earth warm up ch. 27 1. does mars have an atmosphere? if so…what is it made of? 2. what is a major...

Earth Warm Up Ch. 27Earth Warm Up Ch. 27

1.1. Does Mars have an atmosphere? If so…Does Mars have an atmosphere? If so…what is it made of?what is it made of?

2.2. What is a major difference between the What is a major difference between the Terrestrial planets and the Jovian planets?Terrestrial planets and the Jovian planets?

3.3. Which planet has caps of frozen Carbon Which planet has caps of frozen Carbon dioxide?dioxide?

4.4. Explain the structure of Jupiter?Explain the structure of Jupiter?

5.5. Name 4 of Jupiter’s moons? Name 4 of Jupiter’s moons?

Warm Up Ch. 27Warm Up Ch. 271.1. What is Pluto and Mercury’s orbit What is Pluto and Mercury’s orbit

inclination?inclination?

2.2. The force of gravitation between 2 The force of gravitation between 2 objects depends on what?objects depends on what?

3.3. Why does Mercury have no atmosphere?Why does Mercury have no atmosphere?

4.4. Why is Venus so hot?Why is Venus so hot?

5.5. Why is it difficult to achieve nuclear Why is it difficult to achieve nuclear fusion except in the center of stars? fusion except in the center of stars?

The Planets and The Planets and The Solar SystemThe Solar System

Chapter 27Chapter 27

Overview of the solar Overview of the solar system system

Solar system includes Solar system includes • SunSun• Nine planets and their satellitesNine planets and their satellites• AsteroidsAsteroids• CometsComets• MeteoroidsMeteoroids

The solar systemThe solar system

A planet's orbit lies in an A planet's orbit lies in an orbital orbital planeplane • Similar to a flat sheet of paperSimilar to a flat sheet of paper• The orbital planes of the planets The orbital planes of the planets

are inclinedare inclined• Planes of seven planets lie within Planes of seven planets lie within 3 degrees of the Sun's equator3 degrees of the Sun's equator

• Mercury's is inclined 7 degreesMercury's is inclined 7 degrees• Pluto's is inclined 17 degrees Pluto's is inclined 17 degrees

Two groups of planets occur in Two groups of planets occur in the solar systemthe solar system • TerrestrialTerrestrial (Earth-like) planets (Earth-like) planets

• Mercury through MarsMercury through Mars• Small, dense, rockySmall, dense, rocky• Low escape velocitiesLow escape velocities

Two groups of planets occur in the Two groups of planets occur in the solar systemsolar system • JovianJovian (Jupiter-like) planets (Jupiter-like) planets

• Jupiter through NeptuneJupiter through Neptune• Large, low density, gaseousLarge, low density, gaseous• MassiveMassive• Thick atmospheresThick atmospheres

• Pluto not included in either group Pluto not included in either group

The planets The planets drawn to scaledrawn to scale

Evolution of the planets Evolution of the planets Nebular hypothesisNebular hypothesis

• Our planets formed about 5 billion Our planets formed about 5 billion years agoyears ago

• Solar system condensed from a Solar system condensed from a gaseous nebulagaseous nebula

Evolution of the planets Evolution of the planets Nebular hypothesisNebular hypothesis

• Planets formed about 5 billion Planets formed about 5 billion years agoyears ago

• Solar system condensed from a Solar system condensed from a gaseous nebulagaseous nebula

As the planets formed, the materials As the planets formed, the materials that compose them separatedthat compose them separated

Due to their surface gravities, Due to their surface gravities, Venus and Earth retained Venus and Earth retained atmospheric gasesatmospheric gases

Due to frigid temperatures, the Due to frigid temperatures, the Jovian planets contain a high Jovian planets contain a high percentage of ices percentage of ices

END OF LECTUREEND OF LECTURE

MercuryMercury• Closest to the sun which makes its orbit Closest to the sun which makes its orbit

the shortestthe shortest• 1 Mercury year = 88 Earth days1 Mercury year = 88 Earth days• 1 Mercury day = 58 Earth days1 Mercury day = 58 Earth days• Has no atmosphere because it has weak Has no atmosphere because it has weak

gravitygravity- Day temps = 400+ degrees CDay temps = 400+ degrees C- Night temps = -200 degrees CNight temps = -200 degrees C

• Its surface has craters and plains (due to Its surface has craters and plains (due to previous volcanic flow)previous volcanic flow)

Photomosaic Photomosaic of Mercuryof Mercury

Venus Venus • Second to the Moon in brilliance Second to the Moon in brilliance • Similar to Earth in Similar to Earth in

• Size, Density, and locationSize, Density, and location• Shrouded in thick clouds Shrouded in thick clouds

• Impenetrable by visible lightImpenetrable by visible light• Atmosphere is 97% carbon Atmosphere is 97% carbon dioxidedioxide

• Surface atmospheric pressure is Surface atmospheric pressure is 90 times that of Earth's 90 times that of Earth's

