울산공업단지의 서막, 정유공장 건설의 정치지리 · 2020. 6. 19. · 점이...
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49-202.indd*·**
Dong-Wan Gimm* · Min-Ho Kim**
: 1960~70 .
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.
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. Van Fleet ,
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Abstract : This study problematizes the dominance of developmental state theory and its negative inf luences in the field of Korean studies, in particular, dealing with the industrialization during the developmental era, 1960s~70s. As is generally known, the theory has been in a position of unchallenged authority on the industrialization experience of East Asian countries, including South Korea. However, at the same time, it has also misled us into overlooking strategic relations that had articulated the state forms at multiple scales. This study aims to reconstruct the historical contexts by the theorizing prompted by recent work on state space. I shed light on the multiscalar strategic relations that had shaped the Ulsan refinery plant as a representative state space of the South Korean industrialization during two decades after liberation. Specifically, the study illustrates the features and roles of Cold War networks and multiscalr agnets such as Nam Goong-Yeon. By identifying the plant as a result of sequential articulations between Ulsan and other scales, this study concludes by suggesting to reframing the strategic relational spaces, beyond the view of methodological nationalism, in the perspective of multiscalar approach.
Key Words : Cold War network, multiscalar politics, political geography, energy space, Ulsan
2011 ( ) (NRF-2011- 330-B00209). * (Researcher, Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University), dw.gimm@gmail.
com ** (Master’s Student, Department of Sociology, Seoul National University), lowbudget@naver.com
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Fleet
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newslibrary.naver.com)
(http://theme.archives.go.
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(http://nanet.go.kr)
shall Foundation Library( GCFML) Van
Fleet Papers. Van Fleet 1950
Van Fleet ,
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2
2.
1)
(state space theory)(Brenner,
·(), 2000) Lefe-
bvre(1991) ,
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(ensemble)(·
(
·(), 2000, 308).
(self-referential system)
.
(structural coupling)
(strategic coordination)
.
.
,
(·(), 2000, 488-499).
.
, -
.
,
.
- 143 -
() ,
.
. Brenner(2004)
.
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. Brenner(2004, 9)
,
(nested) .
Brenner(2004)
.
.
,
,
(Gimm, 2013; Oosterlynck, 2010).
(heuristic) .
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,
.
.
.
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,
1). 20
,
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.
Lefebvre(2009, 237-238)
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,
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Foucault
((), 2011). Foucault
.
,
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, 20 `
`Lefebvre ``, ,
. ,
(technostruc-
ture) ·
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,3)
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. 1940 1970 -
85% 7
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1964``
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(Texas Oil Company), (Standard Oil of New
Jersey), (Royal Dutch Shell) .
, 1970 , ,
.
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,
,
.
(multi-scalar agent) .
,
,
(Gimm, 2013, 1151).
. 1960
‘ ’
(inter-national)
. Geo-political economy
. ,
,
. University of British Columbia
Jim Glassmann
,
,
(Glassman, 1999; 2005; 2011).
,
. (inter-
national)
.
.
1960 .
, .
, 10
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.
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,
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(1945~1950)
. ,
, 2
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,
(, 1989,
183).
5 “ ”5)
‘’ , 1945 12
15 Petroleum
Distribution Agency(PDA) .
Standard Vacuum Oil6), Texas Oil Cor-
poration7), Rising Sun Oil Co.8) 20
.
PDA
(, 1989).
, 27 ‘
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PDA “
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2)
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(, 1989, 204).
1950 ·
, .
1948 12 10
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(ECA)
, 1 4
(Korea Oil Storage Corporation, KOSCO)
. KOSCO
, , PDA
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.21)
, 1954
9 17 KOSCO .
.22) 12 2
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.
FOA(Foreign Operation Administration)
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1962 :
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.31) 1961 3
2
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(, 1989, 210).
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. 62 1 12
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- 148 -
243
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5
(, )
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)
.
USOM , ,
1962 1 12
.37)
,
.38)
. 39)
25~30%
.
.40) 19
James S. Killen USOM( )
, ,
,
.41) 3 2 3
(ESSO)
42) .43)
1,600 , 35 60
1 35,000 BBL
(, 1967, 82).
