ecen 5007 lecture 7
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Central Receiver Systems - CRS
14/7/10 1 GEEN 4830 – ECEN 5007
Solar Thermal Power Plant. Basic configuration
Beam irradiance
Concentrator
Receiver
Thermal Storage
Concentrated irradiance Electricity
Power conversion system
Thermal energy
Boiler Fossil fuel Biomass
14/7/10 2 GEEN 4830 – ECEN 5007
Central Receiver System
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/power_towers.html
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CRS (Gema Solar, Molten salts)
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CRS (Phoebus, Open air volumetric receiver)
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Collector System (concentrator)
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Heliostat field } The concentrator is the “heliostat field”, a Fresnel
concentrator } Main elements
} Heliostat } Control System
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The heliostat
} “an instrument consisting of a mirror mounted on an axis moved by clockwork by which a sunbeam is steadily reflected in one direction”
} Basic components } Reflecting surface } Structure and tracking mechanism } Control system
} Typology: } Glass - metal } Stretched membrane
} Size: 1 m2 to 150 m2
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Heliostat
Back support structure
Elevation drive
Azimuth drive
Reflecting surface
Reflected ray
Incident ray
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Burning mirror, Hoesen (18th century)
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Glass – metal heliostat
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Heliostat
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Glass – metal heliostat
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Glass – metal heliostats
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Stretched membrane heliostats
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Stretched membrane heliostats
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Stretched membrane heliostats
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Heliostat field layout
} Surround field } North (south) field
} Secondary concentration } Secondary concentrator optics tower (SCOT)
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North field
0
200
400
600
800
1000
-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600
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Surrounding field
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Geometrical performance of heliostats
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Cosine factor
Yearly average cosine factor for a north heliostat field
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Reflectivity
} Reflectivity of a new, clean mirror ≈ 0.90 ÷ 0.94
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Shading and blocking
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Shading & blocking
Shading
Blocking
Air transmittance
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Air transmittance
Mirror quality } Heliostat facets are spherically curved
} For large focal distances, a parabolic surface can be approximated by an spherical surface of radius r = 2f (f: focal distance).
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Mirror quality
2222cspSD σσσσ ++=
Ideal spherical curvature
Spherical curvature, with waviness
2222cspSD σσσσ ++=
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Distortion
} Spherical reflectors generate distortion of the image } Dependent on time (relative position sun-heliostat)
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Summer solstice, noon
Summer solstice, 7:30 a.m. Summer solstice, 7:30 p.m.
Spillage
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Receiver system } Function } Components } Types of receivers } Working fluids
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CRS – Sistema Receptor
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Tipos de receptores
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Cavity receivers
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Cavity receivers
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Receptor - Fluidos de trabajo
} Características térmicas apropiadas: capacidad térmica, entalpía de cambio de fase, estado a temperatura ambiente
} No corrosivo, tóxico o inflamable } Abundante, barato, tecnología de manejo asequible... } No existe el fluido perfecto: hay que llegar a
compromisos
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Molten salt cavity receiver
14/7/10 GEEN 4830 – ECEN 5007 36
External, cylindrical receiver
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External, cylindrical receiver
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External, cylindrical receiver
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Tubular receiver (boiler)
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Heat transfer characteristics of tubular and volumetric receivers
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Volumetric receivers
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Volumetric receivers
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Detail of a volumetric absorber (wire mesh)
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Detail of a volumetric absorber (ceramic cups)
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Working fluids
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Working fluids for CRS } Water / steam
} Saturated steam } Superheated steam
} Molten salts } Air
} Pressurized } Atmospheric
} Sodium } Thermal oils
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Comparison of HTF’s
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Power conversion system } Rankine cycle (steam turbine) } Brayton cycle (gas turbine) } Combined cycle (gas turbine + steam turbine) } Stirling engines } (MHD)
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CRS: pros and cons. } Pros:
} Ability to achieve high temperatures } Wide industrial base for most components } Multiple technological options } Technologically proven } Multiple thermal energy storage options } High potential for improved effciency or cost reduction
} Cons.: } Complexity } Short commercial record } Best technology still undefined
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Energy Balance of Central Receiver Systems
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High concentration concepts } Secondary concentration
} Increase flux density on the absorber } Reduce requirements for primary concentrator (heliostats)
} Secondary Concentrator Optics Tower } The receiver can be placed at the ground level
} Solar Furnaces } Very high concentration ratios } Combine a field of flat heliostats and a parabolic concentrator } Not for electricity generation
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Secondary concentrators } REFOS Project (DLR)
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SCOT (Secondary Concentrator Optics Tower)
} Weizmann Institute (Israel)
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SCOT (Secondary Concentrator Optics Tower)
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Beam Down
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Solar Furnaces
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Solar Furnaces
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