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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
The research study is on the effects of divorce on children’s education
in Akamkpa Local Government Area.
Owing to the nominative and descriptive nature of the research
problem, ebster !"##$%, views marriage as a formally or legally recogni&ed
agreement between a man and a woman for the procreation of children and
their subse'uent protection. (n addition, Ogundele !"##)% had his views on
marriage as a society acknowledged and approved union established
between a man woman, making them husband and wife.
*iblically, a wife is seen as a help mate or a companion to a man, in
order that a man should not be left alone. +tui !"##% in his historical
research on the significance of marriage on socio-economic development of
ross /iver 0tate, viewed the procreation of children as blessing and
benefit of marriage the nature provided. 0imilarly1 Omini !"##2% asserted
that the process of marriage differ from one society to another, but in
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every society, parents of both people ,intending to marry needs to agree and
the intenders must have the instinct of marriage by affection.
(n the hristendom, closing whom to marry is usually said to be very
relation in order to actuali&e their dreamed partner.
+evertheless, marriage does not allow for divorce, because this was
not one of us ob3ective, Ade !"##"% from not one of its perception, described
divorce as way of breaking a marriage.
On the other hand, /ansome !"##)% opined that divorce is an instance
of the legal ending or dissolution of a marriage by physical separation
which tends to reduce parents4children relationship and subse'uently e5pose
children to some societal, environmental, psychological can emotional
problems and as a result make children to become way ward and nuisance in
the society. 6mate5 !"##)% anticipated that in subse'uent times, some
divorcee!divorce couple% tends to re-ignite their affection and re- established
a more substantial union. 6specially if there were ordain and destined to be
together as couple. Agari !"##$%, added that, in some families and societies,
divorce involves the refund of the bride price paid to secure the wife. hile
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others allow fre'uent divorce when there is lack of understanding between
the two parties. hile others from at its occurrence.
+tui!"##2% summari&ed that marital instability as well as divorce
constitute the ma3or imiderance to children’s act of 3uvenile delin'uency,
truancy, waywardness, poor performance in academic work and above all
bad companionship which they may established, due to lack of parental care
and attention.
Stateent of !ro"#e
*een the most crucial introductory as part of the research which is
arrived at articulating the fundamental 'uestions. (t is viewed that the
research is problem- focused.
7ence, for +igeria to e5cel educationally there is need for the
provision of ade'uate teaching aids to supplement the attitudes of the
neglected children, so that there can complete or e'uated with other children,
divorced couple should be encourage to reignite their affection, children’s
who have lost parental care should be encouraged by their teacher to study,
given to children rewards should be given to neglected children to boast re-
enforcement to positive studying habits. 8arents of the will be couple or
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intenders should give their young ones orientation on this note the research
was proposed to help solve these problems.
O"$ect%&es of the study
The broad ob3ective of the study is to investigate into the effects of
divorce on the educational attainment of children in some selected 8rimary
0chools in Akamkpa Local Government Area.
0pecifically, the study also seeks to
i. 65amine the influence of divorce on children academic performance
in Akamkpa Local Government Area.
ii. (nvestigate into those factors that cause divorce and family crisis in
Akamkpa Local Government Area.
iii. 7elp teachers in identifying the methods and approaches to be used to
accommodate neglected children in the classroom.iv. (dentify factors that should be considered by young ones before
getting married.
v. 9ake possible suggestions and recommendation on how the solve this
problem of instability in Akamkpa local Government Area.
S%gn%f%cance of the study
The findings of this research study, would not only be beneficial to the
researcher, but also to the following state holder.
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The teachers, who are the surrogate parents of the children would gain
the idea of identifying children with special need, and in addition,
identify the root cause of their poor academic performance.(t would help the couple in re-ad3usting their marital life and re-ignite
their affection toward subse'uent divorce.
(t would help the children from the alarming rate of social life
that could endanger their life and above all, help minimi&ed 3uvenile
delin'uency and finally, it would help government to identify children
with special needs and the subse'uence provision of societies to meet
their needs.
Research 'uest%ons
0e'uel to the purpose4 ob3ective of the study, and the
fundamental problems. The researcher therefore formulates the
following research 'uestions to give guide and direction to the study.