·, 8 21
9
. 8 23
1
1 6 2
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(, 1993, 37).
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Fluor,
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8 James A.
Van Fleet, 3) --
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1) ()
. (1)
GARIOA(Government and Relief in Occupied Area)
(2)
EROA(Economic Rehabilitation in Oc-
, ,
,
. EROA , , ,
,
(, 2002, 68-69).
,
.
1950
.
. ()
, ()
.
,
(,
2005, 188). 1950
. “
”
(, 2011, 246).
. 1956 7
Walter C. Dowling 10
,
(, 2002, 219).
’ . 59
(ECA, Economic Cooperation Administration)
. .
.
“
” (
, 2004, 172-173).
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1959 . 1961
1 9,900 1958
, 1965 .44)
1950
, 1961
(Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961)
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,
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50
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,
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UNKRA 1953
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James A. Van Fleet. 1892
Coytesville .
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(1951~53).
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9 , 1954 51
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Van Fleet ,
48) , 1950
Van Fleet .
- 151 -
1956 1959
.
KOSCO 1955
Van Fleet ,
. Van Fleet Parsons cor-
poration Ralph M. Parsons
, ,
ICA .49)
1956 1 Parsons
Neil Durkee
5 .50)
,
. Van Fleet American
Independent Oil Company51), SOCAL(Standard Oil
Co. of California)52), Standard Vacuum ,
JP. Morgan, Marine Midland Trust Company
,
.53)
,
,
,
KOSCO
.
1956 12 Van Fleet
William Whiteford .
,
Parsons .54) ICA
Parsons
. 1957 2 25 Van Fleet
R. M.
Bartlett
, .
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,
.55)
. .
5.16 . Van Fleet
1960
. ,
((),
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,
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,
(Socony Mobil) .
.
, 1963 6
. Van Fleet
.
.
1975 SEC(Securities and Exchange Com-
mission, ) 63
Herbert
Goodman 1963
``
`` (SEC, 1975, 97).
``Van
Fleet ``
(SEC, 1975, 96).
.
,
(Ku-
wait Oil Company)
(SEC, 1975, 96),
.
- 152 -
.
,
Van Fleet `` `
` .
1962 4 3 Universal Oil
Product(UOP) ,56) 6 20
.57)
.
10 17
Flour .58)
Van Fleet
Flour ,59) Flour
.60)
.
, 8
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. 1950
,
.
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.
,
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, , ,
.
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3) , :
, ,
(Gimm, 2013).
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(terri-
torialized) ,
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, , , ,
, 11 2
.61)
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(, 1987, 125-
126).
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(, 1995, 23).
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.62)
- 153 -
,
(, 2008).
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1955
.63)
1958.
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1961 5.16
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1961
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,64)
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3. 62
62
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(, 1986). 5.16
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(,
2008). 1954
1955
, 1957 () ()
. 1962 160
,
(, 2007, 33).
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,
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- 154 -
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(contingent necessity)(·
(), 2000).
- 155 -
.
,
.
,
.
1) 2010
() 7.62% , 1971
51.75%, 1981 61.6%
(
·, 2012, 18).
1, 2
(·
, 2012, 12).
(2013b) .
(2008) .
4) “Seven Sisters” 1940 1970
, ,
, (Time, 1978 9
11, “Business: The Seven Sisters Still Rule”.
, 2014 3 20).
.
•Anglo-Persian Oil Company ( BP),
•Gulf Oil, Standard Oil of California(Socal), Texaco ( 3 Chevron ),
•Royal Dutch Shell, •Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso), Standard Oil Com-
pany of New York (Socony) ( Exxonobil)
5) , 5, ‘ ’, 1945 12 15, http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/gazette/
viewGazetteDetail.do?gazetteEventId=0028535103&actio nType=keyword. (, 2014 3 20)
6) Standard Vacuum 1933 Standard Oil of New Jersey Socony Vacuum .
SONJ
,
Socony Vacuum 50:50 (Falola and Genova, 2005, 30).
KOSCO
.
California Texas Oil Company Limited(CALTEX)
. Texas Oil 1959 Texaco Incorporated
(Falola and Genova, 2005, 34).
8) Shell .
9) 1, 121, 1948 12 4, 11-14.
10)
,
.