Computer generated view Computer generated view of Venusof Venus

Mars Mars • Called the "Red Planet"Called the "Red Planet"• AtmosphereAtmosphere

• 1% as dense as Earth's1% as dense as Earth's• Primarily carbon dioxidePrimarily carbon dioxide• Polar caps of water ice, Polar caps of water ice, covered by a thin layer of covered by a thin layer of frozen carbon dioxidefrozen carbon dioxide

A picture of the Martian A picture of the Martian landscape from the landscape from the

Viking 1 landerViking 1 lander

Mars Mars • SurfaceSurface

• Numerous large volcanoes – Numerous large volcanoes – largest is largest is Mons OlympusMons Olympus

• Less-abundant impact cratersLess-abundant impact craters• Tectonically deadTectonically dead• Several canyonsSeveral canyons

• Some larger than Grand CanyonSome larger than Grand Canyon

Mons Olympus, an inactive Mons Olympus, an inactive shield volcano on Marsshield volcano on Mars

The Valles Marineris canyon The Valles Marineris canyon system on Marssystem on Mars

Mars Mars • MoonsMoons

• Two moonsTwo moons• PhobosPhobos• DeimosDeimos

• Captured asteroidsCaptured asteroids

c c

Scale Model -Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury and [the little gray one] the moon

Jupiter Jupiter • Largest planet Largest planet

• 2.5 more massive than combined 2.5 more massive than combined mass of the planets, satellites, and mass of the planets, satellites, and asteroidsasteroids

• If it had been ten times larger, it If it had been ten times larger, it would have been a small starwould have been a small star

• Rapid rotation Rapid rotation • Slightly less than 10 hoursSlightly less than 10 hours• Slightly bulged equatorial region Slightly bulged equatorial region

END OF LECTUREEND OF LECTURE

Artist’s view Artist’s view of Jupiter of Jupiter with the with the

Great Red Great Red Spot visibleSpot visible

Infrared image of JupiterInfrared image of Jupiter

Jupiter Jupiter • Banded appearance Banded appearance

• MulticoloredMulticolored• Bands are aligned parallel to Bands are aligned parallel to Jupiter's equatorJupiter's equator

• Generated by wind systemsGenerated by wind systems• Great Red SpotGreat Red Spot

• In planet's southern hemisphereIn planet's southern hemisphere• Counterclockwise rotating cyclonic Counterclockwise rotating cyclonic storm storm

Jupiter Jupiter • Structure Structure

• Surface thought to be a gigantic Surface thought to be a gigantic ocean of liquid hydrogenocean of liquid hydrogen

• Halfway into the interior, pressure Halfway into the interior, pressure causes liquid hydrogen to turn causes liquid hydrogen to turn into liquid metallic hydrogeninto liquid metallic hydrogen

• Rocky and metallic material Rocky and metallic material probably exists in a central core probably exists in a central core

Jupiter Jupiter • MoonsMoons

• At least 67 moonsAt least 67 moons• Four largest moons Four largest moons

• Discovered by GalileoDiscovered by Galileo• Called Galilean satellitesCalled Galilean satellites

• CallistoCallisto – outermost moon – outermost moon • EuropaEuropa – smallest moon – smallest moon• GanymedeGanymede - largest - largest Jovian satelliteJovian satellite

• IoIo - innermost Galilean - innermost Galilean moon and is also moon and is also volcanically activevolcanically active

A volcanic A volcanic eruption on eruption on

IoIo

Saturn Saturn • Similar to Jupiter in its Similar to Jupiter in its

• AtmosphereAtmosphere• CompositionComposition• Internal structureInternal structure

• RingsRings• Most prominent featureMost prominent feature• Discovered by Galileo in 1610Discovered by Galileo in 1610• Complex Complex

Saturn Saturn • RingsRings

• Composed of small particles Composed of small particles ((moonletsmoonlets) that orbit the planet ) that orbit the planet • Most rings fall into one of two Most rings fall into one of two categories based on particle categories based on particle density density

• Thought to be debris ejected Thought to be debris ejected from moons from moons

• Origin is still being debated Origin is still being debated

Saturn Saturn • Other featuresOther features

• Dynamic atmosphereDynamic atmosphere• Large cyclonic storms similar to Large cyclonic storms similar to Jupiter's Great Red SpotJupiter's Great Red Spot

• 67 named moons67 named moons

• TitanTitan – the largest Saturnian – the largest Saturnian moon moon • Second largest moon (after Second largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede) in the Jupiter's Ganymede) in the solar systemsolar system

• Has a substantial Has a substantial atmosphereatmosphere

UranusUranus• Uranus and Neptune are nearly Uranus and Neptune are nearly twinstwins

• Rotates "on its side"Rotates "on its side"• RingsRings•27 moons discovered so far27 moons discovered so far• Large moons have varied terrainsLarge moons have varied terrains

