ecology the study of how organisms interact with their environment
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Ecology
The study of how organisms interact with
their environment.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-HwPR_4mP4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5q8hzF9VVE
Biogeography –the study of where organisms live
Continental Drift – Motion of the earth’s Continents
Has led to how speciesare distributed on earth
Primary Succession is a series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organism can exist. Formed by a volcanic eruption or an undersea volcano.
The first species to occur are known as pioneer species. Usually plant life.
Species Dispersal
Wind
Water
Animals
Humans
How is species dispersal limited? Physical Barriers
Competition
Climate
How did continental drift affect climate?
Different biomes are as a result of different temperature and precipitation.
TundraDesertRain ForestBoreal ForestGrasslandsDeciduous Forest
Deciduous Forest BiomeDeciduous means losing leaves30-60 inches of rain per year50° F average yearly temperature4 seasons, cold in winter, hot in summer
Layers of the Deciduous ForestEmergent – tallest trees, exposed to strong sun and wind
Canopy – roof of the forest, home to birds, small mammals, and insects
Understory – shrubs, shade tolerant trees, provides shelter for larger mammals, insects, this is the future forest
Forest Floor – seeds, dead trees, and leaves, fungi, small mammals, insects, amphibians and reptiles,
Secondary succession are changes that occur to an area where the ecosysltem has been disturbed but where soil and organisms exist. Ex. Forest fire or clear cutting
Pennsylvania Forests60% of Pennsylvania is forestedLess than 15% of Montgomery county is forestedMost common tree is the Red MapleMost valuable tree is the Cherry
Pennsylvania Habitats are places that provides living things with food , water, shelter and space.
Forests Fields
Streams and Rivers
Riparian buffer is the edge of a water way lined with vegetation. Their roots help to reduce soil erosion and they also help to absorb pollutants.
Pennsylvania Habitats continued
Wetlands – areas that are regularycovered with water.
They are important in reducing soil erosion and also trap pollutants in theirSediment.
Home to many different migratory birds
Pond - is a small area of shallow open water
Home to migratory birds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oGymnSJ4Ek Bill Nye video on wetlands
FoodWaterShelterMates
What needs are met by an organism’s habitat?
List the abiotic and biotic factors in these pictures.
Organism – one individual
Population – one species living in a certain area
Community – all living species in a certain area
Ecosystem – all the living and nonliving things that interact in the deciduous forest.
Studying PopulationsDirect Observation – counting all of the members of a population
Indirect Observation – observing signs of organisms
Studying Populations Sampling – if populations are very large or spread over a wide area and estimate is madeEx. To estimate the hemlock (PA State Tree) population in Pennsylvania you would count the trees in a small area and multiply to find the number in a larger area
Wooly Adelgid
Studying PopulationsMark – and – Recapture – estimate only, Organisms are captured and marked then rereleased only to be captured and counted at a later date
Scientists need to know the population density which is the total number of organisms that live within an area.
The population density ( number of organisms in an area) is determinedby the carrying capacity (the total number of organisms that the habitat can support)
How do populations increase in size?Birth Rate – Number of births in a population with a certain time period
Immigration – moving into a population from another area
How do populations decrease in size?
Death rate – the number of deaths in a population in a certain time period
Emigration – moving out of a population to another area
Limiting factors for populations are things in the environment that decreases a population.
Food and Water
Space and Weather are also limiting factors.
Adaptations are traits that organisms have to make them better suited for their environment.
Energy roles of organisms in an EcosystemProducers
Consumers
Decomposers
Food chains vs. Food webs
Food Pyramid
Cycles in Nature - Water cycle
Precipitation
Surface Runoff
Evaporation
Condensation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al-do-HGuIk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPJYPo2qhOM Bill Nye Water cycle video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SY1Evgjhn8
Carbon and Oxygen Cycleshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzImo8kSXiU
Nitrogen Cycleshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NKGS4bj7cc
Relationships between organisms
Predator/Prey
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odc7PEfit40
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hecXupPpE9o
Symbiotic Relationships are between two species where at least one species benefits.
Mutualism = both species benefits
Commensalism = one species benefits the other is neither harm or helped
Parisitism = one species benefits and the other is harmed
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