80% ,
20% .
(2012)
.
11) “
.
.” ( ()
() (), , 1949. 12. 6.)
12) (
) () (),
13) () (
14) ()()
(), , 1949.
12. 20. .
,
.
16)
. (1989, 196-197) ‘
’(,
, 1954. 11, 13)
, 6 16
, Topping ( :
) . 1950 6 16 “ ”
- 156 -
.
,
Shell . (1989, 185) KOSCO
Standard, Caltex, Shell 3
, Texas Standard , Rising Sun Shell
Caltex .
3 KOSCO ( 7, 8, 9 )
19) () (2),
20) .
,
. (
() (
21) ()() (),
22) (), , 1954.
24) () ()(
25) (), , 1958.
27) () () ()
(), , 1958. 6. 12. . .
(1959) (1989, 206-207) .
28) () () ()
(), , 1958. 6. 12. .
29) () (),
, 1960. 2. 24. .
30) Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, March 30, 1960, U.S. Department State Relat- ing to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-63, File
895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3
20)
32) (), , 1961. 3. 23. .
33) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 22, 1962, “ROKG Plans Oil Refinery”, U.S.
Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Re- cords, 1960-63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
34) () ()
35) ()(), ,
36) (2012) .
37) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 22, 1962, “ROKG Plans Oil Refinery”, U.S.
Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Re- cords, 1960-63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
38) USOM
5
,
1
. 1962
( 37 Airgram ).
39) .
40) Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 23, 1962, U.S. Department State Relat- ing to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-63, File
895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3
20)
41) , 1 9 AID(
) Fowler Hamilton
5 , Killen
, 1 20
,
.
42) Esso .
43) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Feburary 9, 1962, “Oil Refinery”, U.S. Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-
63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
44) (2006, 76-77) .
45) 1960
, 50 33.8%
- 157 -
,
21.8% 7.3% 26.6%
.
(,
2006, 76).
.
,
,
.
, Van Fleet
. Braim((),
Van Fleet ,
.
48)
Van Fleet , .
, , ,
.
.
49) 1955 11 3 Van Fleet .
50) 1956 1 2 1956 5 25 Van Fleet
.
51) American Independent Oil Company
- “Neutral Zone”
.
1948 (Vassiliou,
2009, 44).
52) Socal Texaco .
53) 1956 6 28, 7 3, 10 21 Van Fleet
.
54) 1957 1 12 Van Fleet .
ICA Wil- liam Warne Parsons ,
Parsons
. 50
OEC (EBASCO)
. 1956
7 . Warne
,
(
() ()
Parsons ICA
.
55) 1959 4 27 Van Fleet
.
57) () 2.4() (),
, 1962. 7. 31, .
58) <()>()
(), , 1962. 10. 18, .
59) Letter from Van Fleet to Yoo Chang Soon, 21 September 1962, in “Fluor Corporation, Correspondence, August 1962-September 1962,” Van Fleet Papers, Box 107, GC- MFL.
60) Letter from Dieter to Van Fleet, 9 July 1963, in “Fluor Corporation, Correspondence, February 1963-July 1963,” Van Fleet Papers, Box 107, GCMFL.
61) ()(), , 1961. 11.
2, .
7 .
11. 9. .
, 2012. 1. 9. .
65) “ ”,
, 2012. 2. 6.
,
. (() () (
21, 11, 134-173.
,” ·(), 2005,
1950~1960
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1960 , :
.
:
,” , 29, 148-175.
, 2013a, “ ”, ·
(), 2013, :
, : , 126-167.
, 2013b, “ ,” , 44, 129-
162.
,” , 13(1), 173-215.
,” , 23(1), 87-
126.
,” , 27, 81-130.
, 2004, “1960 ,”
, 20(1), 167-192.
, : .
(), 2011, , , :
1977~78, (Foucault, Michel, 2004,
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France, 1977-1978, Seuil: Gallimard).
, .
, 1993, 30 1962-1992, :
.
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(), 2002, :
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, 1960~1990,” , 72(1), 69-
94.
, .
, 17-68.
, 2008, “ ,”
, 14(2), 51-91.
, .
, 2009, “ ‘ ’:
,” , 44(6), 779-796.
,” , 28(4), 193-223.
