element of aeronautics ae-36
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ELEMENT OF AERONAUTICS
AE-36
THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF AN AROPLANE
• WINGS• FUSELAGE• EMPENNAGE• LANDING GEARS• CONTROL SURFACE• ENGINES
PARTS OF AEROPLANE
PARTS OF AEROPLANE
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
1. CLASSIFICATION BY CONFIGURATION
• POSITION OF THE WING– LOW WING– MID WING– HIGH WING
• NUMBER OF WINGS– MONO PLANE– BI PLANE– TRI PLANE
• SHAPE OF THE WINGS– DELTA WING– DIAMOND WING– SWEPT WING– GULL SHAPED WING
• POSITION OF THE WINGS– CONVENTIONAL WING– NO TAIL OR TAILESS– HORIZONTAL TAIL LOCATED AOVE THE VERTICAL TAIL– CANARD TYPE
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
2. LOCATION AND TYPE OF LANDING GEAR
– RETRACTABLE
– NON RETRACTABLE
– TAIL WHEEL– NOSE WHEEL
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
3. CLASSIFICATION BY POWER PLANTSA. POWER PLANT TYPES
• PISTON ENGINE• TURBO PROP• TURBO SHAFT• TURBO JET• TURBO FAN• ROCKET
B. NUMBER OF ENGINES• SINGLE ENGINE• TWO ENGINE• MULTI ENGINE
C. LOCATION OF THE ENGINES• NOSE• FUSELAGE• JET ENGINE SUBMERGED IN WING• PYLON MOUNTING
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
4. TYPES OF FUSELAGE
– ROUND
– SQUARE
– OVAL
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
5. CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE
A. CIVIL
B. CARGO
C. MILITARY
I. BOMBERS
II. FIGHTERS
III. INTERCEPTORS
FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE
PRIMARY GROUP• AILERON• ELEVATOR• RUDDER
SECONDARY GROUP• TRIM TAB• SPRING TAB
AUXILIARY GROUP• WING FLAPS• SPOILERS• SPEED BRAKES• LEADING EDGE FLAP• SLOTS
AILERON• Longitudinal axis extends lengthwise from the nose through the
tail. Movement about the longitudinal axis is called roll. Roll is controlled by the ailerons.
ELEVATOR• Lateral axis extends crosswise from wingtip through wingtip.
Movement about the lateral axis is called pitch. Pitch is controlled by the elevator.
RUDDER• Vertical axis passes vertically through the center of gravity (when
the aircraft is in level flight). Movement about the vertical axis is called yaw. Yaw is controlled by the rudder.
AIRCRAFT ENGINES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES ARE
PROPELLER WITH PISTON ENGINE JET ENGINE
• TURBOPROP
• TURBOFAN
• TURBOJET
• RAMJET ROCKET ENGINE
TURBOPROP
PUSHER
TURBOFAN
TURBOJET
TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNER
ROCKET ENGINE
LIQUID FUEL
SOLID FUEL
AIRFOILAN AIRFOIL IS A SURFACE DESIGNED TO OBTAIN A DESIRABLE REACTION FROM THE AIR THROUGH WHICH IT MOVES
AIRFOIL GEOMETRY
• CHORD LINE• MEAN CAMBER LINE• ANGLE OF ATTACK• ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT
DRAG
• DRAG IS THE RESOLVED COMPONENT OF THE COMPLETE AERODYNAMIC FORCE WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE FLIGHT DIRECTION (OR RELATIVE ONCOMING AIRFLOW).
• IT MUST ALWAYS ACT TO OPPOSE THE DIRECTION OF MOTION.
• IT IS THE UNDESIRABLE COMPONENT OF THE AERODYNAMIC FORCE WHILE LIFT IS THE DESIRABLE COMPONENT
TYPES OF DRAG
DRAG POLAR
•Why should we study properties of atmosphere?•Variation of Temperature with Altitude• Variation of Pressure with Altitude•Variation of Density with Altitude•Tables of Standard Atmosphere
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
Why should we study Atmospheric Properties
• Engineers design flight vehicles, turbine engines and rockets that will operate at various altitudes.
• They can not design these unless the atmospheric characteristics are not known.
• For example,
SV
LCL
2
21
What is a standard atmosphere?
• Weather conditions vary around the globe, from day to day.
• Taking all these variations into design is impractical.
• A standard atmosphere is therefore defined, that relates fight tests, wind tunnel tests and general airplane design to a common reference.
• This common reference is called a “standard” atmosphere.
Powered Controls
May take one of two basic forms:
• Servo-assisted– Hydraulic pressure transmitted to servo actuator
which assists mechanical linkage to move surface.
– Linkage still available if power is lost but system then very heavy to operate.
• Fully power-operated– Control signals transmitted hydraulically,
electrically (fly-by-wire) or optically (fly-by-light).
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY– THE VERY FIRST AIRCRAFT HAD LITTLE TO NO
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS– ALL WEATHER FLYING WAS RISKY– NAVIGATION DEPENDED ON PILOT’S ABILITY TO
USE LANDMARKS
• FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
• ENGINE INSTRUMENTS
• NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTS
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
THE COMMON FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
– ALTIMETER– AIRSPEED INDICATOR– VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR– HEADING INDICATOR – ATTITUDE INDICATOR (“ARTIFICIAL
HORIZON”)– TURN COORDINATOR
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION
TRUSS
MONOCOQUE
SEMI MONOCOQUE
THANK YOU
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