earthquakes: what’s shaking? · east-west: from 50 mi. offshore to under coastline ywang, dogami,...
Post on 29-Aug-2020
2 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Wood vs. Unreinforced Masonry (URM)Shaking Response Differences Shown in Lab
Earthquakes: What’s Shaking?
June 14, 2016 WRECA
Yumei Wang, Geohazards Engineer, PE, Oregon Dept of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI)
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rG7xmaRIL14&index=3&list=PLIGhF55C7-lN_QsABHlIyvy9gHeR2gbpsSource: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ru0J1x5zrL4&list=PLB9CE291F48C9207C&index=5
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Outline
Pacific Ring of Fire
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Source: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/magazine/dart_buoys/ring_of_fire.html
1980 Mt St Helens Eruption
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
In 1980, volcanoeswere a known hazard,but geologists did notunderstand theearthquake potentialof the Cascadia Fault
>Magnitude 2 Earthquakes in WA and OR
Image Source: Created on PNSN webpageData Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/washington/history.php YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Pacific NW is earthquake county
Washington Earthquakes• 1949 Olympia M6.8• 1965 Olympia M6.8• 2001 Nisqually M6.8(Tim Walsh, pers comm. 6/6/16)
Epicenter colors represents depths
Eastern WA Historical Seismicity 1872-1968
Permission from Steve Malone YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
• Local faults can produceinfrequent but damagingearthquakes, similar to the1936 Milton Freewater (MF)earthquake
•MF earthquake was aboutM6.1 and caused minordamage in both OR and WA
• Maximum magnitudeearthquake in this regionabout M7.5
Permission from Ivan Wong
1872 N. Cascades Earthquake ~M6.5-7
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Ribbon Cliff(between Entiatand Winesap)
1872 Landslide Blocked Columbia River
Source: Madole et al, 1995
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Active Faults on Wallula Fault Zone (WFZ)
Source: Sherrod B. et al, in press.
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
•WFZ (several faults)
•USGS scientists’ recent WFZresearch using lidar, paleo-seismology and magneticsurveys
• Found active faults andevidence of 4 earthquakes inpast 30,000 yrs near Finleyquarry, WA (star on map)
Cascadia Fault Threat Realized in 1980s
Source: Dogami
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Vertical Slice through Subduction Zone
Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187/
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Between Earthquakes
Coast goes up
Seafloor goes down
Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187/
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Coast goes downSeafloor goes up
During an Earthquake
Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187/
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187/
Tsunami Arrives Minutes After Earthquake
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Credit: Kathleen Cantner, American Geological Institute
Undersea Landslides: Turbidites
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
AR4
Slide 15
AR4 Permission to use?Alison Ryan, 7/7/2015
Turbidites Caused by Cascadia Earthquakes(Photo: Chris Goldfinger, 2010)
Turbidite Sand
Deep Sea Clay
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
“Ghost Forest” at Copalis River, WA
Permission: Brian Atwater;Source: http://records.viu.ca/~earles/1700quake/1700p11.htm
•Trees died becausethe coastal land sankduring the 1700Cascadia earthquake
•The salt water in theintertidal zone killedthem
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Source: http://records.viu.ca/~earles/1700quake/1700p10.htm
“Ghost Forest”
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
1700 Tsunami Sand Over Buried Soil & Fire PitsSalmon River, Oregon (Lincoln City, Oregon)
Source: http://records.viu.ca/~earles/1700quake/1700p12.htm
Soil from forest(topsoil) occupiedby nativeAmericans (fire pit)was struck by atsunami (tsunamisand) and broughtdown to intertidallevel (tidal mud) bythe 1700 Cascadiaearthquake
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
When, Where, How Big?
• Many quakes in 10,000 yr geologic record
• Last quake: Jan 26, 1700 (316 yrs ago)
(Research by Goldfinger et al, 2012;Source: DOGAMI)
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Where?North-South: Maximum from N. CA to BC
East-West: from 50 mi. offshore to under coastline
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
How Big?Could be magnitude 8, or magnitude 9.2
Mw~9500yrs
Mw8.5-8.8430 yrs
Mw7.6-8.4240 yrs
(Source: Goldfinger et al. 2012)
Mw8.3-8.5320 yrs
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Western U.S. MapProbabilistic Expected Earthquake Ground Shaking
Source: US Geological Survey
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Olympia
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
Time (seconds)
0 50 100 150
Acc
eler
atio
n(g
)
Chile M8.8
Northridge M6.7
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
Shaking Duration: Chile vs Northridge
Source: D. Baska, Terracon
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Cascadia: Double Whammy!Tsunami: arrives ~20 min. Waves & surges for hrsPhoto of coastal Japan in 2011 earthquake/tsunami
EFFECTS Ground shaking
Tsunami (coast)
Coast Subsidence
Liquefaction
Lateral spreading
Landslides
Ground Settlement
Seiches
Fires
Hazmat spills
Infrastructure damage
Black out, Fuel shortage
(Source: U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Alexander Tidd/Released)
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Cascadia Fault: Strong Shaking& Extensive Damage in Western OR & WA
• Extreme Damage by Tsunami• Major Damage in Coastal Areas• Significant Damage in Valley• Light or No Damage in Central
and Eastern WA and OR
WA
OR
CA
Source: DHS 2011 AnalyticalBaseline Study YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
•
IMPACTS: Deaths, Dollars & Downtime