, 1999, 5, :
.
(), 2001, : ,
(Castells, Manuel, 1989, The Informational
City: Information Technology, Economic Restructur-
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82 505(: dw.gimm@gmail.com, :
02-880-5643)
Gwanakro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea (e-mail:
dw.gimm@gmail.com, phone: +82-2-880-5643, fax: +82-
2-883-8620)
Dong-Wan Gimm* · Min-Ho Kim**
: 1960~70 .
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
, 15
. Van Fleet ,
. ,
,
.
: , , , ,
Abstract : This study problematizes the dominance of developmental state theory and its negative inf luences in the field of Korean studies, in particular, dealing with the industrialization during the developmental era, 1960s~70s. As is generally known, the theory has been in a position of unchallenged authority on the industrialization experience of East Asian countries, including South Korea. However, at the same time, it has also misled us into overlooking strategic relations that had articulated the state forms at multiple scales. This study aims to reconstruct the historical contexts by the theorizing prompted by recent work on state space. I shed light on the multiscalar strategic relations that had shaped the Ulsan refinery plant as a representative state space of the South Korean industrialization during two decades after liberation. Specifically, the study illustrates the features and roles of Cold War networks and multiscalr agnets such as Nam Goong-Yeon. By identifying the plant as a result of sequential articulations between Ulsan and other scales, this study concludes by suggesting to reframing the strategic relational spaces, beyond the view of methodological nationalism, in the perspective of multiscalar approach.
Key Words : Cold War network, multiscalar politics, political geography, energy space, Ulsan
2011 ( ) (NRF-2011- 330-B00209). * (Researcher, Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University), dw.gimm@gmail.
com ** (Master’s Student, Department of Sociology, Seoul National University), lowbudget@naver.com
- 140 -
?
,
. ,
,
``
``
. ‘’(developmental state
theory).
, ,
. ()
,
.
, ``
`` (au-
tonomy) (capacity) (Johnson, 1982;
, 1986; , 2001).
,
,
(, 2011, 139-145). ,
.
.
- ``
``
(Evans, 1995).
,
.
.
()
.
, -
.
.
.
-
,
(scale) . 20
, “ ”(territorial trap)(Agnew, 1994)
.
,
, , ,
.
. ,
-(methodological
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
,
- 141 -
.
“”
. ,
.
.
.
(2012)
.
(1998)
“”() .
.
(2008, 52-53) 1970
,
“
”
.
,
.
10
(Brenner, 2004; Gimm, 2013; Ooster-
lynck, 2010; , 2012).
(methodological nationalism)
, .
. ,
,
1962
.
.
2)
. , 1960 (
, 2005; , 2008)``1
5 ``
(, 2003) ,
(
, 2013a). ,
,
.
,
.
,
, 20
.
, 1948
,
.
1963
.
.
. ,
, 1960
1
. , `` (inter-
- 142 -
,
.
2
. , --
(multiscalar agent)(Gimm, 2013)
.
8 James A. Van
Fleet
.
3)
2
. ,
. (http://
newslibrary.naver.com)
(http://theme.archives.go.
,
.
(http://nanet.go.kr)
shall Foundation Library( GCFML) Van
Fleet Papers. Van Fleet 1950
Van Fleet ,
.
.
, ,
2
2.
1)
(state space theory)(Brenner,
·(), 2000) Lefe-
bvre(1991) ,
.
(ensemble)(·
(
·(), 2000, 308).
(self-referential system)
.
(structural coupling)
(strategic coordination)
.
.
,
(·(), 2000, 488-499).
.
, -
.
,
.
- 143 -
() ,
.
. Brenner(2004)
.
“ ”
. Brenner(2004, 9)
,
(nested) .
Brenner(2004)
.
.
,
,
(Gimm, 2013; Oosterlynck, 2010).
(heuristic) .
“ ”
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
, ,
,
1). 20
,
`` ``
.
Lefebvre(2009, 237-238)
.
, , , , ,
,
. ,
Foucault
((), 2011). Foucault
.
,
, ,
. 17~8
, 20 `
`Lefebvre ``, ,
. ,
(technostruc-
ture) ·
.2)
,
. 20
. ,
, .
.
- 144 -
,
.