$. hat factors contributes to marital instability in Akamkpa Local
Government Area:". To what e5tent has divorce affects the educational attainment of
children in Akamkpa Local Government Area:
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;. hat strategies can sustain marriage among young couples in Akamkpa
Local Government Area:
). hat problems has divorce constituted to children poor performance in
school:
Sco!e of the study
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ebster !",###%, had its view on marriage as a formally and legally
recogni&ed agreement between a man and a woman making them husband
and wife. 0imilarly Ogundele !"##$%, view marriage as a socially knowledge
and approve union between a man and woman for the procreation of children
and their subse'uence protection. Orim !"##$%, added that, the meaning and
implication of marriage vary from society to society, region to regions and
nation to nations. 7e supported that, marriage is related to se5ual
relationship shared only by couples and also the only means by which
children can have a legal status. (kua&om !"##"%, described marriage as the
arrangements, including ceremonies, which the society approves for a man
and woman to come together and form a family. 7e further generali&ed this
aspect as an institution which bring a man and woman as husband and wife
to established a home.
0chell !"##)% opined that, when a man and woman are united by
marriage the moved to stay together in a particular location. (n +igeria, he
added that, is generally the woman who moves to study with the man and his
house or family compound. 0imilarly, in some cases, the couple may made
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away from their parents to live elsewhere on their own for mutual
relationship.
(n addition, Ade !"##"%, described divorce as a way of breaking a
marriage. 7e added that, in some families and societies divorce involves a
refund of the bride wealth paid to secure the wife. hile others allows
fre'uents divorce, where there is no understanding among couple and others
frown bitterly at its occurrence, because of its subse'uent implications.
On the other hand, Ogundele !"##;% view divorce as an instance of the
legal ending of marriage by couples which result to physical separation.
7e concluded that marriage and divorce move hand in hand due to
individual differences which are in build in the married couple. And for
marriage to stable, couple must ensure that love and understanding is their
watch word, which can as such create barried for divorce to occur.
Effect of d%&orce on ch%#dren educat%ona# atta%nent
6&egbe !"##)%, noted that the training of a child both at the informal
and fomal educational levels, demands the 3oint efforts of both parents. At
the informal level, the parents ensures formative orientations and teaching
on the norms, values and attributes of the family and the society at large. At
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the formal educational level, the parents ensures ade'uate security, provide
for and financial aids to supplement their school re'uirements and above all
provide material and spiritual needs to help boast concentration and
reinforcement.
9uegrove !"##)% opined that, children educational pursuit is
fundamentally stream line from their foundation which their home and
parents are the ma3or determinants. 7e added that if the children are
deprived of material !s% possessions due to the effects and conse'uences of
divorce, they may tend to loose their concentration in their education and as
such may engage in 3uvenile delin'uency. (n the other hand. (f the child is
deprived of spiritual needs, he4she may loose the thought of God e5istence
as his4her creator and may seek for mundane things and worthless
possessions which can affect his life in failure.
Conse'uences of fa%#y cr%s%s on ch%#dren educat%ona#
ach%e&eent
/enald !"##)%, agreed that, crisis are problems emanating from both
human and psychology factors. (n the family such crisis are cause due to
individual differences and lack of understanding which as such may lead to
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fre'uent 'uarrel, fighting, divorce or death of family member. These crisis
are particularly observed in polygamous homes where a man married more
than one wife. Though in some countries, he added that polygamy is legally
prohibited due to its negative conse'uences. 7e proceeded b y adding that,
in some families where there is fre'uent 'uarrel among couples the
conse'uences include lack of love and unity which may as such affect the
children directly or indirectly, especially for children with special needs.
0imilarly, where there is physical separation among couple !divorce% the
children are bound to suffer from negligence. And in a situation where one
of the couple is not more in physical e5istence !death%, the other couple
could be over waded with family problems and as such may not be able to
provide the needed attention the children.
9aclean !"##% in his opinion agreed that, the impact of broken
homes is mostly felt in nuclear families. This is true because there is
intimacy in most of this family type. Therefore any physical separation of
the couple is considered as a threat to the family development. 7e further
added that, lack of support system confronted by divorced families imposed
additional burden to their members. Going by the above assertion of
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9aclean, it is therefore believe that, the children are at lost, once there is
physical separation of their parents.
