education and training in nuclear science and technology (1,6 mb)

1

Education and Training in Nuclear Science and

Technology

Andrej Stritar

“Jožef Stefan” Institute

Nuclear Training Centre

Ljubljana, Slovenia

IAEA Seminar, Ankara, 1-3 November 2001

Education and Training in Nuclear Science and Technology

• This is very broad subject!• What should I be talking about?

– Need for the research and knowledge?– Decrease of governmental support for

nuclear?– Negative public perception?– Grey hear of us?– No interest among young people?– Safety concerns because of the loss of

competence?

Education and Training in Nuclear Science and Technology

• Why could I speak about that?• I am

– Head of the Nuclear Training Centre at– “Jožef Stefan” Institute in Ljubljana

• I am also– President of the Nuclear Society of Slovenia– President-elect of the European Nuclear Society

• …and I have substantial experience in co-operating with IAEA and other organizations

Slovenia, the smallest nuclear country

K o p e r

P o s to jn a

C e lje

L ju b lja n a

N o v oM e s to

K o e v je

Z a g re b

M a r ib o r

K ra n jB le d

N o v aG o r ic a

T r ie s te

A d r ia ticS e a

K la g e n fu r t

H R

I

A H

How come we are Nuclear?

• Used to be Yugoslavia• Nuclear program started in 1950• Nuclear Institutes were formed in:

– Belgrade– Zagreb– Ljubljana – “Jožef Stefan” Institute

Jožef Stefan Institute

• First it was only nuclear• In 1966 TRIGA reactor constructed• It is still operable

Jožef Stefan Institute

• In mid sixties need for nuclear has changed

• End of financing by federal government

• Restructuring was a must!• NEW RESEARCH FIELDS WERE

INTRODUCED

Jožef Stefan Institutetoday

T heoret ical Physics

Low and I ntermediate Physics

T hin Films and S urf aces

S olid S tate Physics

Reactor Physics

Experimental Part icle Physics

Physics

A utomation, Biocybernet ics and Robot ics

Computer A utomation and Control

O pen S ystems and N etworks

Computer S ystems

Digital Communicat ions and N etworks

I ntelligent S ystems

Electronics and IT

Physical and O rganic Chemistry

I norganic Chemistry and T echnology

Ceramics

Biochemistry and M olecular Biology

Environmental S ciences

Chem istry and B iochem istry

Reactor Engineering

T RI GA

N uclear T raining Centre

Energy Effi ciency Centre

Reactor Techniques and Energy

Director

About 740 employees, out of that 300 PhDs

Jožef Stefan Institutetoday

About 100 in nuclear

T heoret ical Physics

Low and I ntermediate Physics

T hin Films and S urf aces

S olid S tate Physics

Reactor Physics

Experimental Part icle Physics

Physics

A utomation, Biocybernet ics and Robot ics

Computer A utomation and Control

O pen S ystems and N etworks

Computer S ystems

Digital Communicat ions and N etworks

I ntelligent S ystems

Electronics and IT

Physical and O rganic Chemistry

I norganic Chemistry and T echnology

Ceramics

Biochemistry and M olecular Biology

Environmental S ciences

Chem istry and B iochem istry

Reactor Engineering

T RI GA

N uclear T raining Centre

Energy Effi ciency Centre

Reactor Techniques and Energy

Director

Jožef Stefan Institutefinancing

• Institute– ~80% from research projects

• Nuclear part– ~50% from research projects

• Nuclear Training Centre– 0% from the state budget

Why do we need nuclear research?

• NPP Krško• Medicine applications• Industrial applications• Support to regulatory bodies

NPP Krško

• Westinghouse PWR

• Two loop• 656 MWe• Commercial

operation 1983

NPP Krško role in Slovenian electricity

supply

Hydro31%

Fossil43%

NPP26%

Power2395 MW

Hydro28%

Fossil34%

NPP38%

Energy11475 GWh

Nuclear Education and Training

• Slovenia never had undergraduate nuclear education

• 2 Graduate Schools• 4-6 Ms.C. per year• Training for NPP Krško well developed

What is the difference between education and training?You probably don’t react if your child comes from school and says: “We had education about sex today.”You react differently if he says: “We had training in sex today!”