.
-
,
-
. ,
-
.
.
,3)
.
. 1940 1970 -
85% 7
. “Seven Sisters”4)
1964``
``
(Texas Oil Company), (Standard Oil of New
Jersey), (Royal Dutch Shell) .
, 1970 , ,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
(multi-scalar agent) .
,
,
(Gimm, 2013, 1151).
. 1960
‘ ’
(inter-national)
. Geo-political economy
. ,
,
. University of British Columbia
Jim Glassmann
,
,
(Glassman, 1999; 2005; 2011).
,
. (inter-
national)
.
.
1960 .
, .
, 10
.
1963 ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
(1945~1950)
. ,
, 2
.
,
(, 1989,
183).
5 “ ”5)
‘’ , 1945 12
15 Petroleum
Distribution Agency(PDA) .
Standard Vacuum Oil6), Texas Oil Cor-
poration7), Rising Sun Oil Co.8) 20
.
PDA
(, 1989).
, 27 ‘
’ .9)
“
”
( ).
, . ,
PDA “
” , “
”
.
,
, .10)
.
, .
.11) 1949 6 ,
6,
5
.12) 1949 6
13), 10 1
14), 12 17
. ,
1950 1 , 3
.15)
16)
.
,
- 146 -
,
.
2)
.
UN
.
17)
(, 2012, 86). . 1955
,
,
1955 / KOSCO
() ,
(, 1989, 204).
1950 ·
, .
1948 12 10
.
(ECA)
, 1 4
(Korea Oil Storage Corporation, KOSCO)
. KOSCO
, , PDA
.18) ,
, ·
.
3
.19)
“
.
.”(3 6)
.
/ KOSCO
, /
.20) KOSCO
/ , ,
,
.
1964 .
.
.
, KOSCO
. .
1953 CEBRAG( )
.21)
, 1954
9 17 KOSCO .
.22) 12 2
,
.
1955 3 25
.
.23)
•
.
- 147 -
.
FOA(Foreign Operation Administration)
,
. 50
(, 1989, 199-202). 50
,
.
.
3) 1950
1962 :
.24)
. 1958
,
,
KOSCO .25) 40
.
1958 ‘’
.26) 7
, (
( ), ( ),
( ), ( ),
( ), ( )
.27)
.
. <
, 27 .
27 ,28) 1
3 500
500 1960 2 2 .29)
(Gulf Oil) 8
,30)
.
4.19
,
.
. 4.19
,
.31) 1961 3
2
.32)
,
, ,
(, 1989, 210).
1 ,
5.16 .
.33) ,
1964 1 5
,
.
.34) .
. 62 1 12
.35)
1
. 3,
.36)
- 148 -
243
,
”, “
,
,
5
5
(, )
”(, 1961; , 1989, 211-212
)
.
USOM , ,
1962 1 12
.37)
,
.38)
. 39)
25~30%
.
.40) 19
James S. Killen USOM( )
, ,
,
.41) 3 2 3
(ESSO)
42) .43)
1,600 , 35 60
1 35,000 BBL
(, 1967, 82).
·, 8 21
9
. 8 23
1
1 6 2
5 , 9 10
(, 1993, 37).
,
.
6 .
1963 6 18
, Fluor``
``
.
1963 12 .
4)
.
,
. ,
·
,
. ,
.
, 1950
.
. , .
.
() .
. ,
,
. , .
. ,
- 149 -
,
. ,
. KOSCO
,
.
()
.
1950
, 1963
.
Fluor,
.
,
. 1961
, ,
.
?
:
1) , 2)
8 James A.
Van Fleet, 3) --
.
1) ()
. (1)
GARIOA(Government and Relief in Occupied Area)
(2)
EROA(Economic Rehabilitation in Oc-
, ,
,
. EROA , , ,
,
(, 2002, 68-69).
,
.
1950
.
. ()
, ()
.
,
(,
2005, 188). 1950
. “
”
(, 2011, 246).
. 1956 7
Walter C. Dowling 10
,
(, 2002, 219).
’ . 59
(ECA, Economic Cooperation Administration)
. .
.
“
” (
, 2004, 172-173).
1957 3 8,200 ,
1959 . 1961
1 9,900 1958
, 1965 .44)
1950
, 1961
(Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961)
.45)
,
.