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016Base Map: Google Earth
Source for upper photo and data: DOGAMI OFR O-07-2
Oregon Estimates>$30 Billion directdamage(20% OR GDP)
Deaths, Dollars & DowntimeJapan’s Damage~$300 Billion (US)~6% GDP
Nepal’s Damage~$10 Billion (US)~50% GDP
• > 35,000 Buildings Destroyed
• > 250,000 Buildings Damaged
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Sources: USGS PAGER direct damage for Japan and Nepal;DOGAMI Special paper 29;
DOGAMI IMS 24 (values have been extrapoloated );2013 OSSPAC Oregon Resilence Plan
and percentage GDP calculations by Yumei Wang
Deaths, Dollars & Downtime
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Photos: Y Wang
Examples ofDamage
Source: ASCE TCLEE members
Permission fromLes Youd
Source: YWang
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Oregon’s Critical Energy InfrastructureHub Located in Portland
Intersection of:
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Electric
Liquefaction Risk
Fuel from WArefineries. Some crudeoil is transported to WAvia Oregon.(Info from 2013 DOGAMI Energy Sector Report)
Base Map: Google Earth
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Nisqually Earthquake Clearing House, http://maximus.ce.washington.edu/~nisqually/
Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading
e.g. Nisqually EQ 2001, Sunset Lake AreaOlympia, WA
Source: US Geological Survey
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Liquefaction HazardsEnergy Facilities Built on Hydraulic Fill
1905 expo
Sources of 3 photos: Oregon Historical Society
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Fuel Oil Terminals in PortlandMany facilities built before seismic design codes & vulnerable
June 2011, Yumei Wang, DOGAMI
Source of 3 photos: Y. Wang
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Transportation:VulnerableBridges
Source of 3 photos: Y. WangInfo: DOGAMI O-13-9
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
1989 CA
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/3dgeologic/
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Electrical Systems• Electricity
• Most electrical networks were not
built to withstand earthquakes
• Electrical systems have significant
seismic risk due to ground shaking &
ground failure
• Seismically vulnerable facilities include substations,switch stations, transmission lines, power plants,and key distribution substations
• Cascadia Earthquake damage will likely result inblackout of the Western Grid
• BPA seismic vulnerability study & mitigation program
Source: 2013Oregon Resilience Plan(ORP) ENERGY TASKGROUP
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Transmission Tower MitigationBPA estimates
up to 25 Ftmovement
towards river.Mitigate in 2016.
Source: Yumei WangYWang, DOGAMI, 2016Photos Source: Yumei Wang
Portland W. Longview, WA
CDRM
Towers with Ground MovementHazard >1m
Chile’s Damage
Source: DOGAMI, Madin
Source: ASCE TCLEE members
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Source: ASCE TCLEE members
Community Interdependencies
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
To restorewater service,you needelectricity
To restore electricservice, you needto reopen roads
To reopen roads,you need torestore fuelsupplies
To restore fuelsupplies you needelectricity
Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies
Source: ASCE TCLEE members Source: ASCE TCLEE members
Source: ASCE TCLEE members
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
AR18
Slide 41
AR18 Photo sources and permission?Alison Ryan, 7/7/2015
Interdependencies: Highways & Telco
Source: DHS FEMA 2011
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
CDRM
Resilience TriangleReduce Losses, Speed Recovery, & Rebuild Better
Source: Yumei Wang
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
State of Washington Contacts:Tim Walsh, WA Dept of Natural Resources, Assistant State GeologistMaximilian Dixon, WA Emergency Management, Earthquake Program Manager
BUILDING RESILIENCE
Personal & Family Earthquake Safety
Earthquakes: DROP, COVER & HOLD ON
Tsunamis: MOVE INLAND & UPHILL
Information for:
Family, home, workplace, school
Personal and Community Preparedness
7 Steps to Earthquake Resilient Business
1. Identify Potential Hazards2. Create a Disaster Plan3. Prepare Disaster Supplies Kit4. Identify your building’s potential
weaknesses & begin to fix them5. Protect yourself & employees
during earthquake shaking –Drop Cover & Hold On
6. After the earthquake, check forinjuries & damage
7. When safe, continue to followyour disaster plan
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
BUILDING RESILIENCESelected WA State Planning Activities
• 2000 Magnitude 9 Scientific Consensus
• Earthquake Hazard Maps
www.dnr.wa.gov/programs-and-services/geology/geologic-hazards/earthquakes-and-faults
• WA Geology Portal with 20 earthquake scenarioshttp://www.dnr.wa.gov/geologyportal
http://mil.wa.gov/washington-state-military-department
BUILDING RESILIENCE2012ResilientWashingtonStateReportSource:http://mil.wa.gov/uploads/pdf/seismic-safety-committee/RWS%20final%20report.pdf
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016Source: DOGAMI O-13-09
BUILDING RESILIENCEEarthquake Resistant Control Buildings
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016Source: DOGAMI O-13-09
BUILDING RESILIENCEEarthquake Resistant Emergency Equipment
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016Source: DOGAMI O-13-09
BUILDING RESILIENCEEarthquake Resistant Transformers
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016Source: DOGAMI O-13-09
BUILDING RESILIENCEEarthquake Resistant Transformers
BUILDING RESILIENCE
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
BUILDING RESILIENCE
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
BUILDING RESILIENCE
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
Myths & Questions?Will the earthquake not happen?
Will my dog warn me?
Can I surf the tsunami?
Will Seattle be spared?
(All answers are NO!)
Source: NOAA
Source: Public Domain
YWang, DOGAMI, 2016
top related