of thousands of men.
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Economy and Trade of Ghana
Much of the trade
across the desertwas carried by the
Berbers, nomadic
peoples whose
camel caravans
became known asthe fleets of the
desert.
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