.
.
UNKRA (1954)
50
. ,
. 1950
, , ,
.46) 1950 ,
,
. ``
UNKRA 1953
``
.
.
.
,
8
James A. Van Fleet. 1892
Coytesville .
,
(1948~49) 8
(1951~53).
.
.
8 Van Fleet
,
.47) Van Fleet 1953 2 8
,
() .
9 , 1954 51
.
Van Fleet
.
Van Fleet ,
48) , 1950
Van Fleet .
- 151 -
1956 1959
.
KOSCO 1955
Van Fleet ,
. Van Fleet Parsons cor-
poration Ralph M. Parsons
, ,
ICA .49)
1956 1 Parsons
Neil Durkee
5 .50)
,
. Van Fleet American
Independent Oil Company51), SOCAL(Standard Oil
Co. of California)52), Standard Vacuum ,
JP. Morgan, Marine Midland Trust Company
,
.53)
,
,
,
KOSCO
.
1956 12 Van Fleet
William Whiteford .
,
Parsons .54) ICA
Parsons
. 1957 2 25 Van Fleet
R. M.
Bartlett
, .
1957 11 7
,
. Van Fleet
,
.55)
. .
5.16 . Van Fleet
1960
. ,
((),
.
,
62 2
,
(Socony Mobil) .
.
, 1963 6
. Van Fleet
.
.
1975 SEC(Securities and Exchange Com-
mission, ) 63
Herbert
Goodman 1963
``
`` (SEC, 1975, 97).
``Van
Fleet ``
(SEC, 1975, 96).
.
,
(Ku-
wait Oil Company)
(SEC, 1975, 96),
.
- 152 -
.
,
Van Fleet `` `
` .
1962 4 3 Universal Oil
Product(UOP) ,56) 6 20
.57)
.
10 17
Flour .58)
Van Fleet
Flour ,59) Flour
.60)
.
, 8
. Van Fleet
. 1950
,
.
. Van Fleet
.
,
. ,
, , ,
.
.
3) , :
, ,
(Gimm, 2013).
, ,
(terri-
torialized) ,
()
.
5.16 ‘
’ .
, , , ,
, 11 2
.61)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(, 1987, 125-
126).
, ,
. “
”
(, 1995, 23).
“ ”
.
“ ,
”
.62)
- 153 -
,
(, 2008).
,
, , 3
,
.
.
1955
.63)
1958.
.
,
.
, .
1963
.
70% ,
. ,
, , , ,
“ ”
(structured coherence)(Harvey, 2001) ,
``
``
.
1961 5.16
.
.
1961
,
,64)
,
.
.
3. 62
62
1
,
.65)
(, 1986). 5.16
,
(,
2008). 1954
1955
, 1957 () ()
. 1962 160
,
(, 2007, 33).
.
,
, Van Fleet
.
,
,
. ,
. 1964 1
.66)
- 154 -
.
,
,
. .
,
.
,
. 1963
.
. 1962
, / /
.
.
.
1950
, 50
. 1950 60
.
,
/
. 2
,
.
.
.
, , Van Fleet
.
.
.
“”(who)
?
. “”
, .
. ,
.
,
.
()
,
.
,
(contingent necessity)(·
(), 2000).
- 155 -
.
,
.
,
.
1) 2010
() 7.62% , 1971
51.75%, 1981 61.6%
(
·, 2012, 18).
1, 2
(·
, 2012, 12).
(2013b) .
(2008) .
4) “Seven Sisters” 1940 1970
, ,
, (Time, 1978 9
11, “Business: The Seven Sisters Still Rule”.
, 2014 3 20).
.
•Anglo-Persian Oil Company ( BP),
•Gulf Oil, Standard Oil of California(Socal), Texaco ( 3 Chevron ),
•Royal Dutch Shell, •Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso), Standard Oil Com-
pany of New York (Socony) ( Exxonobil)
5) , 5, ‘ ’, 1945 12 15, http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/gazette/
viewGazetteDetail.do?gazetteEventId=0028535103&actio nType=keyword. (, 2014 3 20)
6) Standard Vacuum 1933 Standard Oil of New Jersey Socony Vacuum .