The %!#%cat%on of d%&orce on ch%#dren-s eot%ona# and soc%a#
ad$ustent
(n a study by ilson !"##;>)%, shows that over twenty thousand
children !"#,###% in post primary and primary schools in ?enya where
e5tensively interviewed.
ilson categori&ed his sub3ect into three groups. Those from broken
homes through divorce as group one, those from broken homes through
death as group two and those whose families are still intact by marriage as
group three.
7is finding shows that, such difference e5isted between this groups
would not only affect the children emotionally or socially but also their
educational and occupationally achievements.
adsworth 9aclean !"##;>)$% observed that even children whose
custodian parents subse'uently remarried to reduce economic stress. @rom
observation both agreed that actually recovery has taken place, but the
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children did not reach the level of achievement of their peers from families
infact.
They concluded by postulating that>
i. The generation of children of divorced parents currently in early
adulthood have e5perienced emotional, social, educational and
occupational under achievement.
ii. The female headed families after divorce or death e5perienced
poverty, even when the woman found full time employment. +ow the
'uestion is where is the children success:
Good and *roophy, !"##$% agreed that correct parental attitude does
enhances student’s academic achievementB They demand that contact
with class teachers, interest in pupils progress reports etc are parameters
to children better study habits but lamented on the scanty knowledge of
parents on the development needs of their children.
Lessoning, Cagorin and elson !"##"%, investigated and caome out
with the result that, father’s absent in a child early age bring about lower
performance intelligent 'uotient score as compare to those whose father’s
presents is highly felt.
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Lovel !"##"%, hold that, the standard of child’s discipline, parental
attitude and interest generated home condition ultimately influence academic
performance in primary and post primary schools.
6&egbe !"##;%, confirmed that, divorce causes lack of proper
sociali&ation for children. 7e believed that children are likely to develop
anti-social tendencies as a result of lack of 3oint parental care which would
have e5isted in absent of divorce. 7e enumerated that the idea of anti-social
tendencies to included uncontrollable 3uvenile and truancy.
7e concluded that most of the 3uvenile delin'uency in school are
supplied by broken homes. This is not to say that a broken homes does not
have their own share of the lot. To this, he added that the degree of
involvement by broken and unbroken homes are different. 7e believed that
such tendencies constitute the societal menace.
Goldtab !"##$% cited in blood support the findings of 9aa’s study when
he said that separated children scores poorly in intelligent 'uotient test !(DT%
and relate poorly in school. The hardly establish close relationship in school
he headed.
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(n a study by ?ert !"##$% cited in /ichard, three hundred and seventy
eight !;EF% children suffering from non-accidental trauma or gross physical
neglect were placed under study. (t was noted from the study that a greater
percentage of the children from broken homes studied demonstrated delay in
motor skill, delay in language development, low intelligent 'uotient !(D%
below # which is below average or falling academic performance as
compared to twenty eight percent !"FH% of the control group and most noted
to be unsatisfactory with regards to schools year relations.
hen ?ert retested the children, it was seen that a good percentage of
them still proved unsatisfactory delay in motor develop below average or
falling in academic performance and language development problem.
0imilarly , Akang !"##2% showed that, children brought up by both
parents shows normal psychological and academic development. 0he studied
;;2 pupils selected from eight !F% primary schools in Asaba town, +igeria
and finds out that adolescent from one parent home developed a high degree
of general an5iety showed higher an5iety and lower self concepts than their
counterpart from normal homes. 0ingle parent children have more material
and personal problems than those from normal homes she added.
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0he proceeded by saying that, single parent children’s problems
generally poorer academically then their counterpart from normal homes.
@rom Akang’s view point of material problems in single parent homes, ( will
infer that such homes being in economic hardship may not be able to afford
the needed educational materials to its members.
0pit !"##)% cited in Iictor pick interest in emotional deprivation
which he believed may cause by a break in relation.
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CHAPTER /
RESEARCH 0ETHOD
This chapter deals precisely on the design of the study, area of the
study, sample and sampling techni'ues, instrument for data collection,
validation of the instrument, methods of data collection and method of
analysis
Research des%gn
This research work is critically designed to investigate into the effect
of divorce on children’s education, with a case study of some selected
primary schools in Akamkpa Local Government Area of ross /iver 0tate.
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(t adopted as a normative and cross sectional survey research design to
manipulate the e5perimental conditions with a conceptual frame work
through a structured survey instrument to aid in the collection of data needed
for the study.