NeptuneNeptune• Dynamic atmosphere Dynamic atmosphere

• One of the windiest places in the One of the windiest places in the solar systemsolar system

• Great Dark SpotGreat Dark Spot• 13 satellites13 satellites• TritonTriton – largest Neptune moon – largest Neptune moon

• Orbit is opposite directionOrbit is opposite direction• Lowest surface temperature in the Lowest surface temperature in the solar system (-391ºF) solar system (-391ºF)

Scale model --[from left, back row] Jupiter, Saturn,[middle row]:Uranus, Neptune,and then the little ones in front row, from left:Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury and the moon

PlutoPluto• Not visible with the unaided eyeNot visible with the unaided eye• Discovered in 1930Discovered in 1930• Highly elongated orbit causes it to Highly elongated orbit causes it to

occasionally travel inside the orbit of occasionally travel inside the orbit of Neptune, where it resided from 1979 Neptune, where it resided from 1979 thru February 1999thru February 1999

• Moon (Moon (CharonCharon) discovered in 1978) discovered in 1978• Could be a double planetCould be a double planet

• Average temperature is -210ºC Average temperature is -210ºC

Pluto and its moon Charon as Pluto and its moon Charon as compared to the size of Earthcompared to the size of Earth

Minor members of the Minor members of the solar system solar system

AsteroidsAsteroids• Most lie between Mars and JupiterMost lie between Mars and Jupiter• Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620 Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620

miles in diametermiles in diameter• Some have very eccentric orbitsSome have very eccentric orbits• Irregular shapesIrregular shapes• Origin is uncertain Origin is uncertain

Portfolio #9DUE

TODAY

IS THIS THE INSIDE OF

YOUR BRAIN

The orbits of most asteroids The orbits of most asteroids lie between Mars and Jupiterlie between Mars and Jupiter

Image of asteroid 951 Image of asteroid 951 (Gaspra)(Gaspra)

Minor members of the Minor members of the solar system solar system

CometsComets• CompositionComposition

• Frozen gasesFrozen gases• Rocky and metallic materialsRocky and metallic materials

• Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun • Produces a glowing head called the Produces a glowing head called the comacoma• Some may develop a tail that points away from Some may develop a tail that points away from

Sun due to Sun due to • Radiation pressure and theRadiation pressure and the• Solar wind Solar wind

Orientation of a comet’s tail Orientation of a comet’s tail as it orbits the Sunas it orbits the Sun

Minor members of the Minor members of the solar system solar system

CometsComets• OriginOrigin

• Not well knownNot well known• Form at great distance from the SunForm at great distance from the Sun

• Most famous short-period comet is Most famous short-period comet is Halley's Halley's comet comet

• 76 year orbital period76 year orbital period• Potato-shaped nucleus (16 km by 8 km) Potato-shaped nucleus (16 km by 8 km)

Comet Hale-BoppComet Hale-Bopp

Minor members of the Minor members of the solar system solar system

MeteoroidsMeteoroids• CalledCalled meteors meteors when they enter Earth's when they enter Earth's

atmosphereatmosphere• A A meteor showermeteor shower occurs when Earth occurs when Earth

encounters a swarm of meteoroids encounters a swarm of meteoroids associated with a comet's pathassociated with a comet's path

• Meteoroids are referred to as Meteoroids are referred to as meteoritesmeteorites when they are found on Earth when they are found on Earth

Symphony of Science: Secret of the Sars 3:30

February 27February 27thth Friday NightFriday Night

The moon and Venus are going The moon and Venus are going to be in conjunction (they will to be in conjunction (they will

be bright and really close)be bright and really close)

SOLAR SYSTEM

1.1. RollRoll

2.2.Homework ReviewHomework Review

3.3.DAILY QUIZDAILY QUIZ List the 8 Planets in order from the sunList the 8 Planets in order from the sun

4.4.PORTFOLIO #7 DUEPORTFOLIO #7 DUE

5. Chapter 26 The Sun Powerpoint Notes5. Chapter 26 The Sun Powerpoint Notes

6.6. Tonight’s HomeworkTonight’s Homework Section Review 26.1 page 576Section Review 26.1 page 576

Section Review 26.2 page 580Section Review 26.2 page 580

Chapter26 Review page 584 - 585 Chapter26 Review page 584 - 585

3/4 TODAY…POWERPOINT NOTES

CORNELL NOTES

TRIPLE WRITE

1.1. RollRoll

2.2.Homework ReviewHomework Review

3.3.DAILY QUIZDAILY QUIZ List the 8 Planets in order from the List the 8 Planets in order from the

sun and describe their appearancesun and describe their appearance

4.4.Chapter 26 The Sun Powerpoint Chapter 26 The Sun Powerpoint

NotesNotes

6.6. Tonight’s HomeworkTonight’s Homework

3/5 TODAY…POWERPOINT NOTES

CORNELL NOTES

TRIPLE WRITE

Portfolio #7TODAY