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SCIENCEPASSION
TECHNOLOGY
Electrified Drivetrains for Non-Road Mobile MachineryECO-MOBILITY 2019 A3PS, Vienna
14.11.2019
Josef Ratzinger
ivt.tugraz.at
Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics
2 Motivation
Non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) = 11% of the European diesel fuel consumption in road transport [1] [2]
Expected CO2-limiting legislation Passenger cars 2030: -37.5 % CO2 (2021) Heavy-duty vehicles 2030: -30 % CO2 (2019)
Emission restrictions in and around urban areas
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
[1] Vandenbroucke, D., Van Hyfte, A., Francx, L.: „Study in View of the Revision of Directive 97/68/EC on Non-Road Mobile Machinery - Final Report Module1 - An Emissions Inventory”, Arcadis, Belgien, 2010
[2] Dallmann, T., Menon, A.: „Technology Pathways for Diesel Engines used in Non-Road Vehicles and Equipment”, International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), Washington, 2016
www.adac.de
www.autoflotte.de
33%
41%
16%
2%7%
1%
NOx
on-road HD vehicleson-road LD vehiclesnon-road equipmentlocomotivesmarine vesselsaircraft
19%
44%
25%
3%
8%1%
PM2,5
3 Content
Methodology Results Conclusion
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
4 Methodology
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
www.wackerneuson.at
www.wackerneuson.atwww.liebherr.com
www.liebherr.com
5 Methodology
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
Structure of drivetrain
6 Methodology | Example Series Hybrid
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
measuredcalculated
efficiency map
differential method
backward calculation
Existing system New system
Electric Parallel Hybrid Series Hybrid
7 Content
Methodology Results Conclusion
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
8 Results | Existing System
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger [3] Schneider, M.: „Erstellung und Optimierung einer Hybrid-Betriebsstrategie von Non-
Road-Arbeitsmaschinen mittels Simulation und Prüfstandsmessung“, Technische Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, Graz, 2014
source: [3]
electric?
12 % of supplied energy
9 Results | Electric Drivetrain
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
42 % of supplied energy
??? recharging costs thermal management production and environment
10 Results | Assumptions of Costs & Drivetrain Technology
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
HybridElectric
www.deutz.com
+
+
rest = same costs = killer (above a certain machine size) not considering space requirements, safety, …
most important factor
www.akasol.de
www.parker.com
11 Results | Electric Drivetrain | Refuelling
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
12 Parallel Hybrid
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
max. power-25%
samepower
recuperation efficiency limited by serial arrangement of hydraulic pump and motor
power for recuperation limited by size of electric motor
recuperation
13 Parallel Hybrid | y-Cycle | Energy Consumption
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
2.74
2.66
2.93
2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00fuel consumption in l
PARALLEL HYBRIDICE-Hybrid + Batt. (CS) ICE-Hybrid (CD) ICE
+
CS = charge sustaining modeCD = charge depleting mode
+7 %
-2.9 %
14 Series Hybrid
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
max. power-25%
samepower
high recuperation efficiency
high power for recuperation
recuperation
samepower
15 Series Hybrid | y-Cycle | Energy Consumption
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
+
2.74
2.57
2.65
2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00fuel consumption in l
SERIES HYBRIDICE-Hybrid + Batt. (CS) ICE-Hybrid (CD) ICE
CS = charge sustaining modeCD = charge depleting mode
-3.2 %
-6.2 %
16 Content
Methodology Results Conclusion
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
17 Conclusion
Electric Drivetrain Highest efficiency in drivetrain Challenges concerning the battery
Profitability = f(battery price) Recharging time on construction site Space, production and environment
Realistic for small construction machines Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain
Recuperation possible (limited power, limited efficiency) Less fuel consumption than “ICE only machine” in charge depleting mode Due to charge/discharge losses in charge sustaining mode, more fuel consumption
(low efficiency improvement of ICE) Series Hybrid Drivetrain
High recuperation potential (power, efficiency) Higher efficiency in charge depleting and sustaining mode Best solution for hybrid drivetrain
14.11.2019Josef Ratzinger
SCIENCEPASSION
TECHNOLOGY
Thank you for your kind attention!
ratzinger@ivt.tugraz.at
ivt.tugraz.at
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