Area of study
The research study was carried on Akamkpa Local Government Area
of ross /iver 0tate, with five selected primary schools as the contehement
areas for the study.
+evertheless, Akamkpa Local Government Area is one out of the
eighteen Local Government Area in ross /iver 0tate. (t is located at the
southern senatorial district of the state with Akamkpa town its head'uarter.
(t comprises of ten !$#% wards which are headed by democratically
elected counselors. They are> Jyanga, Awi, 9barakom, (ko and Akamkpa
urban wards in constituency one and Oban, (kpai, 6ku, O3uk north, O3uk
south in constituency two.
(t is bounded by *iase Local Government Area to the north,
ameroon /epublic to the west, Odukpani Local Government to the south
and Akpabuyo Local Government Area to the east.
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ulturally, Akamkpa Local Government Area has numerous social
institution ranging from religious institution, with traditional and hristian
religious as their main study, political institution with families head, youth
councils, women parties as policy making bodies, health institution with
different herbal homes, clinics, health centres and hospitals to cather for
patients.
@inancial institutions with peoples union, 6kondo and @irst banks to
facilitate financial aids. Legal institution with dispensary to serve as a
3udicial council to ensure that 3ustice prevail at all time through the aid of the
police and educational institution with over ;# nursery schools ") primary
schools "E post primary schools and a tertiary institution of learning
!ollege of 6ducation Akamkpa%.
6conomically, Akamkpa Local Government Area is acknowledged as
one of the richest Local Government Area in +igeria with abundant 7uman
and +atural resources ranging from both skilled and on skilled labor force,
vast underlying igneous4intrusive granites, the tropical forest timber
products, wide range of palm plantation and rich agricultural land scope
which favors seasonal farming as well as crop rotation. (t is also a tourist
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centres with the +ational 8ark, Oban hills, Duaffable. @inally, most of its
people speak 63agham as their dialect.
Po!u#at%on of the study
The population of the study comprises of the aggregate number of
pupils from the five selected primary schools chosen for the study.
S
N
Schoo#s Coun%t%es ,ocat%on ,232A Po!
$. Govt. 8rimary school Oban /ural Akamkpa ;##
". 0T. KO7+ 0 8rimary
0chool
Akamkpa Jrban Akamkpa ;#
;. omm.8rimary 0chool Ayaebam /ural Akamkpa "##
). 0t. Theresa 8rimary
0chool
9barakom /ural Akamkpa ;##
. Govt. 8rimary 0chool +san /ural Akamkpa "$#
Total population $,;2
Table !i% list of selected schools for the study
@rom the tabular illustration above, it therefore implies that the total
population for the study is $.;2# pupils.
Sa!#e and sa!#%ng techn%'ues
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The study have its sample from the five selected primary schools and
the sampling techni'ues adopted by the researcher id the systematic and
random sampling approaches to select "# pupils each from the selected
schools with emphasis on pupils from broken homes causes by divorce and
those whose homes are still intact !unbroken%.
04n 0chools ommunities Location L.G.A 8op
$. Govt. 8rimary school Oban /ural Akamkpa "#". 0T. KO7+ 0 8rimary
0chool
Akamkpa Jrban Akamkpa "#
;. omm. 8rimary
0chool
Ayaebam /ural Akamkpa "#
). 0t. Theresa 8rimary
0chool
9barakom /ural Akamkpa "#
. Govt. 8rimary 0chool +san /ural Akamkpa "#Total population $##
Table !((% sample si&e or sample population
Instruent for data co##ect%on
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A si5teen item structural 'uestionnaire was constructed by the
researcher under the guidance and supervision of the pro3ect supervisor,
which was used for the generation of primary data, used the study.
The 'uestionnaire was divided into two sections, A and *. section A
deals with respondent demographic information while section * concern
with the likert representation of scale4 response key 'uestions such
0A - 0trongly Agree
A - Agree
J - Jndecided
< -
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3udgment and evaluation of the survey items was made by the supervisor and
other educators to ensure reliability.
0ethod 4s5 of data co##ect%on
Over $## copies of 'uestionnaires were printed and administered to
the respondents in the selected schools with assistance from two non
teaching staff.
0ethod of data ana#ys%s
To elicit facts from the research study the researcher uses the
descriptive analytical method.