SONJ
,
Socony Vacuum 50:50 (Falola and Genova, 2005, 30).
KOSCO
.
California Texas Oil Company Limited(CALTEX)
. Texas Oil 1959 Texaco Incorporated
(Falola and Genova, 2005, 34).
8) Shell .
9) 1, 121, 1948 12 4, 11-14.
10)
,
.
80% ,
20% .
(2012)
.
11) “
.
.” ( ()
() (), , 1949. 12. 6.)
12) (
) () (),
13) () (
14) ()()
(), , 1949.
12. 20. .
,
.
16)
. (1989, 196-197) ‘
’(,
, 1954. 11, 13)
, 6 16
, Topping ( :
) . 1950 6 16 “ ”
- 156 -
.
,
Shell . (1989, 185) KOSCO
Standard, Caltex, Shell 3
, Texas Standard , Rising Sun Shell
Caltex .
3 KOSCO ( 7, 8, 9 )
19) () (2),
20) .
,
. (
() (
21) ()() (),
22) (), , 1954.
24) () ()(
25) (), , 1958.
27) () () ()
(), , 1958. 6. 12. . .
(1959) (1989, 206-207) .
28) () () ()
(), , 1958. 6. 12. .
29) () (),
, 1960. 2. 24. .
30) Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, March 30, 1960, U.S. Department State Relat- ing to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-63, File
895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3
20)
32) (), , 1961. 3. 23. .
33) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 22, 1962, “ROKG Plans Oil Refinery”, U.S.
Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Re- cords, 1960-63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
34) () ()
35) ()(), ,
36) (2012) .
37) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 22, 1962, “ROKG Plans Oil Refinery”, U.S.
Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Re- cords, 1960-63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
38) USOM
5
,
1
. 1962
( 37 Airgram ).
39) .
40) Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 23, 1962, U.S. Department State Relat- ing to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-63, File
895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3
20)
41) , 1 9 AID(
) Fowler Hamilton
5 , Killen
, 1 20
,
.
42) Esso .
43) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Feburary 9, 1962, “Oil Refinery”, U.S. Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-
63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
44) (2006, 76-77) .
45) 1960
, 50 33.8%
- 157 -
,
21.8% 7.3% 26.6%
.
(,
2006, 76).
.
,
,
.
, Van Fleet
. Braim((),
Van Fleet ,
.
48)
Van Fleet , .
, , ,
.
.
49) 1955 11 3 Van Fleet .
50) 1956 1 2 1956 5 25 Van Fleet
.
51) American Independent Oil Company
- “Neutral Zone”
.
1948 (Vassiliou,
2009, 44).
52) Socal Texaco .
53) 1956 6 28, 7 3, 10 21 Van Fleet
.
54) 1957 1 12 Van Fleet .
ICA Wil- liam Warne Parsons ,
Parsons
. 50
OEC (EBASCO)
. 1956
7 . Warne
,
(
() ()
Parsons ICA
.
55) 1959 4 27 Van Fleet
.
57) () 2.4() (),
, 1962. 7. 31, .
58) <()>()
(), , 1962. 10. 18, .
59) Letter from Van Fleet to Yoo Chang Soon, 21 September 1962, in “Fluor Corporation, Correspondence, August 1962-September 1962,” Van Fleet Papers, Box 107, GC- MFL.
60) Letter from Dieter to Van Fleet, 9 July 1963, in “Fluor Corporation, Correspondence, February 1963-July 1963,” Van Fleet Papers, Box 107, GCMFL.
61) ()(), , 1961. 11.
2, .
7 .
11. 9. .
, 2012. 1. 9. .
65) “ ”,
, 2012. 2. 6.
,
. (() () (
21, 11, 134-173.
,” ·(), 2005,
1950~1960
- 158 -
1960 , :
.
:
,” , 29, 148-175.
, 2013a, “ ”, ·
(), 2013, :
, : , 126-167.
, 2013b, “ ,” , 44, 129-
162.
,” , 13(1), 173-215.
,” , 23(1), 87-
126.
,” , 27, 81-130.
, 2004, “1960 ,”
, 20(1), 167-192.
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, 2008, “ ,”
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Gwanakro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea (e-mail:
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2-883-8620)
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