W eeklyExam s

TheoreticalTraining

HighSchool orCollege

Graduate

Internal Exam

W eeklyExam s

Trainingabout NPP

System s

Internal Exam16 weeks of

S im ulator Training

InternalS im ulator

Exam

On-the job Training andSelfstudy(6 m onths to 1

year)

2 weeksRefresher

Course

ReactorOperator S tate

Exam

At least 1m onth

selftraining

Dubbing inthe MCR

(2-3 m onths)

W ork asReactorOperator 1 year

Reactor OperatorS tate Exam

7 dayS im ulatorRefresher

S im ulatorExam

1-2 weeksRefresher

Course

Senior ReactorOperator S tate

Exam

W ork as Reactor Operator

7 dayS im ulatorRefresher

S im ulatorExam

1 year

1-2 weeksRefresher

Course

3 daysRadiologicalProtection

State Exam

5 years

1-4 years

W ork as Senior ReactorOperator

7 dayS im ulatorRefresher

S im ulatorExam

1 year

3 daysRadiologicalProtection

State Exam

5 years

1-4 years

Senior ReactorOperator S tate

Exam

W ork as SeniorReactorOperator(1 year)

1-2 weeksRefresher

CourseAt least 1

m onthselftraining

At least 1m onth

selftraining

Sel

ectio

n of

MC

RP

erso

nnel

O ther duties

4,5 m onths

4,5 m onths

State Examin RP

Control Room Operator Training in SloveniaComplete System

Nuclear Training Centre

Areas of activity

• Training for Krško NPP

• Radiological protection training

• International courses

• Public information

Staff and organization

• Only 12 people• 7 professionals• No financing from the government• NPP finances just about 2/3 of

activities• We were forced to find new

sources.

Radiological protection

• Commercial:– About 3000 people in Slovenia must

be licensed– We are authorized to provide training

Public Information

• Central visitors centre• Well recognized• NPP approved additional funding• Funding also by the Radwaste

Agency• About 7500 visitors per year

International Training Courses

Vision of our Nuclear Training Centre:

To be internationally recognized as a good source of knowledge

in the nuclear area

IAEA - Outsourcing

• Long History of IAEA events in Ljubljana (more than 70)

• Outsourcing – a method of sharing the implementation burden for IAEA activities:– Most of organizational work is done

by us.

Outsourcing – why do it?

• Challenge• Logical way towards the

independent competence of our NTC

• We wish to become internationally recognized

• At some point we wish to become independent from IAEA

Outsourcing - problems

• Finances• Taxes• Visas• Transportation• Hotels• Insurance

Outsourcing – crucial things

• Internal implementation procedures• Three implementing crews available

– (workshop coordinator, workshop administrator)

• Strong cooperation with authorities• QA/QC procedures• Computerized support

Outsourcing - results

• Improved capabilities of NTC• Beneficial for everybody involved

– Labor cost in Slovenia is lower than at IAEA

– IAEA has more time and funds for other things

Outsourcing – friendly advice

• It is not easy…• …but it is fun!• Do it, if you find it challenging• Don't do it, if you hate

organizational work…

Outsourcing – friendly advice

…because at some point you will be asking yourself why you have studied engineering,

when you have to deal with bureaucrats most of your time!

Why we have problems with the sustainability of nuclear

research?

• No major developments in research• Most of nuclear activities are routine• Other, more challenging technologies• No nuclear power expansion

• NEGATIVE PUBLIC PERCEPTION!

Isn’t negative perception also our

fault?• We are not aware of our

performance!• We most of the time just complain

over bad destiny.• But facts are on our side!

History of Primary EnergyWorld primary energy consumption growth

1990-2000

90%

95%

100%

105%

110%

115%

120%

125%

130%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

com

pare

d to

199

0

Coal Nuclear Oil Hydro Gas Total

History of Primary EnergyWorld primary energy consumption growth

1990-2000

90%

95%

100%

105%

110%

115%

120%

125%

130%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

com

pare

d to

199

0

Coal Nuclear Oil Hydro Gas Total

Future of Nuclear Power

World NPP power - future

300

325

350

375

400

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

TW

Turkey: Change in primary energy sources and carbon releases

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

150%

Coal O il Gas Hydro Ceq release

BSEC: Change in primary energy sources and carbon releases

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

Coal O il Gas Hydro Ceq release Nuclear

Germany: Change in fossile fuels use,carbon releases and nuclear energy use

0%

5000%

10000%

15000%

20000%

25000%

30000%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

105%

110%

115%

Coal O il Gas Ceq release Nuclear

World: Change in fossile fuels use,carbon releases and nuclear energy use

0%

100000%

200000%

300000%

400000%

500000%

600000%

700000%

800000%

900000%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

95%

100%

105%

110%

115%

120%

125%

130%

Coal O il Gas Ceq release Nuclear

Silver lining!

• Energy program of president Bush.• Import of waste to Russia!• Finland – (waste repository, fifth

unit)• UK• PBMR• Generation IV

For the end

• So, what to do with sustainability, education and training in nuclear?

• Stress the benefits an facts to public!

• Find challenging and commercial applications

• Think and act globally.