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CHAPTER 6
RESU,T
8rior to the design and ob3ective of the study, this chapter therefore
focuses on the presentation of the results, interpretation of result and
discussion of results from the finding of the study.
Presentat%on of resu#ts
The result of the study is presented in four different tables with
respect to the research 'uestions.
Research 'uest%on one
hat factor contributes to marital instability in Akamkpa Local
Government Area:
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Table !iii% percentage distribution of responses on factors that
contribute to marital instability in Akamkpa Local Government Area.
04+ /espondents fre'uency distribution and computed percentage
A H 0A H J H < H 0<; E "F $$ ;E " "# ; "#
) F ;" F "2 " "# ;; 2
$$ 2 ") 2 "# ) )# ) "E
$" ) $2 $E " "# ; "# )
Total " $## ;# $## $# $## $ $## "#
Research 'uest%on t.o
To what e5tent has divorce affected the educational attainment of
children in Akamkpa Local Government Area:
Table !iv% percentage distribution of responses on the effects of
divorce on the educational attainment of children in Akamkpa Local
Government Area.
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04+ /espondents fre'uency distribution and computed percentageA H 0A H J H < H 0<
$ " $; ) "# 2 ") " "# "
" ) "E ; $ ) $2 ) )# 2
E E )E 2 ;# ) $2 ; ;# 2
F " $; E ; $$ )) $ $# $$
Total $ $## "# $## " $## $# $## "
Research 'uest%on three
hat strategies can sustain marriage among young couples in
Akamkpa Local Government Area:
Table !v% percentage distribution of responses on the strategies that
can sustain marriage among couples in Akamkpa Local Government Area
04+ /espondents fre'uency distribution and computed percentage
A H 0A H J H < H 0<
$; $# " " " "# " "
$) F "# " " "# ) "# "
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$ $" ;# ; $ " "# ) "# )
$2 $# " E ; ) )# E ; "
Total )# $## "# $## $# $## "# $## $#
Research 'uest%on four
hat problems has divorce constituted to children poor performance
in schools:
04+ /espondents fre'uency distribution and computed percentage
A H 0A H J H < H 0<
" " "# $# " ) )# E
2 ) "# ) )# $" ;# " "# )
E ; " "# $# " " "#
$# ) "# " "# F "# " "# )
Total "# $## $# $## )# $## $# $## "#
Inter!retat%on of resu#t
The results of the study in table !iii% above, shows that, for items ;, )
$$ and $". The respondents gave "FH, ;"H, ")H and $2H agreed response
;EH, "2H, "#H and $EH respectively gave strongly agreed response. "#H,
"#H, )#H and "#H respectively gave uncertain response. "#H, ;;H, "EH
and "#H respectively gave disagreed response and "H "#H "H and ;#H
gave strongly disagreed response.
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(n table !iv%, the respondent gave $;H, "EH )EH and $;H response in
agreement to research item $, ", E, and F respectively. "#H, $H, ;#H and
;H gave agreement to items $, ", E and F respectively. ")H, $2H, $2H and
))H gave uncertain opinion to the respective items. "#H, )#H, ;#H and
$#H gave disagreed opinion to the items and FH, ")H, ")H and ))H gave a
strongly disagreed opinion to the respective items.
(n table !v%, for item $;, $), $ and $2, the respondents gave opinion
of "H, "#H, ;#H and "H in agreement, "H, "H, $H and ;H gave a
strong agreement to the respective items. "#H, "#H, "#H and )#H gave
uncertain opinion. "H, "#H, ;H and ;H gave a disagreed opinion.
hile "#H, "#H, )#H and "#H respectively gave a strong disagreed
opinion with respect to the research items.
(n table !vi% for item , 2, and $# "H, "#H, ;H and "#H of the
respondent gave agreed opinion, "#H, )#H, "#H and "#H respectively gave
strongly agreed opinion, "H, ;#H, "H and "#H respectively gave
uncertain opinion, )#H, "#H, "#H and "#H gave disagreed opinion. hile
;H, "#H, "H and "#H respectively gave strongly disagreed opinion with
respect to the research items.
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D%scuss%on of resu#t
The result of the study in table three reveals that certain factors can
help to sustain marriages among coup in Akamkpa Local Government Area
with 2H positive responses against H negative responses. Also that
divorce does not influenced children academic performance with "H
negative opinion against ))H positive opinion. This goes to support a
research carried out by 6mmanuel !"##)% on the influence of marriage on
socio-economic development.
(n table four, the study in deals that, divorce has significant effect on
children education with ;;H positive opinion against "FH negative opinion.
(n addition poor academic performance of pupils in primary schools is as a
result of negligence with EEH positive opinion against )H negative
opinion. This facts is backed by the writes up of 9ike !"##$% on the cause of
children negligence and their and conse'uence in primary and post primary
schools.
(n table five, the result disclosed that, children with special needs can
easily be identified if their parents are separated by marriage with #H
positive opinion against )H negative opinion. 0imilarly pre-marital
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orientation will not help to curb the problem of divorce between young ones,
with 2#H negative opinion against )H positive opinion.
(n table si5 the result shows that, divorce has not constituted much
problem among the children with EH negative opinion against )H
positive opinion. And marital instability is cause by lack of understanding
among couple with H positive opinion against )H negative opinion.
CHAPTER 7
SU00AR8 AND CONC,USION
8rior to data obtained and the analysis done in chapter four above, this
chapter therefore, devotes its interest in the summary of results, conclusion,
limitations, implication, recommendations and suggestion for further study.
Suary of resu#t
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The study was on attempt to e5amine and investigates on the effects
of divorce of children education in Akamkpa Local Government Area of
ross /iver 0tate.
@our research 'uestions were formulated and were further used to
construct $2 sets of attitudinal 'uestions in a structured 'uestionnaire which
was used for data collection.
This data were analy&ed descriptively using simple percentage
computation. And were finally interpreted and discussed with respective
research items.
On the whole, it was perceived that divorce has a significant effect on
children academic performance in Akamkpa Local Government Area of
ross /iver 0tate.
Conc#us%on
The result of the study shows emphatically, that there is a significant
influence of divorce on children education. (t also proved that home
environment constitute no inde5 to children educational success.
(nstances were taken from emotional and social ad3ustment of children
from both divorce home and those whose parents are still intact in marriage.
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The statistical treatment of the data provides easily way which aids the study
a positive conclusion verdict.
Recoendat%ons
*ased on the results of the study and the researcher desire to see how
these problems can be solves. The following recommendations are therefore
imperative.
$. 8arents should always give their children pre-marital orientations.
". ouples should be advice on the effects of divorce in our modern
society.
;. hildren should be thought in school the conse'uences of early
marriage and divorce.
). 9oral education should be given a greater concern in all aspect of life.
. Government should provide employment opportunities to most couple
to reduce the risk of divorce.2. 0eminars should be conducted to help evaluate couples on marriage
concept.
E. To ensure marriage stability and curb divorce problems, young ones
should get well prepared before going for marriage.
I!#%cat%on of the study
The study will help young ones to e5amine the effect and conse'uence
divorce and how it can be curbed.
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12 @urther researcher should endeavor to carry out similar research but
on a large population and sample.
(2 Greater attention should be given to marriage life and family
education.
/2 ounselling personnel should be send to remote areas to help train the
couple on marriage concept.
62 hildren with special needs should be given utmost attention.
72 6ducational facilities should be provided to children in primary
schools to aid their lesson.
RE+ERENCE
ebster, 7. A. !"##E%, Operationali&ation of the concept of marriage Maria>
foremost 6ducational service Ltd
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Ogundele, (. T. !"##)%
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A!!end%ces
A 'uest%onna%re des%gn on the %n&est%gat%on of the Effect of D%&orce on
Ch%#dren Educat%on %n Akak!a ,oca# 3o&ernent Area
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0chool.
Sect%on 4B5 4Att%tud%na# 'uest%ons5
/esponse key
0A - 0trongly Agree
A - Agree
J - Jndecided
< -
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children in primary schools in Akamkpa Local
Government Area
E. 8oor academic performance in most primary
schools is as a result of negligence
F. 8oor academic performance in most primary
schools is not as a result of negligence
. 9arital instability is cause by lack of
understanding between married couples
$#. 9arital instability is not cause by lack of
understanding between married couples
$$.
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$. 8re-marriage orientation would help to curb
problems of divorce by young couples
$2. 8re-marriage orientation would not help to curb
problems of divorce by young couples
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